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Weekly Current Affairs Webinar

8th Aug 2017 – 15th Aug 2017

1. No-Detention Policy (NDP) under RTE scrapped

Recent decision of the Government to scrap the No-Detention Policy in schools is likely

to have implications on primary education in India.

Under the Right to Education Act, 2009, no child admitted to a school will be held back

in any class or expelled till the completion of elementary education covering Classes 1 to

8. The RTE provided the guarantee of uninterrupted schooling until Class 8 via the No-

Detention Policy.

The policy to promote students automatically to higher classes every year till Class VIII

was instituted to check the high number of dropouts, especially among the socially and

economically disadvantaged sections.

But 25 states raised objections against the NDP, citing it as a reason for high failure and

drop-outs in Classes IX & X and they believe the standard of education has deteriorated

because of the policy.

The Centre has thus decided to allow States to take the call. This requires the

introduction a Bill to amend the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education

Act, 2009, to enable States to do away with the no-detention policy if they wish.

The Amendment Bill will allow states to detain students in class 5 and class 8 if they fail

in the year-end exam.

Students who fail in the exams — to be held in March — will be given remedial training

and offered another chance to pass in May. Those who still fail will be detained in the

same class.

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The HRD ministry has said that there were complaints that the no-detention policy —

aimed at retaining students in school and giving a fillip to education — led to learning

levels taking a dip. The planned modification in the RTE Act is expected to arrest this

trend.

Dropout rates till Class 8 are just 4%, but they rise to above 20% after that. This is

because of the no-detention policy.

Implications:

This move will weaken the RTE Act substantially. The government has not

undertaken a serious analysis of what went wrong, and why.

The NDP policy was never meant to be a standalone measure. A number of

educationists have argued that the NDP was wrongly interpreted to create an

environment in which the significance of evaluating a school-goer’s learning

outcomes was undermined.

Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) that aimed to assess the child’s

understanding of what was being taught in class at periodic intervals, proved to be

a non-starter in many, if not most, schools.

The already overloaded teachers were not given adequate training to undertake

this reform. They had no idea of what was to be evaluated, and how.

In several schools, CCE was reduced to “project work”, which parents resented.

The RTE’s provisions regarding the upgrading of school infrastructure and increase

in the teacher-student ratio — that would have created an enabling environment

for the NDP — were given a short shrift.

The RTE demanded creative solutions. NDP and CCE, for example, required sharper

policy focus on the already fraught issue of teacher training.

Policymakers and education experts should have had continuous engagements with

teachers to clarify these concepts to them. As it jettisons them now, the government

needs to ask itself: Will detaining children whose academic results are poor

improve learning outcomes and arrest the drop-out rate in schools?

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There is now a substantial body of scholarly work that throws light on the ways in

which the examination system stresses students and skews the field in favour of

the privileged who can afford teaching aids outside the school.

The move to scrap the NDP will make the RTE’s goal of inclusive education a very

difficult one. The government should rethink the move — and create enabling

conditions for the no-detention policy to succeed.

2. Highlights of the Economic Survey 2016-17 Volume-2

Fiscal Developments

The fiscal outcome of the Central Government in 2016-17 was marked by- Strong growth in tax revenue, Sustenance of the pace of capital spending and Consolidation of non-salary/pension revenue expenditure.

This combination allowed the Government to contain the fiscal deficit to 3.5 per cent of GDP in 2016-17.

The Union Budget for 2017-18 opted for a gradual fiscal consolidation path: the fiscal deficit is expected to decline to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2017-2018. The fiscal deficit target of 3 per cent of GDP under the FRBM framework is projected to be achieved in 2018-19.

The Budget for 2017-18 introduced a number of procedural reforms, including: the integration of the Railway Budget with the Union Budget; advancing of the date of the Union Budget to February 1, almost by a month; elimination of the classification of expenditure into ‘plan’ and ‘non-plan’; and, restructuring of the Medium Term Expenditure Framework Statement with projected expenditures (revenue and capital) for each demand for the next two financial years.

