6 th Grade Social Studies CRCT Study Guide (Parten) Geography (31% of CRCT)

Map Skills-Know where each of the following is on a map:o Europe-Iberian Peninsula, Scandinavian Peninsula, English Channel, European Plain, Pyrenees Mountains, Alps

Mountains, Ural Mountains, Danube River, Rhine River, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Mediterranean Sea

o Latin America-Atacama Desert, Andes Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, Amazon River, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Panama Canal, Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil

o Canada-Canadian Shield, Hudson Bay, Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean

o Australia-Coral Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Ayers Rock, Great Victoria Desert Where people live and how they trade-most countries in the world trade with people who are nearby their own country. Most

people live where natural resources and jobs are available, such as coastlines (for shipping purposes). Countries are able to trade more if they have access to water for transportation.

Environmental Issues-know where the issue occurs, its cause, and its effectso Water Pollution

Caused by factories (mostly in US), and by the oil drilling industry in Venezuela Great Lakes-Canada and in Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela Polluting drinking water for Canadians, polluted ocean in Venezuela

o Air Pollution/Acid Rain Occurs in: Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico City Caused by coal-burning factories/car exhaust Effects: breathing problems, destruction of buildings, water pollution

o Nuclear Disaster Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986 Nuclear Reactor exploded due to faulty design, poorly trained employees, and unprepared for drill Area is now uninhabitable, radiation is still present in high amounts

o Deforestation Occurs in Brazil (Amazon Rain Forest) and Canada. Clearing of trees for lumber. Effects: soil erosion, less oxygen in air (for breathing and to clear pollutants), destroys habitat of plants and

animals Higher literacy rate = higher standard of living Culture

o Latin America Ethnic Blending

Day of the Dead Mestizo Mulatto

Roman Catholic Spanish or Portuguese

o Canada English and French Roman Catholic Christian or Protestant Christian

o Australia English Aborigine culture Christian religion

o Europe Languages-most countries have more than 1 official language

Romance languages-French, Italian, Spanish Germanic languages-German, English Slavic languages-Russian, have Cyrillic alphabet

Religion-main ones are monotheistic (believe in one god) Judaism Christianity Islam

History (29% of CRCT) Europe

o Exploration God, Gold, and Glory

Explorers went to other parts of the world by ship to get the goods needed (Asia-spices, etc.) Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Founded naval observatory to train explorers Explored Africa Created sugar cane plantations and used slave labor

o Empire Building European countries tried to gain control of lands, colonizing lands that were previously unsettled. The

more land they controlled, the more powerful and rich they were.o Industrial Revolution

In Europe during the 1800s, countries began manufacturing in factories. They needed raw materials to make manufactured goods, and found many of these in Africa.

o Scramble for Africa Countries wanted to gain control of Africa because of large quantities of rich natural resources needed by

European nations.o World War I

Caused by MAIN (militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism) and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria.

Industrial Revolution, Scramble for Africa led up to War Treaty of Versailles signed after war

Made Germany have to pay reparations (money to other countries) Blamed Germany for most of war

o Russian Revolution People were starving Revolution began Vladimir Lenin and communists took over Killed Czar Nicholas II and family

o Worldwide Depression Stock Market crash People had less money to spend so businesses closed

o World War II/Holocaust Germany was suffering because of Treaty of Versailles and depression Hitler took over and blamed Jews for Germany’s problems Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by building up weapons and army. He began the systematic killing of Jews-many by torture and put many in concentration camps.

o Cold War Not an actual war Tension between Soviet Union and United States (superpowers) Europe divided after WWII into Eastern and Western Europe “Iron Curtain”

Eastern-Communist controlled by Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin Western-Controlled by Allied powers, democratic Even Berlin, Germany was divided into Eastern and Western and Berlin Wall was built by Soviet

Union to divide the city Cuban Missile Crisis, Space Race, and Vietnam War were actually part of Cold War Ended in 1989 when the Berlin Wall was destroyed Soviet Union crumbled AFTER end of Cold War and destruction of Berlin Wall

Latin Americao Aztecs

Lived in Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City) Practiced human sacrifice Known for artwork and architecture Leader was Montezuma, who welcomed Spanish conquistador Cortes (they thought he was the god

Quetzalcoatl) but was later killed by Cortes and his men. Many died out due to diseases from Europeans.

o Inca Lived in South America in the Andes Mountains (modern day Peru mostly) Built large road systems in the mountains and irrigation; system of mathematics Atahualpa was their leader, and he was captured by Pizarro. He paid a large ransom, but Pizarro lied to

him and killed him anyway. Although they had many soldiers, the Incas were defeated by the Spanish because of disease, horses, and

guns.o Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, and goods from Old World to New World AND from New World to Old World.

