water, water, everywhere billions of gallons to drink

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Only half a percent of the Earth's water is suitable for human consumption. The other 99.5 percent is saltwater or locked up in glaciers and icecaps. With the world’s population ever-growing, and moving to already water-challenged areas, if there were a way to make some of that 99.5 percent potable, we’d slake a lot of thirst. There is a way, of course. The U.S., and many other countries, have desalination plants that annually produce billions of gallons of water. The processes for doings so, however, are currently too costly to be considered as solutions for places that need, and will need, water most. Better Desalination Solving the tough issues of desalination may require innovations that grow from mixing different disciplines. That's where Sandia National Laboratories’ researcher Tom Mayer comes in. He has the job of identifying researchers with knowledge in different fields and matching them up with new types of research that may lead to better desalination methods. Most people doing research on projects in his long-range R&D program have never before worked in water treatment. " Some of the research may provide just the answers we are looking for," he said. "But we may not see the results for five or ten years." In one instance, Mayer tapped Chris Cornelius, who has been developing membranes for hydrogen fuel cells, to build a better electrodialysis membrane. Electrodialysis removes salts or ions from water with an electric field and special ion-exchange membranes. "Electrodialysis is well-known, but not popular in the U.S.,” Mayer said. “But there are real possibilities for its use. If we develop a better membrane, it may make the technology more attractive." Part of the high cost of turning salt water to fresh is the cost of cleanup. On the coasts, the solution is simple—return the salt and minerals to the ocean. But inland, getting rid of the residual becomes problematic. Richard Kottenstette, who heads the Jumpstart R&D portion of Sandia's Advanced Concepts Desalination program identifies and pursues technologies that are nearly ready for commercialization and that can tackle this problem. Kottenstette is working with the University of South Carolina to investigate better mineral recovery. Cleanly harvested minerals can be sold. Another method reuses water that comes from sewage at the Rio Rancho wastewater treatment plant. "If you use it twice, you double its value," Kottenstette said. Treated wastewater is typically used to water parks and golf courses, but there is a possibility it could be made as fresh as if it came out of an aquifer. The phosphorous from the waste could be turned into fertilizer. Kottenstette also worked with a New Mexico State University graduate student, as well as with the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, to put Mineral waste from

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Page 1: Water, Water, Everywhere Billions of Gallons to Drink

Only half a percent of the Earth's water is suitable for human consumption. The other 99.5 percent is saltwater or locked up in glaciers and icecaps. With the world’s population ever-growing, and moving to already water-challenged areas, if there were a way to make some of that 99.5 percent potable, we’d slake a lot of thirst.

There is a way, of course.

The U.S., and many other countries, have desalination plants that annually produce billions of gallons of water. The processes for doings so, however, are currently too costly to be considered as solutions for places that need, and will need, water most.

Better Desalination

Solving the tough issues of desalination may require innovations that grow from mixing different disciplines. That's where Sandia National Laboratories’ researcher Tom Mayer comes in. He has the job of identifying researchers with knowledge in different fields and matching them up with new types of research that may lead to better desalination methods. Most people doing research on projects in his long-range R&D program have never before worked in water treatment. " Some of the research may provide just the answers we are looking for," he said. "But we may not see the results for five or ten years."

In one instance, Mayer tapped Chris Cornelius, who has been developing membranes for hydrogen fuel cells, to build a better electrodialysis membrane. Electrodialysis removes salts or ions from water with an electric field and special ion-exchange membranes. "Electrodialysis is well-known, but not popular in the U.S.,” Mayer said. “But there are real possibilities for its use. If we develop a better membrane, it may make the technology more attractive."

Part of the high cost of turning salt water to fresh is the cost of cleanup. On the coasts, the solution is simple—return the salt and minerals to the ocean. But inland, getting rid of the residual becomes problematic.

Richard Kottenstette, who heads the Jumpstart R&D portion of Sandia's Advanced Concepts Desalination program identifies and pursues technologies that are nearly ready for commercialization and that can tackle this problem.

Kottenstette is working with the University of South Carolina to investigate better mineral recovery. Cleanly harvested minerals can be sold.

Another method reuses water that comes from sewage at the Rio Rancho wastewater treatment plant. "If you use it twice, you double its value," Kottenstette said. Treated wastewater is typically used to water parks and golf courses, but there is a possibility it could be made as fresh as if it came out of an aquifer. The phosphorous from the waste could be turned into fertilizer.