Overshadowing these otherwise significant fiscal policy initiatives is the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax with effect from the 1st day of July 2017, encompassing a plethora of the Central and State level indirect taxes, paving the way for a dramatic transformation of the Indian markets and the economy.

Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation

The Reserve Bank of India cut the policy rate by 50 basis points during 2016-17. However, it shifted its monetary policy stance from accommodative to neutral in February 2017. As of August 2017 Repo rate stood at 6.00 per cent and reverse repo rate at 5.75 per cent.

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Monetary aggregates decelerated significantly following the withdrawal of legal tender status of specified bank notes on November 9, 2016. As of 31st March 2017, currency in circulation contracted by 19.7 per cent whereas reserve money contracted by 12.9 per cent.

Credit off-take from banks continued to decelerate further. During 2016-17, gross bank credit outstanding grew at around 7 per cent on an average. The average gross bank credit to industry contracted by 0.2 per cent in the FY 2016-17.

Sluggish growth and increasing indebtedness in some sectors of the economy have impacted the asset quality of banks and this is a cause for concern. The gross non-performing advances (GNPAs) ratio of SCBs rose from 9.2 per cent in September 2016 to 9.5 per cent in March 2017.

Financial inclusion is proceeding apace under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. Zero balance accounts under PMJDY have declined consistently from nearly 58 per cent in March 2015 to around 24 per cent as of December 2016.

Prices and Inflation

Significant moderation in CPI headline inflation during the last three years. CPI inflation fell to a series low of 1.5 percent in June 2017.

Broad based decline in all commodity groups during 2016-17, the most significant being decline in food.

Food inflation, which was the main driver of inflation in the past, declined significantly during the year because of improvements in supply of pulses and vegetables on the back of a normal monsoon. Core inflation-indicative of underlying trends -- too declined in the last few months.

Convergence between CPI and WPI inflation in the last few months.

Most States/UTs witnessed sharp decline in CPI inflation in 2016-17 as compared to the previous year.

Both rural and urban inflation have declined in 2016-17 and the gap between rural and urban inflation has narrowed down in recent months.

Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Energy

India ratified the Paris Agreement on 2nd October, 2016. India’s actions for the post-2020 period are based on its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).

India’s NDC targets to lower the emissions intensity of GDP by 33 - 35 per cent by 2030 from

2005 levels, to increase the share of non-fossil based power generation capacity to 40

per cent of installed electric power capacity (cumulative) by 2030, and to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 Gt CO2e through additional

forest and tree cover by 2030.

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At the multilateral level, the international community is engaged in writing the “Paris rule book” which includes guidelines and modalities for the implementation of the Paris Agreement for the transparency framework for action and support, features and accounting of NDCs etc.

At the national level, the roadmap for implementation of India’s NDC is being prepared, by constituting an Implementation Committee and six Sub-Committees. The Committees are working to elaborate their respective NDC goals and identify specific policies and actions aimed at achieving them.

India has set itself ambitious targets in the area of renewable energy. Moving ahead in this direction, India is implementing the largest renewable energy expansion programme in the world. It envisages a 5-fold increase in the overall renewable energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022. This includes 100 GW of solar, 60 GW of wind, 10 GW of biomass, and 5 GW of small hydro power capacity.

There is an urgent need to further increase the access of the poor to more efficient energy resources. Many schemes have been implemented by the government to tackle this like Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, PAHAL scheme, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana. A large number of focused initiatives have been taken in various sectors of the economy to ensure a pathway of lower emission and climate resilient development.

India is at a stage of development that requires it to grow at a fast rate and lift the large number of their citizens from below the poverty line. Energy deprivation levels for a sizeable portion of population remain at high levels. The SDG 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Social cost analysis of coal and renewables based power done in the chapter indicate higher social costs for renewables. Storage costs and stranding of assets based on coal based power are major costs associated with the renewables based power. Given that the first goal for India is to provide 100 per cent energy access to its population and bridge the development deficit gap, all energy sources need to be tapped.

A number of initiatives have been taken in the Indian financial sector also. In the renewable energy segment, as per the notification of the RBI in May 2016, bank

Loans of up to Rs.15 crore for solar-based power generators, biomass-based power generators, wind mills, micro-hydel plants, etc. will be considered part of Priority Sector Lending.