Old World to New World (Europe to Latin America): manufactured goods, slaves from Africa, diseases, coffee, peaches, sugar, wheat, horses, pigs, cows, goats, bees

New World to Old World (Latin America to Europe): diseases, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, cocoa, corno Independence Movements

Haiti- Toussaint L’Ouverture 1802 Slave in Haiti (was called Saint Domingue-France ruled Haiti at this time) Wrote books and led a slave army that helped defeat French troops Found OPENINGS in enemy lines Was tricked into meeting to discuss a peace treaty but was captured and sent to France where he

died in prison Within 2 years, Haiti gained freedom

South America-Simon Bolivar 1830 From a wealthy family in Venezuela; educated “The Liberator” of South America including Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Ecuador Became dictator of large part of South America, but the one country disbanded to form other

countries Died from tuberculosis

Mexico-Miguel Hidalgo1821 Priest who was educated France dethroned Spanish king, so Mexico was in an uproar. Some wanted to remain loyal to

Spain, others to France, and others wanted independence. Won some victories against Spain, but was eventually captured and executed by Spanish Independence occurred after his death.

o Cuban Revolution 1950s Batista was in charge and he was cruel to some people of Cuba, BUT Cuba had certain freedoms Castro defeated Batista’s government and made Cuba a communist nation. US placed embargo on Cuban goods Personal freedoms of Cubans were gone

o Zapatista Guerrilla Movement Some Mexicans did not want NAFTA to go into effect On January 1, 1994 when NAFTA went into effect, they took over several small towns in southern Mexico They were afraid NAFTA would take jobs away from farmers in Mexico

Canadao Canadian Independence

Canada was a colony of Great Britain and France. They had some freedoms and could have its own parliament and prime minister but could not sign treaties

and had to contribute to Britain’s military. After WWI, Canada suffered many losses and negotiated to gain their independence.

o Quebec Independence Movement Quebec is a province of Canada that was a French colony. Language is French and religion is Roman Catholic, so it is different from the rest of Canada. Some separatists want to maintain their culture, and feel they cannot do that if they remain a part of

Canada. Australia

o Aborigines Came from Asia about 40,000 years ago. Indigenous people of Australia Made boomerangs, ground axes, and grindstones Didgeridoo-instrument Many languages Live mostly in the outback Believe that nature is closely related to religion British tried to assimilate Aborigines into British culture, and took many of their lands for livestock. Many died from European diseases and guns

o Penal Colony Australia was claimed for Britain by Captain James Cook Britain sent prisoners to Australia and made it a penal (prison) colony

Economics (20% of CRCT) Economic systems

o Economic systems answer the questions: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produceo Market economy-little or no government control of businesses; consumers drive economyo Command economy-government controls business

Cubao Traditional economy-people have the jobs of ancestors; barter products to trade; probably do not have currency

Parts of Brazil (Amazon Rain Forest area-indigenous people)o Mixed economy-mixture of market and command; most countries of the world are mixed economies

Mixed (mostly market): Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia Mixed (middle or mostly command): Brazil, Russia,

Voluntary tradeo Trade barriers

Tariff-tax on imports Embargo-stop trading with a country Quota-limit on amount of goods that can be traded with a country Currency-money must be exchanged using an exchange rate (ratio) so that trading can take place

o Specialization-when someone specifically makes one particular good or does a particular service; specialization helps encourage trade because a better quality good is produced and can be produced faster than if another country had to try to make it.

o NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement; went into effect on January 1, 1994 between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. These 3 countries can trade freely without paying tariffs to each other.

o European Union-organization that involves many of the countries in Europe; countries who are in the European Union can trade freely without paying tariffs; citizens may also move freely among these countries.

