wellness and illness. cell pathology cell pathology –understanding dysfunction of the body’s...

Wellness and IllnessWellness and Illness


• Cell PathologyCell Pathology– understanding understanding dysfunctiondysfunction of the body’s of the body’s

heirarchyheirarchy– studied at the microscope levelstudied at the microscope level

1) examine cells1) examine cells

2) measure cell metabolism using 2) measure cell metabolism using chemical or genetic testingchemical or genetic testing

Cell PathologyCell Pathology

Biopsy Biopsy → identifying conditions→ identifying conditions1) amyloid deposition1) amyloid deposition2) atrophy2) atrophy3) dysplasia3) dysplasia4) dystrophy4) dystrophy5) fatty change5) fatty change6) hyperplasia6) hyperplasia7) hypertrophy7) hypertrophy8) metaplasia8) metaplasia9) metastasis 9) metastasis 10) necrosis10) necrosis


amyloid depositionamyloid deposition

• accumulation of accumulation of amyloidsamyloids in a cell – in a cell – amyloidosisamyloidosis

• amyloidosis usually results in cell amyloidosis usually results in cell deathdeath

• Alzheimer’s is an example of amyloid Alzheimer’s is an example of amyloid depositiondeposition


atrophyatrophy

• decrease in size of cell, tissue, or decrease in size of cell, tissue, or organorgan

• due to undernutrition, blood flow due to undernutrition, blood flow problemsproblems

• muscle atrophy is the result of nerve muscle atrophy is the result of nerve damage or lack of muscle use.damage or lack of muscle use.


dysplasiadysplasia

• disorderly growth pattern in a tissue disorderly growth pattern in a tissue or organor organ

• not cancerousnot cancerous

• significant impact on function of the significant impact on function of the affected body structureaffected body structure


dystrophydystrophy

• ““ill growth”ill growth”

• progressive changes in tissueprogressive changes in tissue

• due todue to

1) long term malnutrition1) long term malnutrition

2) undernutrition2) undernutrition

3) decreased blood flow3) decreased blood flow


fatty changefatty change

• accumulation of lipids in the cell due accumulation of lipids in the cell due to cellular injuryto cellular injury

• ↑ ↑ alcohol → fat accumulation in liver alcohol → fat accumulation in liver cellscells

• fat continues to build up in cell’s fat continues to build up in cell’s organelles until it disrupts normal organelles until it disrupts normal cell and tissue functioncell and tissue function


hyperplasiahyperplasia

• abnormal multiplication of the abnormal multiplication of the number of cells in a tissuenumber of cells in a tissue

• arrangement and distribution of cells arrangement and distribution of cells in the tissue not affectedin the tissue not affected

• ↑ ↑ risk of certain cancersrisk of certain cancers

• distorts the function of the tissue or distorts the function of the tissue or organorgan


hypertrophyhypertrophy

• enlargement of a tissue or organenlargement of a tissue or organ

• NOT due to cell number, but NOT due to cell number, but cell sizecell size

• distorts tissue or organ functiondistorts tissue or organ function

• disrupts homeostasisdisrupts homeostasis


metaplasia metaplasia • change in cell and tissue function from change in cell and tissue function from

normal to abnormalnormal to abnormal• can be reversible – one cell type replaced can be reversible – one cell type replaced

by another cell type → inappropriate by another cell type → inappropriate functioning of tissue or organfunctioning of tissue or organ

• caused by:caused by:– DNA damageDNA damage– exposure to hazardous chemicalsexposure to hazardous chemicals

• long term metaplasia can result in cancer long term metaplasia can result in cancer due to breakdown in cell communication due to breakdown in cell communication and tissue organizationand tissue organization


metastasismetastasis

• restricted to highly abnormal cells → restricted to highly abnormal cells → cancerouscancerous

• diseased cells break away from the diseased cells break away from the original location in the body and original location in the body and establish themselves in a new areaestablish themselves in a new area– carry out abnormal functions in new carry out abnormal functions in new

locationlocation


necrosisnecrosis• localized tissue deathlocalized tissue death• results fromresults from

