Western EuropeWestern Europe

RenaissanceRenaissance

Presentation created by Robert MartinezPresentation created by Robert MartinezPrimary Content Source: Prentice Hall World HistoryPrimary Content Source: Prentice Hall World HistoryImages as cited.Images as cited.

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The northern Renaissance began in the The northern Renaissance began in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region prosperous cities of Flanders, a region

that included parts of present-day that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the northern France, Belgium, and the

Netherlands. Spain, France, Germany, Netherlands. Spain, France, Germany, and England enjoyed their great and England enjoyed their great

cultural rebirth 100 years later, in the cultural rebirth 100 years later, in the 1500s.1500s.

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Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer traveled from traveled from Germany to Germany to Italy in 1494 Italy in 1494 to study the to study the

techniques of techniques of the Italian the Italian masters. masters.

Returning Returning home, he home, he employed employed

these methods these methods in paintings in paintings

and, and, especially, in especially, in engravings. engravings.

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In this form of In this form of art, an artist art, an artist

etches a design etches a design on a metal plate on a metal plate with acid. The with acid. The

artist then uses artist then uses the plate to the plate to make prints. make prints.

Many of Durer’s Many of Durer’s engravings engravings portray the portray the religious religious

upheaval of his upheaval of his age.age. www.umich.edu

Through his art, Through his art, as well as as well as

through his through his essays, Durer essays, Durer

helped to spread helped to spread Italian Italian

Renaissance Renaissance ideas in his ideas in his homeland. homeland.

Because of his Because of his wide-ranging wide-ranging

interests, which interests, which extended far extended far

beyond art, he is beyond art, he is sometimes sometimes called the called the “German “German

Leonardo.”Leonardo.”

Among the many Among the many artists of artists of

Flanders in the Flanders in the 1400s, 1400s, Jan Jan andand

Hubert van EyckHubert van Eyck stand out. Their stand out. Their

portrayals of portrayals of townspeople as townspeople as well as religious well as religious scenes abound scenes abound

in rich, realistic in rich, realistic

details.details. www.myartprints.com

The van Eyck's The van Eyck's also developed also developed

oil paint. oil paint. Northern artists Northern artists

used this new used this new medium to medium to

produce strong produce strong colors and a colors and a hard surface hard surface that could that could survive for survive for centuries.centuries.

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In the 1500s, In the 1500s, Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens

blended the blended the realistic tradition realistic tradition

of Flemish of Flemish painters like painters like

Bruegel with the Bruegel with the classical themes classical themes

and artistic and artistic freedom of the freedom of the

Italian Italian Renaissance. Renaissance. Many of the Many of the enormous enormous

paintings portray paintings portray pagan figures pagan figures

from the classical from the classical

past.past. commons.wikimedia.org

Like Italian humanists, northern Like Italian humanists, northern European humanist scholars stressed European humanist scholars stressed

education and classical learning. At the education and classical learning. At the same time, they emphasized religious same time, they emphasized religious

themes. They believed that the revival of themes. They believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring ancient learning should be used to bring

about religious and moral reform.about religious and moral reform.

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The Dutch priest The Dutch priest and humanist and humanist

Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus used his knowledge used his knowledge

of classical of classical languages to languages to

produce a new produce a new Greek edition of the Greek edition of the New Testament. He New Testament. He

called for a called for a translation of the translation of the

Bible into the Bible into the vernacularvernacular, or , or

everyday language everyday language

of ordinary people.of ordinary people. en.wikipedia.org

Erasmus Erasmus scorned, “those scorned, “those

who are who are unwilling that unwilling that Holy Scripture, Holy Scripture, translated into translated into the vernacular, the vernacular, be read by the be read by the uneducated … uneducated …

as if the as if the strength of the strength of the

Christian Christian religion religion

consisted in the consisted in the ignorance of ignorance of

it.”it.”fr.wikipedia.org

To Erasmus, an To Erasmus, an individual’s chief individual’s chief duties were to be duties were to be

open-minded and of open-minded and of good will toward good will toward

others. As a priest, others. As a priest, he was disturbed by he was disturbed by

corruption in the corruption in the Church and called Church and called for reform. for reform. In The In The

Praise of FollyPraise of Folly, , Erasmus uses humor Erasmus uses humor

to expose the to expose the ignorant and ignorant and

immoral behavior of immoral behavior of many people of his many people of his day, including the day, including the

clergy.clergy.