Economic Growtho GDP-gross domestic product; amount of goods or services produced within a country in one yearo Factors of production-all must work together to make a product

Human capital-education, training, skills, healthcare of workers Investment capital/capital resources-money put into buildings, factories, machinery to make products Entrepreneur-person who invests money in business Natural Resources-raw materials from nature needed to make a product

Civics/Government (15% of CRCT) Distribution of power

o Unitary: only central (national) government Cuba, United Kingdom

o Federal: central and state/regional government Germany, US, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Russia

o Confederation: no central government; only state/regional government European Union, Iroquois Confederacy

Citizen Participationo Autocratic: ONE person in charge

Cubao Oligarchic: GROUP is in charge

Chinao Democratic: PEOPLE vote to make decisions

US, Germany, Brazil, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Mexico Special forms of government

o Parliamentary democracy: People elect legislative branch (Parliament-law makers), and prime minister (executive) is chosen from Parliament

Canada, Australia, Germany, Russia, United Kingdomo Presidential democracy: Both the legislative branch (usually Congress) and the president (executive) are elected

separately. Mexico, Brazil, US

o Constitutional monarchy: A country that has a monarch (king or queen) that is for ceremonial (head of state) purposes only and has no true power under the constitution.

Canada

Europe

Latin America

Australia

Practice Questions1 How did the English colonization of Australia affect the Aborigines?

A It led to the discovery of gold, which made the Aborigines wealthy.B It resulted in an outbreak of disease, which reduced the Aborigine population.*C It made the land difficult to farm, which caused the Aborigines to have less food.D It introduced a new system of laws, which made it easier for the Aborigines to own land.

2 Why do some people in Quebec want independence from Canada?A Quebec’s schools are better.B Quebec’s culture is different.*C Quebec’s standard of living is higher.D Quebec’s industries export more goods.

3 Which of these LED to the end of the Cold War?A the Treaty of VersaillesB the colonization of AfricaC the bombing of HiroshimaD the collapse of the Soviet Union*

4 Which environmental consequence resulted from the Chernobyl disaster?A Glaciers began to melt.B Radiation polluted the area.*C Rain forests were destroyed.D Oil was spilled into the ocean.

5 Cuba has a dictatorship, and Brazil has a presidential democracy. How are these countries different from each other? A In Cuba, the head of government has unlimited power. *B In Brazil, the head of government is appointed for life.C In Cuba, more citizens protest against the government.D In Brazil, all newspapers are owned by the government.

6 What role did Francisco Pizarro play in the history of Latin America? A He led a small Spanish force to defeat the Inca Empire.*B He conquered the Aztecs by creating alliances with their enemy.C He led a revolt that resulted in Haitian independence from France.D He started a nationalist movement in Argentina by appealing to the working class.

7 Why does Australia have more of a market economy than a command economy? A It has very few trading partners.B Farmers grow crops for themselves only.C The government decides how to distribute services.D Consumers determine which goods should be produced.*

8 Why would a country make investments in human capital? A to decrease the populationB to increase unemploymentC to decrease natural resourcesD to increase the gross domestic product (GDP)*

9 Which poses the greatest threat to the rain forest in Brazil?A. drilling for oilB. pollution of rivers

C. logging in the rain forest* D. growth of large industries10 A leading cause of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is

A. MiningB. Air pollutionC. Cattle ranching*D. Tribal conflicts

11 The ecology of Brazil's rain forest is most threatened by which of these human activities?A. building dams B. drilling for oil C. cutting down trees * D. draining swamps

12 Latin America is ethnically diverse because of a blending ofA. Indigenous Americans, Asians, Africans.B. Indigenous Americans, Asians, and Europeans.C. Indigenous Americans, Europeans, and Africans.*D. Europeans, Africans, and Asians

13 Latin America and the Caribbean are very diverse, culturally blended areas. One reason for this diversity is theA. conquest of the Aztecs by the Mayans.B. migration of ancient peoples from Asia.C. importation of Aborigine slaves to the West Indies.

D. intermarriage of European settlers and indigenous peoples.*14 Which country had the most significant impact on the language and religion of Latin America?

A. Britain.B. France.C. Spain.*D. Portugal.

15 Spain colonized many countries in Latin America. How is Spain's influence still seen in these countries today?A. No Native American customs and languages have survived.B. The king of Spain is still the head of state of most of these countries.C. Most of the people in these countries are Roman Catholic.*D. Most of these countries have a strong democratic tradition.

16 Which Latin American country is the only one whose language and culture have been greatly influenced by Portugal, because it was the only colony of Portugal in the region? A. Brazil* B. Panama C. Argentina D. Chile17 The relationship between the literacy rate and standard of living in Latin America is

A. Literacy rate has no effect on the standard of living.B. The higher the literacy rate the higher the standard of living.*C. The standard of living is independent of literacy rate.D. Low literacy rate creates a higher standard of living

18 Canada is the world's second largest country in terms of land area. However, about 75 percent of Canada's populationlives within 100 miles of its southern border. Which statement does not provide a reason why so many Canadians live in their country's southern region?

