Chapter 1: y y Characteristics of hunting and gathering societies: Nomadic, more gender equality, less writing, less population growth, usually in tribal divisions. Important changes in the development of agriculture: Population growth, technology, specialization of individuals, disease evolution, more complex government formation, better clothing, more extended familial ties. Characteristics of a civilization: More social stratification, more community projects, writing, cities, more elaborate political structure, more populous societies, more stable, better art. River Valley Associated with Natural Disasters: Indus River Valley.

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Chapter 2: y Difference between classical and river valley civilizations: Classical spread beyond the river valleys; built on earlier river valley ideas; iron tools , military edge , large political structures China s view of nature: That one should be in harmony with nature. China s key economic strength: ability to mass produce ; trades and advance in technology Confucian belief on family and state: That dedication to one s state should reflect one s dedication to the family; men s superior to woman

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Chapter 3: y y y y Aryan Contributions to India: Caste System Caste system and its role in political institutions: Most rigid overall framework for social structures Buddhists and Hindu belief towards the caste system: Buddhism discouraged the caste system China and India s views towards different religions: Brahmin opposition strong aided by the Gupta. China and Southeast more welcoming towards Buddhism

Chapter 4: y y y Athenian direct democracy: ruled by the people; they would vote on issues ;major decisions made by general assemblies Senate of Republican Rome: Most important legislature body compared mainly of aristocrats whose number virtually held all execute offices in Roman state. Advances under Hellenistic society: trade flourished and scientific center

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Greek and Roman views towards slavery: key ingredient Athenians for household and works and not that interested in them because it was costly

Chapter 5: y y y y African Kingdoms influenced by Egypt and Hellenistic Era: form of writing Emergence of Central America: Monotheism: Belief in 1 God. Definition of Barbarian: uncivilized person

Chapter 6: y y y y Bedouin influence on Islam: focused on clan and family; social organization Clan responsible for foundation in Mecca: Umayyad Nature of pre-Islamic Bedouin Religion: Animistic, polytheism beliefs Islamic Sect of Ali and his followers: Shi a

Chapter 7: y y y y Group that captured Baghdad in 1055: Seljuk Turks Impact of Crusades on Christian West: Christians became very influenced by Islam. Level of Trade in Abbasid Empire: Very expanded; greatest in the world GREAT TRADE FLOURISHED Sufi Movement in Islam: Had more of a mystical/spiritual approach on Islam

Chapter 8: y y y y Stateless Societies: Power was held by council of families or by the communities, a secret council Region of Africa first converted to Islam: North Africa Ethnic Backgrounds of Mali and Songhay: the kingdom of Songhay converted to Islam first; BANTU Islam on international trade of east African Coastline: it helped protect traders and facilitate trade.

Chapter 9: y y y Empire seen as continuation of Roman Empire: Byzantine Empire Capital of Byzantine Empire: Constantinople Justinian s contribution to Byzantine Empire: rebuilding Constanople , systemizing Roman legal code, extending Roman architect

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Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire: Orthodox Christianity

Chapter 10: y y y y Period between fall of Roman Empire and 15th century: Middle Ages Postclassical Manorialism: System where peasants gave a lord part of their production in return for protection. Clovis and his influence on Christianity: First Germanic King converted to Christianity. Result of 100 years war during 14th and 15th centuries: new weakness in French monarchy

Chapter 11: y y y y Societies in the Americas: separate from the Old World Political Organization after arrival of Aztecs: city states; nobles and supreme power Nature of Aztec Economy: Left it alone as long as their conquered states paid tribute. Traditional forms of agriculture CHINAMPAS redistrubted Cultural difference between Aztec and Inca: Aztec were more warlike and practiced human sacrifice far more.

Chapter 12: y y y y Era of Division: period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin Han (220-589 C.E.) Revival of China under Tang dynasty: scholar gentry Construction of Grand Canal: bridged north to south in China Technological Innovations of Tang-Song dynasties: junks, gunpowders, silk

Chapter 13: y y y y Peak of Chinese influence on Japan: Women during era of Daimyos: Chinese reliance on nuclear family: based on family teachings small families Factor in Chinese failure to conquer Vietnam:

Chapter 14: y y y Mongol society and culture: tribes; divided kin related clans Mongol military forces: cavalry Religious Policy of Mongols under Chinggis Khan: All religions tolerated

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Major change in administration in China under Mongols: top groups occupied at highest levels of bureaucracy; ethnic Chinese ruled at regional and local but could be advisors to top

Chapter 15: y Arabic trade after1100: peasants lost freedom; landowners turned to sucking what they could from estates; tax revenues declined Arabs and Mid east traders begin to lose goods Contributing factors to the economic factors in the 14th century: famine; population outstripped food supply and new technology, gold shortage Key center for change in the 14th and 15th centuries: western dynamism Ethnocentrism: habit of judging foreign by standards culture/ethnicity

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Chapter 16: y y y y Region that became dominant culture after 1450: WEST Country that took the initiative for exploration: Portugal Mercantilism: Economic theory stressed nationwide to not import goods from outside; but sell exports as widely as possible. Interaction of North American colonists and the Indians:

Chapter 17: y y y y Sequence of Major Developments in Westernization: Difference between Northern and Italian Renaissance: more religions focused on Northern and focused in France, Low Countries, Germany, England Initiated the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther Monarch most associated absolute monarchy: Louis XIV

Chapter 18: y y Russian Economy after expulsion of Mongols in 15th century: Bad; reduced cities and trade and lowered culture and educated deterioted; purely agricultural Peter the Great s foreign policies: landlords reduced for serf labor and shave off beards (nobles)education in math and science; ballet; wear western clothes; woman upper class improved Catherine the Great s view towards westernization: liked it /flirted with ideas of French Enlightment Limitations of expansion of the agricultural economy:

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Chapter 19: y y y y Encomiendas: large estates and grants of Indian laborers; provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance American bullion effect on Spanish economy: HIGH INFLATION Catholic Church influence on American Life: Primary Difference between Spanish and Portuguese Empires:

Chapter 20: y y y y African Contributions to Columbian Exchange: SLAVES! How did the Portuguese obtain slaves in Africa: Making deals with local kings and rulers Region in Americas that received most of the slave population from 1500-1850: Triangular Trade: Slaves carried to Americas, manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, raw goods sent from Africa and America to Europe.

Chapter 21: y y y y Where the Ottoman Turks settled: Central Asia? Ottomans took control of Constantinople: 1453; but they restored the culture Principle of succession in Ottoman Empire: No clear succession What led to the demise of the Safavid empire: Abba s death and no successor

Chapter 22: y y y y Ultimate Task of European Exploration: To spread Western Influences (Christianity) People that preceded the Portuguese in Asia: Nature of the Asian Sea-trading Network: Nature of the Ming Economy: