wendy eisner -hans kamermans -alex t. wymstra … · canale mussolini (blanc et al. 1957) and at...
TRANSCRIPT
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WENDY EISNER - HANS KAMERMANS - ALEX T. WYMSTRA
THE AGRO PONTINO SURVEY:RESULTS FROM A FIRST POLLEN CORE
Estratto da Dialoghi di Archeologia, n. 2, 1986
EDIZIONI QUASAR
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5 . METODl DELLA RICERC1 SUL TERRITORfO E MODULI DIIN5EDlAMENTO
THE AGRO PONTINO SURVEY: RESULTS FROM A FIRST POLLEN CORE
Wendy Eisner, Ham Kamermans & Alex T Wymstra*
I. Introduction
Over the pas~ decades theory and praccice in archaeology haveshifted coward more regional and system;ltic approaches.Nowadays the major goal of research projects is more often thannot the understanding of the socio-economic processes that produced the observable archaeological record of a region. The almsof archaeological surveys have changed accordingly. Surveys orrendo not concentrate anymore on ',{tnding sites», but instead on obtaining a picture, be it a rough one, of tbe spatial and temporalvari:J.tions in human organization from rhe distribution of materialsavailable in larger regions, and rhus are complementary co flnegrained excavation activities. A variety of survey methods, adaptedto differing goals and scopes, has been and is developed, as is shown,for example, in a recent BAR report (Kel1cr & Rupp, 1983).The re.,ults of an archaeological survey cannot be sensiblyunderstood, however, if knowledge abouc the environmental setting and constraints in a region is not avaible as welt. This meansth:1t at the beginni ng, or even before, an archaeological survey,information abouc the geology, the soils, the prehistoric vegeution, etc., needs to be collected and processed.In this paper we present the outline of an archaeological survey'along these lines and concentrate on che interpretation ofpalynological data in terms of - ch:tnge in - the vegetation inprehistOric times of the arEa under study.The Albert Egges van Giffen Institute for Pre-and Prowhistory,University of Amsterdam, began an extensive archaeological surveyprogram in the Agro PominD (Italy) in 1982. Preliminary workconsLSled of two small surveys in June 1979 and June 1980 andche collection of material for palynological studies in June 1981.A major theme in the Agro Pontioo project is the developmentand evolution of prehistoric social systems in the area and the coomaims imposed by che palaeoecological situ:ltions. The survey wilJdocument rhe distribution and density of archaeological sites
through time; palynological, pedologic;ll and geomorphologicalstudies wiH be used to reconstruct pase environmental conditionsin as much detail as possible in order co construct and test modelsfor the evolution of land use, technology, and social organisationduring prehistory. The land evaluation approach has been selectedby the Agro Pontino survey project as a framework for synrhesiz.ing the palaeoenvironmclHal data and for anaJyzing [he archaeological data with regard to prehisroric man land relalionships(Kamermans el al. 1985, 1986).Land evaluation is a cechnique developed by che FAO and usedin third world coumries for estimatiog the potential of land foralternative kinds of use (Beek 1978; Brinkman & Smith 197J~
Brinkman & Young 1976; Dem & Young 19B1; McRae & Burnham 19B1). The definition is as fol.lows: «the processs of mllacingand interpreting basic inventories of soil, vegetation, c1irn;ne andother aspects of land in order to identify and make a first comparison of promising land use alternatives in simple soci()(;conomicterms» (Brinkman & Smith 1973: 7, figure 1). The basic fealureof land evaluation is the comparison of lhe requirements of I"nduse with che resources offered by the land. Land evaluation requires information from three sources: land, land use, andeconomics (Dent & Young 1981).There are somc important differences (figure 1) for using landevaluation in archaeology. First, it is, of (Ourse, impossible comeasure prehistoric land qualities directly; they have co bereconstructed from data obtained by surveys of rtcem landcharacteristIcs. Second, lhe economic and social analysis of rhe Jp-
, W. Eisl1er, former ,t1Jdcnr of the Albcrl Eggcs van GiHen In't;'UUI "oor Prle- en Prmohistoric University of Amsccrdam (The NCtherlands); H. Kun<:rll1ans,lnsLi,ulll voor Prehisroric, Univcr~ilY of Leiden (The Nerherlands); A.T. Wymslra,Hugo de Vries Laboralorium, University of AmSlerOJm (The Ne[herl~nds) DOW
living ;n New Jersey (USA.)
t45
fig. 1 . Sta~es in th" I.ncl evaluation approach in Physical GeD~raphy And Archaeo·logy (Adapmj from Erinkm;\)'\ & Young 1976).
proach as used in physical geography has ro be replaced by models of prehistoric socio-economic siruations. To construct thesemodels i..n.formation on the ecological and technjcal requirementsof different kinds of land use as well as data on the economic :tndsocial conrexr has ro be generared by using erhnographic, archaeological aod historical sources. The outcome is an expected formof land use for every chosen socio-economic model. Third, thepurpose of using rhe land evaluation approach in archaeology isto evaluare our model.s. The comparison of the expected form ofland use with the archaeologically recorded land use provides abasis for modifyng rhe models. We repear this procedure until rbeoutcome fits besr wirh the archaeological record.In the land evaluation approach our reconstructions of rhe palaeoenvironmenr are based upon basic surveys and arc currendy~vailable from geology (Segre 1957b), pedoJogy (Sevink et al. 1984),and the zoological material from excavations ill and around theAgro Pontino (Bienj 1984; Blanc & Segre 1953; Segre & Ascenzi1956; Segre 1957a; Taschini 1964; lei 1953). Data from a palyno-
logical survey of the area, however, are notab] y lacking, and it isthis lack thar prompted the collection of the Mezzalu na pollencore (Eisner er al. 1984).In this article, we first mention previous archaeological and eco·logical studies, and summarize the pedological evidence. We thenpresent the analyrical resulrs of rhe Mezzaluna pollen core, rhefirst continuous core from the Tyrrhenian coast, and give threetentative reconstructions of the vegetation in the survey area fordifferent rime periods using rhe present-day distriburion of soil cypes and the pollen data.
2. The Agm Pontino Survey
The Agro Pontino is a coastal plain, about 60 km long and 15 kmwide, between Roma and Naples. Previous archaeological workindicares that the area has been cominuously ill habitared since theMiddle Palaeolirhic. The most important Palaeolithic sites are Canale Mussolini (Blanc 1937; Blanc et aL 1957) and the oves in Monte Circeo (Blanc & Segre 1953). Surface scmers of Palacolithic Illmrools are found in many parts of the plain (Bierti 1969; Blanc 1937,1957; la Rosa 1984; Radmil1i 1974, 1978; Voorrips et a1. 1981).Mesolithic-Epipalaeolithic sites in the Agro Pontino are Grom]olanda (Monri Lepi..ni) (lei 1953), Riparo Blanc on Monte Circeo (Taschini 1964,1965,1968) and several surface sites (Bimi 1969;Muss; & lampeui 1978; Voorrips et al. 1981).The evidence for habitation during the Neolithic and Bronze Ageis less well-documented. Neolithic ponery has been found at theCanale Mussolini (Blanc et al. 1957) and at some surface locarions(Blanc & Segre 1953). Bronze Age finds come from Caterattino(Blanc & Segre 1953) and several sites at the perimeter of rhe AgroPomino (Colonna 1974).The scone tools arc fabricated almost exclusively from flint pebbles which are found in the coa.~ral zooe where fossil beach-ridgeshave beeD incised. The Mousterian assemblages made from thesepebbles h;lVe been designated as Pontinian (Blanc 1939). Similarly, rhe Circeiano (Blanc 1939) is considered to be tbe regional variant of the Aurignacian. The lighter stOne indusrries (Gravertiano,Epigravertiallo, Mesolirico), as well as the industries found in association wirh Neolithic and Bronze and Iron Age pottery, arealso fashioned primarily from beach pebbles bur have not beengiven local names. It is norable that the artifacrs of obsidian, whichis opaque and very hlack and comes from Palmarola 30 km offthe coast, rend not to be associated with pre-Neolithic assemblages.Very lildc information about the evolution of palaeoenvironmenrsof rhe Agm Pomino is available. Fauna! remains in the stratifiedsites on Monte Ci reeo (Blanc & Segre 1953; Piperno 1976-77), the
BasicSu rveys
!QualitativeLandClassification
!Economic andSocial Models -
1QuantitativeLandClassification
1PrehistoricLand Use f---
BasicSurveys
~
IQualitativeLand
i Classification
!Economic andSocial Analysis
!QuantitativeLandClassification
1FutureLand Use
146
THE AGRD PONTINO ~IJRV[V: R£SUliS t-ROM ;, HRST rOLl1'.N COJU:
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147
THE AGXO rONTINO SURvty: HSULTS fROM A flRST rOLl-EN eou
Momi Lepini (Zei 1953), the Monti Ausoni (Biwi 1984), and thePontinian Plain (Blanc 1935; Segre & Ascenzj 1956; Segre 1957a)show changes io the larger mammalian species throughout muchof the Wiirm and possibly somewhat earlier. The only site withfaunal remains dated to the Holocenc (Barker 1975), Riparo Blanc(Tascbini 1964), indicares that shellfish were part of the diet ofMesolithic peoples. The larger mammal species found there arealso present at sites dared to the end of roe Pleisrocene.There have been no previous palynologic.al Studies of this area.Macrofloral remains preserved in the peat layers and associatedwith Mousterian wols (Tongiorgi 1936) provide evidence for 1001 vegetation changes during a limited period of the Wiirm. PriorCO our scudy, vcgerarional changes during tbe Late Glacial and Holocene could only be inferred from extraregional evidence (see especially Bonatri 1970; Frank 1971; for general overview and referencessee Butzer 1971 and PhiHips 1980).Since 1967, the area has been studied by the Institute for PhysicalGeography and Soil Science of rhe University of Amsterdam,which has resulted in a detailed soJ map of part of the Agro Pontino (Sevink et al. 1984). Now the mapping of the area has beencompleted.
J. Physiography and soils
The Agro Pomino is surrounded by the Mont! Lepini, the MontiAusoni, the Tyrrhenian sea and tuff covered hills south of Rome.Tbe mountains) including the isolated Monte Circeo, consist mainly of calcaric material and were iormed during the Mesozoic. Thetuff cover on the hills NW of the Agro Pontino dates from a period oi volcanic activity tbat staned about 1.0 MY and ended about0.35 MY ago. The Agro Pontino can be divided intO two parrs:a graben, approximately 7 km wide running the length of the region, and a more elevated 20ne bordering the Tyrrhenian sea. Thegraben is part of a hon and graben system, formed mainly duringthe Middle-Pleistocene. This formation was accompanied by extensive volcanic dctivity. The graben is mainly filled with Holocene peary and clayey sedimems, but in its nortbwestern panPleistocene clays, travertines, and tuff deposits of the lower ruffcomplex of the Lazio Volcano occur at the surface, and near themountains parr of it is covered with nuvio-colluvial deposits. Onthe basis of the soil surveys four marine terraces have been distinguished in the coastal zone. Each terrace consistS of a sandy beachridge and a clayey lagoon (Sevink 1977), representing different sealevel changes during the Pleisrocene.The soils (figure 2) in the area reflect the influence of parent material, drainage, slope class, and time. The drainage in the graben
148
is poor and there is no copographic relief. The dominant soils inthe central and southeastern parrs of the graben are HisrosoJs andGleysols (FAO/Unesco 1974), and those in the clayey northwestern part are Verrisols. The soils developed in the well draiQed fluvio-colluvial deposits, where the slope class is level 10 gently rolling, are Luvisol and Cambisols. The dominant soils in rn.etravertine and the tuU depositions are Chromic Luvisols (Duivenvoorden 1975, Sevink er al. 1984). Luvisols are formed in the welldrained, coarsely textured deposils of the older beach ridges of chemarine terraces; in (he youngesl beach ridge Calcaric Regosols arethe dominaoc soils. In general, the slope class for the beach ridgesis rolling to billy. In the fine and medium textured lagoona! deposits Gleysols, Venisols and Planosols are dominant and the slopeclass is level. In the southwestern part of the region rhe macinecomplex has been covered by extensive aeolian deposirs; in thisarea the slope class is rolling to hilly and Pbaeozems and Arenosols are the dominant soils (Sevink et al. 1984).
4. The Mezzaluna Pollen Core
The location of the Mezzaluna pollen core is indicated on fig. 4.The pollen diagram (figure J) included in this report is a concentration diagram and depicts the estimated number of pollen grainsper cubic centimeter, which are assembled intO groups of specieson a synoecological basis (t3ble I) (Rick!i 1943; WaIter 1968).A piston core system was use 10 extract 910 cm of graben fillingfrom Mezzaluna area of the Agro Pontino. Tbe section obtainedby the core was composed of clay, sand, shell, and peal.Tbe samples, which were caken al approximately 10 cm intervals,were boiled in KOH and coocenrrared with a bromoformlateohol mixrure. A fixed amount of exotic pollen (Eucalyptus) was added to each sample. The concentration diagram is calculated on(he basis of the Eucalyptus Count and drawn by computer (Benninghoff 1962; SlOckmarr 1971).The poUen sequence was divided into zones based on gener;!1 vegetation lrends combined with rhe major strata identified in thecore. The zones have only local significance; for a more regionalzoning system, more sections would have 10 be analysed. The pollen of dry, open vegetation, characreri2ed by Poaceae Artemisia,and Chenopodiaccae, alternates with arboreal pollen, primarilyQuerClls, Alnus and Pint/so
Zone A (9 [0-842 cm) is composed of clay sedimenl, with Poaceaebeing the dominant pollen type and high values for Arumisw. Pollen and spores of fresh water plants arc also present in highamounts.
Zone B (814-770 cm) consists of a layer of sand with shells from
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149
nn: AGRO rONTINO SU~V(;Y: lU'.SU1.TS fROM A H~ST POLLEN eou
Table I: Species included ;n composile I;rollP~ used for lhe M~-naJuna poUen diogra.m (Figure J).
which virtually no pollen could be extracted. Remains of Hystrichosphaerideae signify a marine envlronmenr.
Zone Cl (769-490 cm) consists of peat and is characterized by thepredominance of pollen from herbaceous vegetation; fresh watervegetation pollen is also well represented. From 640 to 630 cmtbere is a ruff layer with granules of fioe volcanic material mixedwith organic soil. From 570 to 560 cm there i~ a greenish layerwhich contains volcanic m;lteriaJ. Both of these layers are charac·rt:rized by high and abrupt rises of the values for Chenopodiaceae.
Zooe C2 (489-390 cm) shows a rist' and decline of Pinus, the beginning of a sharp dedi.ne of Poaceae, and a sready rise of Quer.(us. Small amounts of other woodland pollen appear.
Zooe DJ (389-220 cm) consists of pear. A/nllS and Que-rcus become abruptly dominant, whereas Artemisia and Chenopodiact<le
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become negligible. Other indicators of increased forest cover alsooccur in this zone.
Zone 02 (219-120 cm) consi.m of very black pear in which highproponions of charcoal afe found. Alnus is (probably) dispbcedby Dyopt.eris as a local element Jnd high values for Vit!5 sp. arepre~enL The proportion of herbs to [feeS increases for the firsttime aher zone Cl.
Zone D3 (119-50 cm) consists of woody peat which gradually becomes drier until the top soil is reached at 50 cm. Alnus rises again,Vilis sp. drops sharply and, with the exception of Ulmus ;lnd Sa/ix, other arboreal types also diminish. There is a strong increasein berbs, notably Asteraceae.
5. InterpretatIOn a/the pollen diagram and pa/aeoenvironmental reconstructions.
The interpretation of the palynological results is presented according co the 2On<ltion scheme above. Limited and tentative p~laeoen
vironmenral reconstructions relating the vegetation represented inthe pollen core lO the soil rypes have been devised for zone Cl,Dt and D2. The division of the Agro Pontino into subareas is indicated on figure 4. Figure 3 gives lhe C14 dates.
Zone A: It is most likely that this section is the deposition of .:I
fresh water lake.
Zone B: The strong possibility of a sea [ransgression is indicatedby the unbroken shells of the Zone B sand layer, and by the Hystrichospbaeridea remains.
Zone Ct: The dominant vegetation postulated for t.:lch subarea(figure 4) is as follows:A - vegetation of Poaceae, Plnus and Chenopodiaceae;B- Steppe vegetation with Ephedra, Rumex, Juniper and Arlemisla;C - fen vegetation with Phragmites and Cyperaceae;D - sparse oak woods;E - Pinus, Betula and Abies.
Zone C2: A general cominuarion of the previous situation, witha natural succession to climax vegetation influenced by more humid conditions.
Zone Dl: The dominant vegetation is as follows:A - vegetation of Pinus, Poaceae and Pislacia;B - parkland vegetation with Artemisia and low shrubs;C - alder {en;D - oak fores[;E - mixed oak forest belt with Fagus, with Carpinus occurringat higher elevations.