A. More jobs are available in Canada's southern region.B. Canadian law encourages people to live in its southern region.*C. Much of Canada's northern region is tundra.D. Canada's southern region has a milder climate than its northern region.

19 How has climate affected where Canadians live?A. Few people live in the northern regions of Canada because of the cold climate.*B. Few people live along the border of Canada and the United States because of cold climate.C. Most people tend to migrate and live in the northern provinces of Canada.D. Most people tend to migrate toward Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake.

20 How does Canada’s strategic position (location) in North America affect trade?A. It limits how much can be imported and exported.B. It allows for an easier movement of goods and services between other countries.*C. It causes a barrier between its neighboring countries.D. It promotes easy trading with Poland and the Ukraine.

21 Which of the following best explains why the United States is Canada’s largest trading partner?A. climateB. population distributionC. location*D. Gross Domestic Product

22 Which of these is MOST LIKELY to be classified as a reason for Canadians' concern about pollution of the Great Lakes?A. The Great Lakes are a favorite Canadian tourist destination.B. The Great Lakes are a major source of Canada's drinking water.*C. Canadians prefer the beaches along the Great Lakes to those along the coast.D. Diving on shipwrecks is a growing Great Lakes sport which attracts divers from around the world.

23 Cuba does not permit freedom of choice in elections and only the Communist Party is permitted. Cuba has a dictatorship in which power is held by one central authority. What type of government would Cuba be classified as?

A. unitary*B. federalC. democracyD. confederation

24 The government of Brazil has a national government and 26 state governments, each with some reserved powers and shared powers. What type of government would Brazil be classified as?

A. unitaryB. federal*C. oligarchyD. confederation

25 You are a rich farmer in a small country, and part of the national government. Most of the people in your country are very poor. You are part of a small group of wealthy landowning families that holds all of the political power in your nation. This small group makes all political decisions for your country. When making decisions, you generally do what is best for your families rather than what is best for all the people in your country. Which form of government do you have?

A. ParliamentaryB. DemocraticC. PresidentialD. Oligarchic*

26 What is a basic way citizens of a democratic nation can influence the government?A. voting*B. workingC. obeying lawsD. consuming goods

27 Which type of government would most likely abolish all opposing political parties, the direct election of leaders, and freespeech?

A. republicB. constitutional monarchyC. autocratic*D. representative democracy

28 All citizens participate equally in which type of government?A. Oligarchy B. Democracy* C. Autocracy D. Theocracy

29 In which system of government does the legislature elect the executive leader of the government?A. presidential democracyB. communistC. parliamentary democracy*D. dictatorship

30 Which best describes how a parliamentary democracy differs from a presidential democracy?A. The legislature consists of two houses.B. There are usually two major political parties.C. There are state as well as national governments.D. The head of the government is a member of the legislature.*

31 The leader of the Parliament in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom is called theA. speaker.B. president.C. chairman.D. prime minister.*

32 You are the chief executive in your country’s democratically elected national government. You came to power in the last election after your political party won a majority of seats in the national legislature. As the leader of your political party, you were chosen to be the head of government by your co-workers in the legislature. Which form of government do you have?

A. parliamentary* B. presidential C. autocratic D. oligarchic33 Cuba has a type of government in which the ruler has absolute power and is not restricted by a constitution, laws, or the citizens. Name the type of government.

A. Federal-RepublicanB. Dictatorship*C. Parliamentary democracy D. Presidential democracy

34 Cuba is an example of a type of government in which a ruler or small group has absolute power and is not restricted by a constitution or laws?

A. republic.B. democracy.C. parliament.D. dictatorship.*

35 Mexico has a president who is elected by the people. The powers of the central government are restricted and regional authorities retain a degree of self-government. Ultimate power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. Which of the following terms BEST describes Mexico's form of government today?

A. Military Dictatorship B. Federal Republic* C. Constitutional Monarchy D. Parliamentary Democracy36 Most democracies have a government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. In Canada, the executivebranch is the

A. Parliament.B. Supreme Court.C. Prime Minister.*D. Senate.

37 In most democratic countries, the government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. In Canada, the legislative branch is the

A. Parliament.*B. prime minister.

C. Supreme Court.D. governor general.

38 In most democratic countries, the government is divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative, and thejudicial. In Canada, the legislative branch is made up of the Senate and the

A. Prime Minister. B. Supreme Court. C. House of Commons*. D. Governor General.39 What 3 economic questions are asked when studying the similarities of a traditional, command and market economy among nations of the world?