– blood flow decreaseblood flow decrease– burnsburns– chemical damagechemical damage– infectioninfection– injuryinjury

• results in deceased function of results in deceased function of tissue, organ, and organ systemtissue, organ, and organ system


Cellular AgingCellular Aging

As we know, cellular aging = the As we know, cellular aging = the accumulation of molecular decayaccumulation of molecular decay

Occurs 2 waysOccurs 2 ways

1) cytoplasmic damage1) cytoplasmic damage

2) DNA damage2) DNA damage


No mitosis in:No mitosis in:

a) fat cellsa) fat cells

b) skeletal muscleb) skeletal muscle

c) nervous tissuec) nervous tissue

Mitosis = minor DNA damage repairs Mitosis = minor DNA damage repairs made made

Over a lifetime Over a lifetime → cells accumulate → cells accumulate years of damage in cytoplasm = years of damage in cytoplasm = accumulated cell damageaccumulated cell damage

Cellular AgingCellular AgingCells with accumulated cell damage Cells with accumulated cell damage eventually fail at performing normal tasks eventually fail at performing normal tasks →→ negatively affects other tissues and organ negatively affects other tissues and organ systemssystems

The effects of accumulated cell damage are The effects of accumulated cell damage are increased by:increased by:a) hazardous chemicalsa) hazardous chemicalsb) pollutionb) pollutionc) smokingc) smokingd) radiationd) radiatione) ultraviolet lighte) ultraviolet lightf) virusesf) virusesg) g) stressstress


Too much chemical damage = Too much chemical damage = premature death due to:premature death due to:

1) metabolic malfunction1) metabolic malfunction

2) 2) apoptosisapoptosis

Cellular AgingCellular AgingCells that Cells that dodo replicate (mitosis) replicate (mitosis)

accumulate different damageaccumulate different damage• DNA damaged every S phase (mostly DNA damaged every S phase (mostly

deletions)deletions)• After several hundred rounds of After several hundred rounds of

mitosis these cells may function mitosis these cells may function abnormally due to accumulation of abnormally due to accumulation of mutationsmutations– digestivedigestive– respiratoryrespiratory– integumentaryintegumentary


• These changes can lead to cancer, These changes can lead to cancer, especially if genes related to mitosis especially if genes related to mitosis are damagedare damaged

• Additionally, every mitosis shortens Additionally, every mitosis shortens the end of chromosomes (the end of chromosomes (telomerestelomeres))

• No genes on telomeres, but too No genes on telomeres, but too much telomere shortening much telomere shortening → → abnormal chromosome structure → abnormal chromosome structure → malfunction or apoptosismalfunction or apoptosis


• Hypothesis that telomere shortening Hypothesis that telomere shortening = molecular clock= molecular clock

• Telomere shortening DOES NOT Telomere shortening DOES NOT occur in cancer cellsoccur in cancer cells

apoptosisapoptosis– normal cell death scheduled by genetic normal cell death scheduled by genetic

programming, that does not affect programming, that does not affect surrounding cellssurrounding cells

Stress releases body chemicals that Stress releases body chemicals that contribute to decaycontribute to decay

• chemicals bind to DNA chemicals bind to DNA ↑ altered ↑ altered gene expressiongene expression

dysfunctiondysfunction

biologists biologists → abnormal, impaired, or → abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or celltissue, or cell– almost all gross diseases are the result almost all gross diseases are the result

of dysfunction in one or more tissues in of dysfunction in one or more tissues in an organ systeman organ system

biopsybiopsy

the removal of diseased cells for the removal of diseased cells for studystudy

amyloidamyloid

• proteinlike materialproteinlike material

• intended to be beneficial for cell, but intended to be beneficial for cell, but harmful when build up in cytoplasmharmful when build up in cytoplasm

• indicate cell damageindicate cell damage

wellness and illness. cell pathology cell pathology –understanding dysfunction of the body’s...

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cell pathology cell

cell number

normal cell

size of cell

cell size

cell pathology atrophy

tissue function slide

cell death amyloidosis