The External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) norms have been further liberalized so that green projects can tap this window for raising finance across the borders.

The SEBI has, in May 2017, put in place the framework for issuance of green bonds.

External Sector

India’s balance of payments situation which was benign and comfortable during 2013-14 to 2015-16, further improved in 2016-17, as a result of

low and falling trade and current account deficits and moderate and rising capital inflows

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This has resulted in further accretion of foreign exchange reserves.

Reflecting the slowly improving world economic situation, India’s exports turned positive at 12.3 per cent in 2016-17 after an interregnum of two years. This along with a marginal decline in imports by 1.0 per cent resulted in narrowing down of trade deficit to US$ 112.4 billion (5 per cent of GDP) in 2016-17 as compared to US$ 130.1 billion (6.2 per cent of GDP) in 2015-16.

The current account deficit (CAD) narrowed down progressively to 0.7 per cent of GDP in 2016-17 from 1.1 per cent of GDP in 2015-16 led by sharp contraction in trade deficit which more than outweighed a decline in net invisibles earnings.

Net capital inflows were slightly lower at US$ 36.8 billion (1.6 per cent of GDP) in 2016-17 as compared to US$ 40.1 billion (1.9 per cent of GDP) in the previous year, mainly due to fall in NRI deposits.

Gross FDI inflows to India increased significantly to US$ 60.2 billion in 2016-17 from US$ 55.6 billion in 2015-16. Net FDI inflows (i.e. net of outward FDI) at US$ 35.6 billion, however, moderated marginally by 1.1 per cent from US$ 36.0 billion in 2015-16.

Most of the external debt indicators of India improved at end-March 2017 compared end-March, 2016. India’s aggregate external debt stock at end-March 2017 stood at US$ 471.9 billion registering a decline of US$ 13.1 billion (2.7 per cent) over end-March 2016. The ratio of external debt to GDP fell to 20.2 per cent from 23.5 per cent, while foreign exchange reserves provided a cover of 78.4 per cent to external debt compared to 74.3 per cent in the previous year.

Some green shoots have started to appear in the trade horizon as well with world trade growth projected at 3.8 per cent and 3.9 per cent in 2017 and 2018 and India’s trade growth also picking up.

Agriculture and Food Management

The average farm size in India is small, and declining since 1970-71. The predominance of small operational holdings is a major limitation to reap the benefits of economies of scale in agriculture operations.

The progress in agriculture needs to be evaluated in terms of outcomes such as catching up with global yields of various crops as a means to increase incomes of farmers.

Credit is an important mediating input for agriculture to improve productivity. The predominance of informal sources of credit for farmers is a concern. There is regional disparity in the distribution of agricultural credit which also needs to be addressed.

The key challenge that the horticulture sector faces in India are post-harvest losses, availability of quality planting material and lack of market access for horticultural produce of small farmers.

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Industry and Infrastructure

Industrial performance has shown a moderation from 8.8 percent during 2015-16 to 5.6 percent in 2016-17.

Industrial growth as per Index of Industrial Production (IIP) new series of 2011-12 shows overall IIP growth at 5 percent in 2016-17 as compared to 3.4 percent last year.

The Index of Eight Core Industries growth during 2016-17 was 4.8 percent as compared to 3.0 percent in 2015-16.

The measures taken by the Government has resulted in FDI equity inflow of 43.4 Billion USD in Financial Year 2016-17, which is the highest ever FDI Equity inflows.

India is far ahead than many emerging economies in terms of providing qualitative transportation related infrastructure.

Indian domestic airlines have a very lower share in international traffic to and from India. Factors like foreign airlines utilising the 6th freedom of the air, expansion of capacity entitlements under bilateral air service agreements with foreign countries, lower utilisation of India’s own capacity entitlements, the 0/20 rule and fleet constraints are responsible for the same.

The Government formulated and launched the UDAY scheme for financial turnaround of power distribution companies on November 20, 2015. The 26 states and 1 UT which have joined the UDAY scheme account for total outstanding debt of Rs. 3.82 lakh Cr. So far, fifteen states have issued UDAY bonds totalling Rs.2.09 lakh Cr. and DISCOMs have issued Bonds worth Rs. 0.23 lakh Cr.