A. What to produce, why to produce, when to produce?B. What is your opportunity cost, what economic resources are needed, why should these resources be used?C. What to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce?*D. What is your opportunity cost, why are economic resources needed, when should these resources be used?

40 When a country has a market economy, which of these statements correctly defines this system?A. Workers are guaranteed a pay raise every year.B. The government controls most of the businesses in the country.C. Basic goods in the country are provided to all people without charge.D. Companies produce goods of their choice and consumers decide whether to buy the goods.*

41 Which term best describes an economic system in which the people—not the government—own land, factories, and businesses?A. communismB. market*C. commandD. traditional

42 Which of following best describes a market economy?A. A person can start any legal business and charge any price.*B. The government provides food and housing to all workers.C. The government provides services, such as telephones and television.D. National businesses, such as airlines, are owned by the government.

43 In a traditional economic system people usually exchange goods or services rather than use money. Which of the following is an example of this exchange process?

A. charging goods on a credit cardB. bartering with a seller*C. paying for services by checkD. using currency to pay

44 In which economic system are the production and distribution of goods owned by private individuals or corporations?A. traditionalB. feudalismC. market*D. command

45 A market economy is very different from a command economy. Which of the following is found in a market economy?A. competition*B. guaranteed yearly pay raisesC. government control of industryD. government control of agriculture

46 In which economic system does a single authority decide what is produced?A. traditionalB. command*C. marketD. public

47 Which of the following explanations would reflect a country with a mixed economy (i.e., between a pure market and pure command)?

A. Prices and wages are solely regulated by a country’s government.B. A combination of privately-owned industry and government control.*C. A country’s distribution of resources is based on inheritance.D. Prices and wages are determined by the laws of supply and demand rather than being regulated by a country’s government.

48 The economic system of communist countries is most closely related to which of the following?A. command*B. marketC. traditionalD. supply and demand

49 Which trade barrier discourages trade by placing a tax on foreign goods?A. EmbargoB. Quota

C. SubsidyD. Tariff*

50 What is the purpose of a tariff, such as a protective tariff?A. to increase the prices of imported goods and protect a country's own industries from foreign competition*B. to decrease the prices of imported goods so a country's people can buy what they need for the lowest costC. to increase the prices of exported goods so a country's own businesses are less likely to send their products to other nationsD. to decrease the prices of exported goods so people in other countries will buy the foreign nation's product over one from home

51 A country's parliament votes to increase tariffs upon goods from another country. This is an example ofA. a monarchy encouraging free trade.B. a representative democracy restricting trade.*C. a socialist congress preventing free enterprise.D. a communist government allowing freedom of speech.

52 NAFTA is an example of which pattern of behavior among or between countries?A. Imposing trade tariffs.B. Settling disputes.C. Forming trade agreements.*D. Establishing trade quotas.

53 How did the agreement of NAFTA affect Canada?A. It created many low paying jobs in Canada.B. The jobs were relocated to the United States.C. It decreased imports to Canada.D. It eliminated trade barriers with the U.S. and Mexico.*

54 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was designed to promote free trade between the United States,A. Canada, and Mexico.*B. the United Kingdom, and Russia.C. Canada, and the United Kingdom.D. Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.

55 What is the purpose of free trade partnerships like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico?

A. to increase trade by doing away with tariffs.*B. to allow countries to get needed goods without having to pay for themC. to keep the countries from trading with Europe or AsiaD. to help the countries produce everything they need for themselves

56 Canada and Mexico are SIMILAR in that lowering trade barriers between these two nations has resulted in both nationsexperiencing

A. growth in their economies. * B. increases in unemployment. C. increases in the prices of consumer goods. D. decreases in the quality of consumer goods.

57 The literacy rate for the region of Latin America is 90%. In the country of Haiti, the literacy rate is 51%. Which statement best reflects these factors of economic growth in Haiti?

A. Haiti’s low investment in human capital lowers the GDP per capita.*B. Haiti has greater opportunity for other capital investments than education.C. Haiti’s GDP per capita would decrease if there was more investment in human capital.D. Haiti’s high investment in human capital lowers the GDP per capita.

58 Brazil is building new factories and using newer technology. These are examples ofA. Opportunity costs.B. Gross domestic product.C. Investment in human capital.D. Investment in capital goods.*

59 Why is entrepreneurship important to a country’s economy?A. Build highwaysB. Improve schoolsC. Invest in capital goods*D. Provide better health care

60 Jose is an auto mechanic in a nearby larger town. He has decided his own small town needs its own car repair shop. Jose bought the building and opened his shop. Jose is an example of

A. Trade surplusB. Entrepreneur*C. Gross domestic productD. Opportunity costs

61 Which economic term best describes using money to earn more money?A. selling

B. borrowingC. tradingD. investing*

62 You need to purchase a pair of sneakers since they are required for physical education class. Which is an example of effective decision making?