150
\'('rNDY EISl''fJ<, HAN$ llAt.lERMANS & HEX T. WYMSTPu\
fig. 4 . Map of th" Agro Ponlino region showing the di,tnhution of dominanl....il tyjXs and are.tl. subdivision (or synoccolo~jcalgroup' used in p.uacOCllviron·mt'nla.1 reconstructions 01 pollen wnes Cl, D I aM D2 (map ~dapted from ScvlnkCl .tl. 1984).
d. Pollen Zone D 2" - 1)Uflot' "'~l'(ation
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Zone D2: the domioant vegetation:A - dune vegetation of Pin us) Poaceae and PiSlaciajB - dry open vegetation;C - the alder vegetation is sudden.ly replaced by DIYDplms whichoften occurs when alder woods are thinned;D - rhis area supports rh ree types of vegetarion;!1 ~sseJl)blages:
1 - Quercus ilex forest;2 - macchia-garrigue. caused by deforestation of evergreen woods;3 - Vitis sp_, which is a~umed to be domesticated because of thehigh. concentration values;E - mixed oak forest belt.
Zone D3: The lower arboreal pollen cOD<:entration could be due
to human activity or [0 drier climatic conditions.General climatic trends c;ln be inferred from rbe palynological resulrs and Iheir interpretation. In zone C, dated by He to the LateGlacial, there is :\ predominance of open vegetarion, Poaceae andArtemisia) and typical steppe herbs suggesting chat che climace wasprobably cool and especially dry. During zone 01 rhe veget:\clona! trend is towards;1. closed arboreal vegetation consisting mainly of climatic foreSl species, indicating a more humid and possiblywarmer clim;1tc. In zone 02 there is :\ (ecurrence of more openvegetation, but now the vegetation is more coosisrem with themodern Mediterr<1ncan environment. On che basis of 14C daresthis zone can be correlaced to the Central Italian Neoucruc period.Ic begins sometime after the Early Neolitbic and extends co theinception of the Aeneolithic. The vegetational reconstruction abovesuggests [he presence of human influence at about this time because of the combined evidence of diminishing alder woods, lower Que-rcus value.~, a macchia-garrigue, and pOSSIbly dornest icateclgrapes. This <1ssemblage, however, could just as e<1sil)f appear illa natural setting, given the drier climatic conditions, and more pollen zones must be analyzed in order co reach any conclusions regarding human acrivity. in zone D2.
6. Conclusions and plans for future research
Analysis of [he Mezzaluna core IS a significant contribution to thepalaeoenvironmental study of rhe Mediterranean in general andto the centralltalian Tyrrhenian coastal region in particular. Only three orher analyses of pollen cores covering approx.im;H~ly thesame period have been reported for Central Italy (Bonatti J970;Fr<lnk 1969); all of these cores were taken from deposics inlandat higher elevarions.The Mezzaluna core is only a first step, however, roward the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmems. At least twO more cores ofcomparable quality must be analyzed before we can achieve an
151
Tl-1E AG~O PONTINO SURVI"t: R.ESULTS FROM A FIRST POU.EN CORE
acceptable level of evidence for the regional vegetatioo changes.It is also desirable that we obtain samples of deposits dating fromearlier periods. These deposits can be found i..n the graben aDd atsites near tbe coast (Tongiorgi 1936).We have secured a series of poJlen cores from lagoonal depositsalong the coast. While we expect the individual cores to cover arelatively shore span of time, we hope that with aid of radiocarbon dating and association of regional pollen changes the corescan be seriated. These samples wiU also be used for palaeoenvi·ronmencal reconstruction of the areas not included in this study.This article has shown the data from basic surveys can be integra·ted (0 reconstruct the paJeoenvironmenc or, in land evaluationterms, to construct a qualitative land classi£iC2tion. Even thoughthe paJynological survey is incomplete, there is sufficieor information co begin to develop procedures for the remaining steps deemed necessary for using land evaluation in archaeology.
Acknowledgements
We especially wish to thank S.H. Loving for her help in editingthis reporr. Sincere thanks are also due to Dr. A. Voorrips, Prof.W. Groenman-van Waateringe, A. Vis.ser, and C.D. Troostheidefrom Albert Egges van Giffen Instiwul voor Prae-en Protohistorie, University of Amsterdam; Dr. J. Sevink and Drs. J. Duivenvoorden from the Fysisch Gcografisch en BodemkundingLaboratorium, University of Amsterdam; the staff from tbe Hugo de Vries Llboracorium, University of Amsterdam, especiallyProf. T. van der Hammen; L. Boonstra; Dr. C. Stibbe from theISlttuto Glandese, Roma; Dr. A. Bietti from the Istituw ftalianodi Paleomologia Umana, Rome; Dr. M. Piperno from the MuseaPreiscorico Ernografico Luigi Pigorini, Rome; and A. ArnoldusHuyzendveld, Rome.
R.EfERENCF.5
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