After the introduction of UDAY, National average (all UDAY states) of AT&C loss has come down to 20.2 per cent in FY 2017 from 21.1 per cent in FY 2016; billing efficiency has been increased by 2 per cent from 81 per cent in 2015-16 to 83 per cent in 2016-17 at all India level and 15 states have issued tariff-revisions for FY 2017-18.

Under Smart Cities Mission, 57 projects worth Rs.941 crore have already been completed as of April 2017. An estimated additional 462 projects worth Rs.15307 crore are likely to be completed through 2018 provided all the projects that have commenced implementation and those that have been tendered stick to their timelines.

Services Sector

The services sector remains the key driver of India’s economic growth, contributing almost 62 per cent of its gross value added growth in 2016-17. However, the growth of this sector has moderated to 7.7 per cent in 2016-17 compared to 9.7 per cent achieved in the previous year, though it continues to be higher than the other two sectors and nearly at the top among the 15 major economies.

The services growth moderation is mainly due to deceleration in growth in two services categories- trade, hotels, transport, communication and services related to broadcasting (7.8 per cent), and financial, real estate & professional services (5.7 per cent).

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The performance of India’s Services Sector has been subdued in 2016-17 in line with the global trend. However, some services continue to be key drivers of India’s economic growth. There was reasonably good performance in telecom with increase in telecom connections reflecting the Jio effect, aviation particularly domestic travel, tourism related services particularly in terms of foreign exchange earnings, and even information technology-business process management (IT-BPM) despite fall in growth in computer software.

As per NASSCOM, in 2016-17 India’s total revenue (exports plus domestic) of the IT-BPM sector including and excluding hardware is expected to touch US$154 billion and US $140 billion, with growths of 7.8 per cent and 8.1 per cent respectively. IT-BPM exports are expected to reach USD 117 billion, with a growth of 7.6 per cent. Meanwhile, the Government of India’s rapid adoption of technologies as a platform to delivery of government-to-government and government-to-citizen services is a tremendous push factor for the domestic IT-BPM market.

Satellite mapping and launching services are two areas in which India is making a mark and has huge potential for the future. The foreign exchange earned by India from satellite mapping in the last five years was more than Rs 100 crores. Foreign exchange earnings of India from export of satellite launch services has increased noticeably in 2015-16 and 2016-17 and consequently India’s share in global satellite launch services revenue has also increased.

India’s services sector growth, which was highly resilient even during the global financial crisis, has been showing moderation in recent times. However, pick up is seen in recent months with some segments of the sector showing better performance.

Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development

The deterioration in quality learning in primary education sector and achievement of targeted enrolment level in the middle education is a challenge

Employment in India poses a great challenge in terms of its structure which is dominated by informal, unorganized and seasonal workers, and is characterized by high levels of under employment, skill shortages, with the labour markets impacted by rigid labour laws, and the emergence of contract labour.

The health sector in India faces many challenges in the form of declining role of public delivery of health services, high Out of Pocket (OoP) expenses on health and issues of accessibility and affordability of health services for many.

The Government’s Swachh Bharat Mission has had remarkable progress since its inception. With its focus on cleanliness and Open Defecation Free (ODF) India, there has been a significant decline in the number of people who defecate in the open, which is estimated at less than 35 crores.

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3. Swachh Bharat launches Swachh Survekshan Gramin 2017

The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has launched a third party verification survey report to take stock of the progress already made by the Mission in rural India. It also launched Swachh Survekshan Gramin 2017.

About Swachh Survekshan Survey: In order to foster a healthy competition between cities for improving cleanliness standards, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) started the “Swachh Survekshan” survey, ranking of cities on cleanliness and other aspects of urban sanitation, in 2016 which ranked 73 cities across the country. The “Swachh Survekshan” 2017 will conduct a survey to rank 500 cities of India.

Key facts: The Quality Council of India (QCI) has conducted a transparent third-party assessment

of the present status of rural sanitation in all States and UTs, called Swachh Survekshan Gramin 2017.