A. You buy the first pair of sneakers you try on at the first store you visit.B. You use your money to buy a pair of jeans instead of a pair of sneakers.C. You buy a pair of sneakers after considering fit, appearance, and cost.*D. You buy the most stylish and expensive pair of sneakers you find.

63 Why do items for sale have prices such as $2.99, $5.99, and $9.99 instead of $3.00, $6.00, and $10.00?A. The stores are trying to help their customers save money.B. Such prices make the items seem less expensive than they are.*C. Computers set the prices, and these just happened to turn out this way.D. Such prices are used to cut down on the amount paid for taxes

64 Which of the following events occurred as a result of European exploration of the Americas in the 1400s and the 1500s?A. the discovery and use of the Northwest Passage to AsiaB. the invention of the astrolabe, which improved navigation.C. the destruction of the Aztec and Incan civilizations*D. the discovery that only the Atlantic Ocean separated Asia from Europe

65 In the 1500s, the Incan civilization was conquered by Spanish soldiers led byA. Ferdinand Magellan.B. Francisco Pizarro.*C. Montezuma.D. Vasco da Gama.

66 Part of the Columbian Exchange between Europe and the Americas included theA. Movement of many indigenous Americans to Europe.B. Movement of goods on shipping routes across the Pacific.C. Introduction of new crops to Europe and the Americas.*D. Introduction of mass production and factory buildings to the Americas.

67 Cortes and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas becauseA. the Native Central Americans were peaceful and refused to fight the Spanish soldiers.B. the Aztec navy was quickly defeated by the superior Spanish Armada.C. the Aztecs and Incas were at war with each other, making them weaker.D. European diseases killed many Native Central Americans who might have fought the Spanish.*

68 One impact of the African Slave Trade includedA. Further blending of ethnic groups in Latin America*B. More opportunities for Africans to own landC. Less shipping between continents.D. Africans brought their French and English languages to Latin America.

69 The African slave trade grew because European nations wanted the captured AfricansA. to work in the new factories.B. to replace the labor of the serfs.C. to work on the plantations in their colonies.*D. to increase the number of soldiers in their armies.

70 Spain colonized many countries in Latin America. How is Spain's influence still seen in these countries today?A. No Native American customs and languages have survived.B. The king of Spain is still the head of state of most of these countries.C. Most of the people in these countries are Roman Catholic.*D. Most of these countries have a strong democratic tradition.

71 The religion practiced and languages spoken throughout much of Latin America are similar because the people were A. From the same indigenous groupB. From the same country in AsiaC. Colonized by the same countries*D. One independent nation

72 Which Latin American country is the only one whose language and culture have been greatly influenced by Portugal, because it was the only colony of Portugal in the region?

A. Brazil*B. PanamaC. ArgentinaD. Chile

73 Which country had the most significant impact on the language and religion of Latin America?A. Britain.

B. France.C. Spain.*D. Portugal.

74 Miguel Hidalgo is best known as the Father of Independence inA. BoliviaB. HaitiC. Mexico*D. Venezuela

75 After a ten−year struggle, Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to gain independence in 1804. How did Haiti win its independence from France?

A. in a revolution started by Simón BolívarB. when the British defeated Napoleon at WaterlooC. in a revolt led by the former slave, Toussaint L'Ouverture*D. as part of the treaty at the end of the French and Indian War

76 A book about the history of Latin America during the 1800s featuring Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, would most likely have which title?

A. The Rise of Communism in Latin AmericaB. Independence Movements in Latin America*C. United States Colonies in Latin AmericaD. The Rise of the Slave Trade in Latin America

77 "The Liberator" who led Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador in their successful fight for independence fromSpain was

A. Simon Bolivar.*B. Miguel Hidalgo.C. Jose de San Martin.D. Toussaint L'Ouverture.

78 A lasting impact of the Cuban Revolution has beenA. Less political freedom for Cubans.*B. Less need for trade with other countries.C. More leaders chosen by the peopleD. More economic choices for the people.

79 How did Canada achieve independence from Britain?A. by a war for independenceB. as a result of the American RevolutionC. as a result of the British defeat of the FrenchD. by means of negotiations over a period of time*

80 Canada gained its independence from Britain byA. winning the war against Britain.B. buying the land from Britain.C. peaceful means.*D. going to war.

