Welcome to Chemistry!with Mrs. Guirguis Rm. 405

Do Now: Pick up homework reminder on table near the door. Find a seat & fill out Student Info Sheet.

HWK: 1. Read syllabus and “Frequently Asked Questions”

on my webpage. (Be prepared to answer questions on these two things on Monday.)

2. Start “Intro to WebAssign”: due Wednesday3. Supplies & Signature Sheet

Pr. 4- Lab on Day 2 (Mon): Safety Quiz Pr. 8 - Math Assessment on Mon (no need to study )

What is Chemistry? Your Task: on a piece of paper answer this

question...

What is Chemistry?

Does your answer sound like any of these responses?

What is Chemistry? The definition we’ll work off of this year:

Chemistry is the study of matter & of the changes it undergoes

Composition Structure Properties Energy changes

A Quick Demo If we want to describe matter & its

changes, there is a certain language we need to become familiar using. There are good observations & there

are bad observations. During the demo: Write down what

you see happening. Imagine you were trying to explain this to someone who is not present in the room.

In science we can take two different kinds of observations: Qualitative Quantitative

Two Types of Measurements

Qualitative (think “quality”): observations using words

Quantitative (think “quantity”): observations using numbers and units.

Here’s what I am hoping to see…

Qualitative observations: States of matter Color Texture Smell Viscosity

Quantitative observations: Amount of substances present

Step by step procedure!

Here’s what I don’t want to see…

Opinionated language “I feel” “I like”

Non-specific wording “sort of…”, “lots of…”, ”kinda”

Descriptions that sound like a kindergartener wrote them “It was all bouncy and …” describing something as “chunky”

Taking Measurements in ChemistryCh. 2 The SI or Metric System

The SI System Around 1793, scientists all

over the world began to agree upon a single measurement system called

Le Systeme International d’ Unites or SI System

7 base units The idea was to create a

unifying system of weights and measurements

Quantity Unit SymbolLength Meter mMass Kilogram kgTime Second sTemperature

Kelvin K

Amount of a substance

Mole mol

Electric current

Ampere A

Luminous intensity

Candela cd• Crash Course: Units• Where’s volume??

mD V

Combinations of base units Volume: amount of space taken up by an object

Derived SI unit is cubic meter, m3 More often we use cm3 = mL

Density: ratio of mass to volume g/cm3 of g/mL or g/L Does not change for a given substance

Derived Units

mD V

D = m VD = m V

Other Derived UnitsQuantity Unit Symb

olDerivation

Area square meter

m2 Length x width

Molar Mass

grams per mole

g/mol Mass / amount

Energy joule J Force x length

Metric Prefix

Symbol

Meaning Scientific

Notation

mega M Million / 1,000,000 1 x 106

kilo k Thousand / 1,000 1 x 103

hecta h Hundred / 100 1 x 102

deka da Ten / 10 1 x 101

Base Unitdeci d Tenth / .1 1 x 10-1

centi c Hundredth / .01 1 x 10-2

milli m Thousandth / .001 1 x 10-3

micro Millionth / .000 001 1 x 10-6

nano n Billionth / .000 000 001 1 x 10-9

pico p Trillionth / .000 000 000 001

1 x 10-12

Larg

er q

uant

ities

World’s Roundest Object Challenging foundations of the SI System

The world’s roundest object hopes to solve the longest running problem in measurement – how to define the kilogram.

Check out this video! (12 min)

Using SI prefixes: Number Line MethodConversions from one SI prefix to another (within 1 of the 7 base units) can easily be preformed by moving the decimal place of a quantity by 1 space or 3, left or right.

Practice Problems

1. 5.6 cm to m2. 56 mg to g3. 340 mm to cm4. 1.2 ML to L

0.056 m0.056 g34 cm

1,200,000 L

Using SI prefixes: Factor-Label Method (Dimensional Analysis)

Method requires translating two equal quantities into a ratio or conversion factor Ex: 16 oz = 1 lb can be written 16 oz or

1 lb 1 lb 16 oz

Notice: a conversion factor can be represented 2 ways!

This can be done with any 2 equal quantities 2 grand slams = 8 R.B.I.’s 1 fortnight = 14 days 100 cm = 1 m

Using SI prefixes: Factor Label Method

Using the factor label method to solve problems

Ex: How many dimes are in 14 dollars?1. Write the given2. Write conversion factor3. Solve, crossing out units that have

divided out

14 dollars x 10 dimes = 14o dimes

1 dollar

Using Factor-Label Method Sample Problems:Converting 9.8 g to kg

9.8 g    x   1 kg        = 0.0098 kg               1000. g  

Converting 9.8 kg to g 9.8 kg    x   1000. g        = 9800 g                   1 kg

“1” goes in front of larger unit!

Practice Problems Try these practice problems, but now using the

Factor-Label Method (I realize this seems like more work than the

number line method…but there’s a reason why we have to learn this)

1. 5.6 cm to m2. 1.2 L to ML3. 100 mm to cm4. 25 kg of water to mL

0.056 m1.2 x 10-6

ML 10 cm

2500 mL

Do Now: Test your Metric System “With-it-ness”

For each of the measurements on your worksheet, decide the appropriate quantity that should be assigned to it.