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Erasmus’s friend, the English humanist Erasmus’s friend, the English humanist Thomas MoreThomas More, pressed for social reform. , pressed for social reform.

In In UtopiaUtopia, More describes an ideal society , More describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace in which men and women live in peace

and harmony. No one is idle, all are and harmony. No one is idle, all are educated, and justice is used to end crime educated, and justice is used to end crime

rather than to eliminate the criminal.rather than to eliminate the criminal.

socialhistory.org schoolworkhelper.net

Scholars like More and Erasmus Scholars like More and Erasmus wrote mostly in Latin. In northern wrote mostly in Latin. In northern

towns and cities, the growing towns and cities, the growing middle class demanded new works middle class demanded new works in the vernacular. This audience in the vernacular. This audience

particularly enjoyed dramatic tales particularly enjoyed dramatic tales and earthly comedies.and earthly comedies.

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The French humanist The French humanist Francois RabelaisFrancois Rabelais had a varied career as a monk, had a varied career as a monk,

physician, Greek scholar, and author. In physician, Greek scholar, and author. In GargantuaGargantua and and PantagruelPantagruel, he , he

chronicles the adventures of two gentle chronicles the adventures of two gentle giants. On the surface, the novel is a giants. On the surface, the novel is a

comic tale of travel and war. But comic tale of travel and war. But Rabelais uses his characters to offer Rabelais uses his characters to offer opinions on religion, education, and opinions on religion, education, and

other serious subjects.other serious subjects.

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The towering The towering figure of figure of

Renaissance Renaissance literature was literature was

the English poet the English poet and playwright and playwright

William William ShakespeareShakespeare. . Between 1590 Between 1590 and 1613, he and 1613, he

wrote 37 plays wrote 37 plays that are still that are still performed performed around the around the

world.world.

Shakespeare’s comedies, such as Shakespeare’s comedies, such as Twelfth Twelfth NightNight, laugh at the follies of young people , laugh at the follies of young people in love. His history plays, such as in love. His history plays, such as Richard Richard IIIIII, depict the power struggles of English , depict the power struggles of English kings. His tragedies show people crushed kings. His tragedies show people crushed

by powerful forces or their own by powerful forces or their own weaknesses. In weaknesses. In Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet, two , two teenagers fall victim to an old family teenagers fall victim to an old family

feud.feud.

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Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s love of words love of words

vastly enriched vastly enriched the English the English

language. More language. More than 1,700 than 1,700

words appeared words appeared for the first for the first time in his time in his

works, works, including including bedroombedroom, ,

lonelylonely, , generousgenerous, , gloomygloomy, ,

heartsickheartsick, , hurryhurry, and , and

sneaksneak..

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The Renaissance in Spain in the early The Renaissance in Spain in the early 1600s led to the production of great 1600s led to the production of great

works. Best known is works. Best known is Don QuixoteDon Quixote, by , by Miguel de CervantesMiguel de Cervantes, an entertaining , an entertaining tale that mocks romantic notions of tale that mocks romantic notions of

medieval chivalry. The novel follows the medieval chivalry. The novel follows the adventures of Don Quixote, a foolish adventures of Don Quixote, a foolish

but idealistic knight, and Sancho Panza, but idealistic knight, and Sancho Panza, his faithful servant.his faithful servant.

mamolmar.wikispaces.com www.digimediaapps.com

In 1456, In 1456, Johann GutenbergJohann Gutenberg of of Mainz, Germany, printed the first Mainz, Germany, printed the first

complete edition of the Bible complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press, and using the first printing press, and printing inks in the West. Within printing inks in the West. Within twenty years, the development of twenty years, the development of

movable type made book movable type made book

production even easier.production even easier.

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A printing A printing revolution revolution had begun had begun that would that would transform transform Europe. By Europe. By 1500, more 1500, more

than 20 than 20 million million

volumes had volumes had been been

printed.printed.www.unc.edu

Guttenberg and his Guttenberg and his successors built on successors built on earlier advances. earlier advances.

Methods of making Methods of making paper had reached paper had reached Europe from China Europe from China

about 1300. The about 1300. The Chinese and Koreans Chinese and Koreans

had been using had been using movable metal type for movable metal type for

centuries, although centuries, although Europeans may have Europeans may have

developed their developed their technology technology

independently.independently.people.cohums.ohio-state.ed...