Under the Swachh Survekshan Gramin 2017, QCI surveyed 1.4 lakh rural households across 4626 villages, and found the overall toilet coverage to be 62.45%.

At the time of the survey, i.e. May-June 2017, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) MIS reported the coverage to be 63.73%. The survey also observed that 91.29% of the people having access to a toilet use it.

Kerala and Haryana have topped the survey. North-eastern States of Sikkim, Manipur and Nagaland have performed well with 95% rural households covered by toilets. And so were the Himalayan States of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand with over 90% toilet coverage of the rural houses.

Background: Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin seeks to eliminate open defecation in rural areas by 2019 through improving access to sanitation. It also seeks to generate awareness to motivate communities to adopt sustainable sanitation practices, and encourage the use of appropriate technologies for sanitation. SBM-Gramin mainly focuses on ensuring the use of toilets, besides their construction.

The States and their implementing agencies will be given incentives for meeting performance standards: reducing open defecation, sustaining their open defecation-free status and improving solid and liquid waste management in rural areas.

Over 4.54 crore household toilets have been constructed since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin. 2,20,104 villages, 160 districts and 5 States declared ODF. Sanitation Coverage has increased from 39% in October 2016 to 66% in August 2017.

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About QCI:

Quality Council of India (QCI) was set up in 1997 as an autonomous body jointly by the Government of India and the Indian Industry represented by the three premier industry associations i.e. Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), to establish and operate national accreditation structure and promote quality through National Quality Campaign.

The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, is the nodal ministry for QCI.

Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister on recommendation of the

industry to the government.

4. e-Shakti initiative of NABARD

About e- Shakti:

e-Shakti is a pilot project of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) for digitisation of Self Help Groups (SHGs). It was initiated to

address certain concerns like improving the quality of book keeping of SHGs To enable banks to take informed credit decisions about the group through

a Management Information System (MIS).

The project covers 25 districts and 1, 30,176 SHGs have been digitised as on 31st March, 2017.

The project aims at digitisation of all the SHG accounts to bring SHG members under the fold of Financial Inclusion thereby helping them access wider range of financial services together with increasing the bankers’ comfort in credit appraisal and linkage by way of:

Integrating SHG members with the national Financial Inclusion agenda. Improving the quality of interface between SHG members and Banks for efficient

and hassle free delivery of banking services by using the available technology. Facilitate convergence of delivery system with SHGs using Aadhaar linked identity.

Need for digitisation:

The need of digitisation of records of SHGs has been felt for quite some time due to patchy and delay in maintenance of books of accounts.

Transparent and proper maintenance of records of SHGs will facilitate in nurturing and strengthening of SHGs.

It is also felt that digital empowerment will help in bringing SHGs on a common web based e-platform by making book keeping easy for low literacy clients. This will help in promoting national agenda of Financial Inclusion and pave the way of

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credibility of SHG data which can later be used by Credit Bureaus to reduce the issues related to multiple financing by banks.

Benefits of the project: A comprehensive information base and robust MIS can be developed about poor

community covered, which may facilitate suitable interventions and convergence of other programme for social and financial empowerment.

It will help in identifying suitable interventions and support for proper nurturing and strengthening of SHGs.

Ease of transfer of social benefits and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) through Aadhaar linked accounts and convergence with other Government benefits.

5. ISRO to develop full-fledged Earth observation satellite

ISRO says it plans to launch a full-fledged niche Earth observation (EO) satellite — called the Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite or HySIS — using a critical chip it has developed. With this satellite, it can see in 55 spectral or colour bands from 630 km above ground.

What is Hyspex imaging?

Hyspex imaging is said to enable distinct identification of objects, materials or processes on Earth by reading the spectrum for each pixel of a scene from space. ISRO first tried it out in an 83-kg IMS-1 experimental satellite in May 2008. The same year, a hyperspectral camera was put on Chandrayaan-1 and used to map lunar mineral resources.

Very few space agencies have such a satellite; a German environmental satellite called EnMAP is due to be launched on an Indian booster in 2018.