Kottenstette also worked with a New Mexico State University graduate student, as well as with the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, to put Mineral waste from reverse osmosis into a landfill, over a liner that could self-heal if it were breached.

What’s Next?

The next step after developing a better desalination method is commercialization. That task falls to Sue Collins, who works with Sandia's licensing department.

"End-user interest is growing steadily and that is important to our work with the manufacturing community," Collins said. "Our customers and advocates have said repeatedly that the success of commercialization efforts will be measured in gallons of new water produced."

Page 2: Water, Water, Everywhere Billions of Gallons to Drink

Sólo la mitad de un por ciento del agua del planeta es apta para el consumo humano. El otro 99,5 % es agua salada o encerrados en los glaciares y capas de hielo. Con la población mundial en constante crecimiento, y trasladarse a zonas ya impugnados de agua, si había una manera de hacer algo de ese 99,5 % potable, nos saciaría mucha sed.

Hay una manera, por supuesto.

Los EE.UU. y muchos otros países, cuentan con plantas de desalinización que producen anualmente miles de millones de galones de agua. Los procesos para obras así, sin embargo, son actualmente demasiado costosos para ser considerado como soluciones para lugares que necesitan, y será necesario, el agua aun más.

Mejor Desalación

La solución de los problemas difíciles de la desalación puede requerir innovaciones que crecen a partir de la mezcla de diferentes disciplinas. Ahí es donde Sandia National Laboratories investigado por Tom Mayer se presenta. Él tiene la tarea de identificar a los investigadores con conocimientos en diferentes campos y emparejarlos con nuevos tipos de investigación que puede conducir a mejores métodos de desalinización. La mayoría de la gente que hace la investigación en proyectos de su programa de I + D de largo alcance nunca antes habían trabajado en el tratamiento del agua. "Parte de la investigación puede proporcionar sólo las respuestas que estamos buscando", dijo. "Pero no podemos ver los resultados de cinco o diez años."

En un caso, Mayer tocó Chris Cornelius, que ha desarrollado las membranas de las células de combustible de hidrógeno, para construir una membrana de electrodiálisis mejor. La electrodiálisis elimina las sales o iones de agua con un campo eléctrico y membranas de intercambio iónico especiales. "La electrodiálisis es bien conocida, pero no es popular en los EE.UU.", dijo Mayer. "Pero hay posibilidades reales de su uso. Si desarrollamos una mejor membrana, puede hacer que la tecnología sea más atractiva."

Parte del alto costo de convertir el agua salada en potable es el costo de la limpieza. En las costas, la solución es simple: devolver la sal y minerales del océano. Sin embargo, hacia el interior, la eliminación del residuo se vuelve problemática.

Richard Kottenstette, que dirige la parte Jumpstart I + D del programa de desalación Conceptos Avanzados de Sandia identifica y persigue tecnologías que están casi listos para su comercialización y que puede hacer frente a este problema.

Kottenstette está trabajando con la Universidad de Carolina del Sur para investigar una mejor recuperación mineral. Minerales limpiamente cosechados pueden ser vendidos.

Otro método reutiliza el agua que proviene de las aguas residuales en la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Rio Rancho. "Si lo usa dos veces, es el doble de su valor", dijo Kottenstette. Las aguas residuales tratadas se utiliza normalmente para los parques acuáticos y campos de golf, pero hay una posibilidad de que podría hacerse tan potable como si saliera de un acuífero. El fósforo de los desechos podría convertirse en abono.

Kottenstette también trabajó en México con un estudiante graduado de la Universidad de Nueva Estado, así como con la Oficina de Geología Económica Texas, para poner los residuos minerales de ósmosis inversa en un vertedero (alcantarilla) , en un forro que puede auto curarse si se violó.

¿Qué viene después?

El siguiente paso después de desarrollar un método de desalinización es una mejor comercialización. Esa tarea corresponde a Sue Collins, quien trabaja con el departamento de licencias de Sandia.

"El interés del usuario final es cada vez mayor y que es importante para nuestro trabajo con la comunidad

Page 3: Water, Water, Everywhere Billions of Gallons to Drink

de fabricación", dijo Collins. "Nuestros clientes y defensores han dicho en repetidas ocasiones que el éxito de los esfuerzos de comercialización se mide en galones de agua de nueva producción".