81 Today, some citizens and elected leaders of Québec believe their province should take which action?A. refuse to trade with the United StatesB. close its borders to all new immigrantsC. withdraw from the United NationsD. become an independent country*

82 What is causing some of the people of Quebec to desire independence from Canada?A. French descendents living in Quebec feel their culture and language is being overwhelmed by the English*B. Oppressed Quebec citizens desire freedom of speech and religionC. Large deposits of fossil fuels that Quebec doesn’t want to share with the rest of CanadaD. Canada conquered Quebec during World War II

83 How does the high literacy rate in Australia affect its economy and enhance the standard of living for its citizens?A. Australia’s high literacy rate contributes to its economic success and promotes a high standard of living.*B. The literacy rate has little effect on Australia’s economy; thus, it does not affect the standard of living.C. Australia’s high literacy rate is the result of its poor economy.D. The small percentage of people who cannot read are hindering most of Australia’s economic growth.

84 Which type of government would most likely abolish all opposing political parties, the direct election of leaders, and free speech?A. republicB. constitutional monarchyC. autocratic* D. representative democracy

85 Which best describes how a parliamentary democracy differs from a presidential democracy?

A. The legislature consists of two houses.B. There are usually two major political parties.C. There are state as well as national governments.D. The head of the government is a member of the legislature.*

86 In which system of government does the legislature elect the executive leader of the government?A. presidential democracyB. communistC. parliamentary democracy* D. dictatorship

87 You are the chief executive in your country’s democratically-elected national government. You came to power in the last election after your political party won a majority of seats in the national legislature. As the leader of your political party, you were chosen to be the government by your co-workers in the legislature. Which form of government do you have?

A. parliamentary* B. presidential C. autocratic D. oligarchic88 The leader of the Parliament in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom is called the

A. speaker.B. president.C. chairman.D. prime minister.*

89 In which system of government does the legislature elect the executive leader of the government?A. presidential democracyB. communistC. parliamentary democracy* D. dictatorship

90 You are the governor of New South Wales, Australia. Living in Sydney, you have learned that surfing has a huge impact on your state’s local economy. As governor, you have two economic goals: * Protecting local Australian surfboard manufacturers from foreign competition,* Generating more tax revenue for your state government. What type of trade barrier could you use that would accomplish both of these goals?

A. embargoB. quota C. exchange rateD. tariff*

91 You are watching a speech by the Prime Minister of Australia on T.V. with your parents. The Prime Minister is explaining a plan for improving the Australian economy. In the speech, the Prime Minister says:“Our workers must be prepared for the high-tech jobs of the 21st century. My plan will give incentives to companies who provide technology education and training for their employees.” The Prime Minister’s plan is based on the conclusion that:

A. An investment in human capital will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)*B. Adjusting the exchange rate will increase the profit the Australia makes in international trade C. An investment in capital goods will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)D. An embargo on technology from other countries will help the Australian economy.

92 You are watching a speech by the Prime Minister of Australia on T.V. with your parents. The Prime Minister is explaining a plan for improving the Australian economy. In the speech, the Prime Minister says:“Our workers must be prepared for the high-tech jobs of the 21st century. My plan will give incentives to companies who invest in new computers and wireless communications systems.” The Prime Minister’s plan is based on the conclusion that:

A. An investment in human capital will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)B. Adjusting the exchange rate will increase the profit the Australia makes in international trade C. An investment in capital goods will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)*D. Tariffs placed on technology from other countries will help create larger computer companies.

93 You are watching a speech by the Prime Minister of Australia on T.V. with your parents. The Prime Minister is explaining a plan for improving the Australian economy. In the speech, the Prime Minister says:“Our economy is too dependent on imports of oil from foreign countries. My plan for energy independence will focus on using sources of energy we already have here in the Australia—including oil & natural gas, wind, and solar power.” The Prime Minister’s plan is based on the conclusion that:

A. An investment in human capital will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)B. A tariff on oil imported from other countries will double Australia’s oil production.C. An investment in capital goods will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP)D. The development and use of domestic natural resources will help the Australian economy.*

94 You are watching a speech by the Prime Minister of Australia on T.V. with your parents. The Prime Minister is explaining a plan for improving the Australian economy. In the speech, the Prime Minister says:“We must take make is easier for Australians to open small businesses. My plan will give tax breaks and incentives to Australians

who want to start their own small business...” The Prime Minister’s plan is based on the conclusion that:

A. Investing in human capital will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).B. Promoting entrepreneurship will improve economic development.*C. Investing in capital goods will increase the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).D. A tariff on goods imported from other nations will help Australian businesses compete.