Applications:

Hyperspectral or hyspex imaging is said to be an EO trend that is being experimented globally.

Adding a new dimension to plain-vanilla optical imagers, it can be used for a range of activities from monitoring the environment, crops, looking for oil and minerals all the way up to military surveillance — all of which need images that show a high level of differentiation of the object or scene.

Previous advances: About a decade ago, ISRO added another EO niche with microwave or radar imaging satellites RISAT-1 and 2 that could ‘see’ through clouds and the dark — an important feature useful for the military and security agencies.

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6. Logistics Data Bank project to expand to South India

Context:

The Logistics Data Bank (LDB) project, unveiled in July 2016 to make India’s logistics sector more efficient through the use of Information Technology, will soon expand to country’s southern region

What is The Logistics Data Bank (LDB) project?

The logistics Data Bank Service would bring efficiency in the current Logistics & Supply Chain through use of information technology that would be helpful for tracking and viewing the movement of containers across the port to the ICD and end users.

Every container is attached to a Radio Frequency Identification Tag (RFID) tag and then tracked through RFID readers — aids importers and exporters in tracking their goods in transit.

This has, in turn, cut the overall lead time of container movement as well as reduced transaction costs that consignees and shippers incur.

It is billed as a major ‘ease of doing business’ initiative aimed at boosting India’s foreign trade and ensuring greater transparency.

The project covers “the entire movement (of containers) through rail or road till the Inland Container Depot and Container Freight Station

7. Encephalitis, its causes, prevention and prevalence in India

Context

No less than 60 children have lost their lives over the most recent five-days at the state-run Baba Raghav Das Medical College Hospital in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh because of different reasons, among them diseases emerging out of encephalitis.

What is encephalitis?

Encephalitis is a potentially life-threatening but rare disease causing “acute inflammation” of the brain.

Meaning of Acute: when a disease appears abruptly and grows at a fast pace. A person afflicted with encephalitis requires serious medical attention.

What are the causes of encephalitis?

The disease can occur in people of all ages, but children and the elderly are more at risk of being afflicted with the disease.

The usual cause of the rare disease is either a viral infection.

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Sometimes it is caused due to an auto-immune response when the brain’s own immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue.

In rare cases, encephalitis is caused due to bacterial infection, parasites, or may be prompted from other infectious diseases.

It is a non-communicable disease.

What is Japanese encephalitis?

One of the most common form of viral encephalitis in Asia is the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), caused by mosquito-borne flavi virus.

The disease belongs to the same genus as dengue, yellow and West Nile viruses. JEV primarily affects children as most adults tend to attain natural immunity from the

disease, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Domestic pigs and wild birds (especially herons) are reservoirs of the virus

How can the disease be prevented?

There are several vaccinations that are effective in preventing the disease, including vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella

People should also use proper clothing to prevent being bitten by mosquitoes in mosquito-infested areas.

Is the disease prevalent in India? How severe is it?

Japanese Encephalitis is recognised as the leading cause of the disease in India. Region affected: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh,

Goa, Pondicherry and Karnataka. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are two states, which have seen the most number of

encephalitis cases in recent years. The Uttar Pradesh government in May this year launched a vaccination campaign in 38

sensitive districts of the state to combat the JE virus.

8. Amended Banking Regulation Bill gets Rajya Sabha nod

The Rajya Sabha has passed the Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, which empowers the Reserve Bank of India to issue instructions to the banks to act against major defaulters.

The Bill, earlier passed by the Lok Sabha, will replace the Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2017.

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The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2017:

It seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets.

Stressed assets are loans where the borrower has defaulted in repayment or where the loan has been restructured (such as by changing the repayment schedule).

It will replace the Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2017. Initiating insolvency proceedings:

The central government may authorise the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to issue directions to banks for initiating proceedings in case of a default in loan repayment.

These proceedings would be under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. Issuing directions on stressed assets:

The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for resolution of stressed assets.

Committee to advice banks:

The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on resolution of stressed assets. The members on such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI.

Applicability to State Bank of India:

The Bill inserts a provision to state that it will also be applicable to the State Bank of India, its subsidiaries, and Regional Rural Banks.