Density Practice Density Formula

Use Density Pyramid as a short cut

mD V

mD V

D = m V

Taking Measurements in ChemistryAccuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy & Precision in Measurements

Accuracy: closeness of measurements to correct value

Precision: closeness of a set of measurements to each other (assuming they’re made in the same way)

High accuracyHigh precision

Low accuracyHigh precision

Low accuracyLow precision

Accuracy vs. Precision Example: A student measures the density of

a sample of nickel.

The density of nickel is 8.9 g.mL -1

So the results were: Precise, but not accurate

Density Result (g.mL -1)

Trial 1 7.8Trial 2 7.7Trial 3 7.8

Accuracy & Precision (continued)

Some error always exists in measurements Skill of measurer Conditions of measurements Limitation of instruments

Percentage Error Accuracy of an individual value (or

average) can be compared to the correct/accepted value

% Error = Experimental – Accepted x 100

Accepted

Percentage Error What is the percentage error for a mass

measurement of 17.7 g, given that the correct value is 21.2 g?

A volume is measured experimentally as 4.26 mL. What is the percentage error, given that the accepted value is 4.15 mL?

Taking Measurements in ChemistrySignificant Figures

Exploring Uncertainty and PrecisionThe Paper Clip Activity

Measuring always involves some degree of estimation (i.e. uncertainty)

Ruler #3 required the least

amount of estimation because

instrument had greater precision

(more markings)

Significant Figures Certain digits: digits that represent a

marking on a scale or non-blinking number of a display

Uncertain (estimated) digits: digits that represents the space between the marks on a scale or the blinking number on a display

Sig Figs – all digits of certainty + 1 estimated

Sig Figs: Using the Pacific/Atlantic Rule

Step 1: Ask yourself: is the decimal point present or absent?

Step 2: Determine which way to start counting

If the decimal point is present, start counting from the LEFT If the decimal point is absent, start counting from the RIGHT

PACIFIC

ATLANTIC

resent bsent

Pacific/Atlantic Rule Step 3: Start counting on Pacific or

Atlantic side from the first NON-ZERO number. Count all numbers after the first non-zero number including zeros.

Pacific/Atlantic Rule

Examples:a) 1234 = ________ sig figsb) 1204 = ________ sig figsc) 0.00234 = _______ sig figsd) 1230 = ______ sig figse) 1234.0 = ______ sig figs

44

335

Absent Absent

Absent Present

Present

Pacific/Atlantic Rule Examples:

a) 1234 = ________ sig figsb) 1204 = ________ sig figsc) 0.00234 = _______ sig figs

d) 1230 = ______ sig figs

e) 1234.0 = ______ sig figs

3 certain digits – indicated by lines on measuring device ; 1 estimated digit - in between lines3 certain ; 1

estimated

2 certain ; 1 estimated

(zero is a place holder)

2 certain ; 1 estimated

(zero’s are place holders)

4 certain ; 1 estimated

5

3

344

Using Sig. Figs. In Calculations Addition/Subtraction Rule

Answer should contain least # of decimal places

Multiplication/Division Rule Answer should contain least sig figs.

Do Now: Precision of Lab Instruments

1. Record the following quantities to the correct number of decimal places.

________ L ________ mL _______ oC2. Convert your answer in A to milliliters: ________ mL3. Add your answer from A & B. Record using correct sig.

figs. ________ mL

Scientific Notation Some numbers are very large or very

small, so we need a short hand notation.

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

6.022 x 1023

0.0000000000000000000000199

1.99 x 10-23

Too large:

Too small:

Scientific NotationN x 10n

N is a number between 1 and 10

n is a positive or negative integer

if n is a negative number, the full number is a small decimal

if n is a positive number, the full number is a large number

3.69 x 10-4 ________________1.245 x 105 ________________

Taking Measurements in ChemistryAccording to the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method Scientific Method: logical approach to

solving problems by…a. Observing & collecting datab. Formulating hypothesesc. Testing hypothesesd. Formulating theoriese. Publishing results

Remember: observations about matter can be categorized in two groups: Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Two Types of Measurements

Qualitative (think “quality”): observations using words

Quantitative (think “quantity”): observations using numbers and units.

Studying a System System: specific portion of matter in a

given region of space that has been selected for study Microscopic or macroscopic level

Variable: any condition that changes during an experiment Independent: value being manipulated Dependent: result

Studying a System Experimental Control: conditions that remain

constant throughout (i.e. don’t change) Often many controlled portions of system

Model: Explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related Visual Verbal Mathematical Ex: atomic model of matter

Studying a System Theory: broad generalization that explains a

body of facts or phenomena Used to predict results of new experiments Ex: kinetic molecular theory

Taking Measurements in ChemistryGraphing Measurements

Amount of Fertilizer (g)

Plant Growth (cm)

6 59 915 1723 22

Fertilizer GrowthDirect Relationship

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Title Appropriate scale Axis labeled“Best fit” line

Direct Relationships

Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to add

• When 2 quantities divided by each other gives a constant value• K (constant value) = Y/X• Ex: Density

InverseRelationships

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• When 2 quantities multiplied by each other gives a constant value• K = X Y• Ex: Boyle’s Law

K = PV