95 Who were the first inhabitants of Australia?A. prisoners from BritainB. Europeans looking for spicesC. people who migrated from Asia*D. sailors from Captain Cook's ships

96 The first Australians were nomadic hunters and gatherers. When Europeans reached Australia, they called the dark−skinned people they encountered

A. Maoris.B. Inuits.C. Aztecs.D. Aborigines.*

97 In the late 1700s the British government used the colony of Australia asA. a location in which to build new factories.B. a prison to which criminals could be sent.*C. a military base to replace the African colonies.D. a source of resources like coal and iron.

98 The British colonized Australia and made a penal colony for prisoners. There are other reasons why the British colonized Australia. Why did the British use Australia as a place to send prisoners?

A. Australia’s remote location*B. Australia’s proximity to EnglandC. Pre-existing prison facilitiesD. Australia was encourage migration at the time

99 Why did so many aborigines die from diseases after European colonization of Australia?A. Europeans brought new diseases to Australia*B. Eating habits changedC. An increased need for sewage facilitiesD. A shortage of soap

100 After 1986, Chernobyl, Ukraine, was abandoned. What caused the people to abandon this city?A. The nuclear power plant exploded and radiation levels were unsafe.*B. The people were being persecuted by soldiers of the Soviet Union.C. The Chernobyl river was diverted so there was no drinking water.D. The area was under water because of the construction of a dam.

101 Which of these factors best helps to explain why a strong navy and a large fleet of trading ships have been an important part of Great Britain's history?

A. its form of governmentB. its large populationC. its type of climateD. its geographic location*

102 The main purpose of the European Union is toA. Require all European nations to adopt a command economy. B. Strengthen the economic, political, and defense ties of member nations.*C. Create a large standing army for use around the world.D. Solve Europe’s environmental problems.

103 An example of economic cooperation among European nations that occurred in the late 1900s was theA. creation of the United Nations.B. signing of the Treaty of Versailles.C. creation of the League of Nations.D. introduction of the Eurodollar.*

104 What is one of the goals of the European Union (EU), which was established in the 1990s?A. It is a special stock market for European businesses.B. It provides better training for people wanting to run businesses.C. It provides its members with military protection from foreign attack.D. It is a system to remove tariff barriers and open trade between countries.*

105 You are a small business owner and you sell computer gaming consoles. You have chosen to sell this product to teenagers and young adults. You decided to sell consoles because they are easy to build, are popular and make a high profit. You decide on the prices for your consoles based ONLY on the following factors:

How many consoles you have in your warehouse, and How many consoles you are sell each week. Which type of economy do you have?

A. subsistence B. command C. market* D. closed106 What do the economic systems of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia have in common?

A. All are examples of pure market economies. B. All are examples of mixed economies that are mostly market economies with some elements of command economies.*C. All are examples of mixed economies that are mostly command economies with some elements of market economies.D. All are examples of pure command economies.

107 In the 1400s, this man helped Portugal take an early lead in exploration by providing money to study navigation, develop better boats, and encourage voyages along the coast of Africa. Who was he?

A. Prince Henry*B. Christopher ColumbusC. Francisco PizarroD. James Cook

108 Which was not a reason for the establishment of European overseas colonies?A. Europeans wanted to spread Christianity to other peoples.B. European industry needed more sources of raw materials.C. Europeans were interested in learning from other cultures.*D. Europeans thought that colonies would buy European products.

109 Which statement best summarizes the reasons for European exploration? A. European explorers were trying to prove that the earth was not flat.B. Europeans were looking to find ways to ease overcrowding in their cities.C. The monarchs of Europe were trying to develop and use new sailing technologies.D. The Europeans were trying to expand their territories, gather riches, and spread their religion.*

110 Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of World War I?A. fear of the spread of communismB. an explosion on the battleship MaineC. the Japanese invasion of the PhilippinesD. European empire building in Africa and Asia*

111 Which of the following was an important cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917?A. differences among religious and ethnic groups in RussiaB. an unsuccessful attempt by China to invade RussiaC. differences among social and economic classes in Russia*D. an unsuccessful attempt by Britain to invade Russia

112 Withdrawal from WWI, poverty, starvation, overthrow of the czar, civil war and communism are associated with the A. Chinese Revolution.B. Russian Revolution.*C. French Revolution.D. Spanish Revolution