Water Resources and PollutionJEOPARDY!!

Chapter 8Aquatic BiodiversityChapter 11 Threats to Aquatic BiodiversityChapter 13Water ResourcesChapter 20 Water PollutionPotpourri10101010102020202020303030303040404040405050505050

10 Ch 8 Aquatic BiodiversityIdentify the major marine life zones and freshwater life zones.

10saltwater or marine: oceans and their accompanying estuaries, coastal wetlands, shorelines, coral reefs, and mangrove forests

freshwater: lakes, rivers, streams, and inland wetlandsCh 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

20 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

Define plankton and describe three types of plankton.

20 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

One major type consists of drifting, weakly swimming, free-floating plankton, which can be divided into three groups:

**the first of which is phytoplankton, which includes many types of algae.

**The second plankton group is zooplankton, consisting of primary consumers (herbivores) that feed on phytoplankton and secondary consumers that feed on other zooplankton.

**A third group consists of huge populations of much smaller plankton called ultraplanktonextremely small photosynthetic bacteria that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface.

30 Ch 8 Aquatic BiodiversityDistinguish among nekton, benthos, and decomposers and give an example of each.

30 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

**nekton, strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles, and whales.

**benthos, consists of bottom dwellers such as oysters, which anchor themselves to one spot; clams and worms, which burrow into the bottom; and lobsters and crabs, which walk about on the sea floor.

**decomposers (mostly bacteria), which break down organic compounds in the dead bodies and wastes of aquatic organisms into nutrients that can be used by aquatic primary producers. Most forms of aquatic life are found in the surface and middle layers of saltwater and freshwater systems.

30 Community 1

40 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

List five factors that determine the types and numbers of organisms found in the three layers of aquatic life zones

40 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

The key factors determining the types and numbers of organisms found in the different layers are *temperature*dissolved oxygen content *availability of food,*availability of light and nutrients required for photosynthesis, such as carbon (as dissolved CO2 gas), nitrogen (as NO3-), and phosphorus (mostly as PO43-).*turbidity

50 Ch 8 Aquatic BiodiversityWhat are the three major life zones in an ocean?

50*Marine life is found in three major life zones: the coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.

Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

10Describe the threat to marine biodiversity from trawler fishing. Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

Bottom trawling causes loss and degradation of many sea-bottom habitats. Trawlers drag huge nets weighted down with heavy chains and steel plates like giant submerged bulldozers over ocean bottoms to harvest a few species of bottom fish and shellfish. Trawling nets reduce coral reef habitats to rubble and kill a variety of creatures on the bottom by crushing them, burying them in sediment, and exposing them to predators. Each year, thousands of trawlers scrape and disturb an area of ocean floor about 150 times larger than the area of forests that are clear- cut annually. 10Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

20 Explain how ocean acidification occurs and why it is a serious problem.

Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

*Ocean acidification occurs when atmospheric CO2 combines with ocean water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). As ocean water becomes more acidic, the levels of carbonate ions decrease. Many ocean species use carbonate ions to build calcium carbonate. *destroying coral reef ecosystems20Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

30What is a fishprint?Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

*The fishprint is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world.30Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

40What percentage of the worlds oceans is strictly protected from harmful human activities in marine reserves? Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

*Despite their importance, less than 1% of the worlds oceans are closed to fishing and other harmful human activities in marine reserves, and only 0.1% are fully protected

40Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

50Describe two ways to estimate the sizes of fish populations.Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

50***Maximum sustained yield model projects the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from a fish stock without causing a population drop.

***Optimum sustained yield concept attempts to take into account interactions among species and to provide more room for error. Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity

10 Ch 13 Water Resources Define groundwater, zone of saturation, water table, and aquifer.

**Groundwater: precipitation that infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through spaces in soil, gravel, and rock until an impenetrable layer of rock stops it.

**zone of saturation: spaces in soil and rock close to the earths surface hold little moisture. Below a certain depth, in the, these spaces are completely filled with water.

**water table: The top of zone of saturation is the. It falls in dry weather, or when we remove groundwater faster than nature can replenish it, and it rises in wet weather.

**aquifers: underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows. 10Ch 13 Water Resources

20Distinguish among surface water, surface runoff, and reliable surface runoff. Ch 13 Water Resources

Surface water: the freshwater from precipitation and snowmelt that flows across the earths land surface and into lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers, estuaries, and ultimately to the oceans.

Surface runoff: Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation

Reliable surface runoff: can be counted on as a water source from year to year.

20Ch 13 Water Resources

30What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater? Ch 13 Water Resources

30Ch 13 Water ResourcesAdvantages of withdrawing groundwater include:Useful for drinking and irrigation.Available year-round.Exists almost everywhere.Renewable if not overpumped or contaminated.No evaporation losses.Cheaper to extract than most surface waters.Disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater include: Aquifer depletion from overpumping.Sinking of land (subsidence) from overpumping.Aquifers polluted for decades or centuries.Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near coastal areas.Reduced water flows into surface waters.Increased cost and contamination from deeper wells. .

40What are the advantages and disadvantages of using large dams and reservoirs? . Ch 13 Water Resources

40Ch 13 Water ResourcesAdvantages: capture and store runoff and release it as needed to control floods, generate electricity, and supply water for irrigation and for towns and cities. Reservoirs also provide recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, and boating.

Disadvantages: Worldwide, dams have displaced 40 80 million people from their homes. Dams have flooded an area of mostly productive land roughly equal to the area of the U. S. state of California, and it has impaired some of the important ecological services rivers provide. And according to the 2007 WWF study, about one- fifth of the worlds freshwater fish and plant species are either extinct or endangered primarily because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed many free- flowing rivers.

50

Define desalination and list three major limitations on the widespread use of desalination.

Ch 13 Water Resources

50 Ch 13 Water Resources

Desalination involves removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from brackish water for domestic use.

There are three major problems with the widespread use of desalination. Desalination is expensive, because it takes a lot of energy to desalinate water. Pumping desalinated water inland also takes a lot of energy and is costly. Pumping large volumes of seawater through pipes and using chemicals to sterilize the water and keep down algae growth kills many marine organisms and also requires large inputs of energy to run the pumps. Desalination produces huge quantities of salty wastewater that must go somewhere.

10Ch 20 Water Pollution What is water pollution?

10Ch 20 Water Pollution Water pollution is any change in water quality that harms humans or other living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. It can come from single (point) sources or from larger and dispersed (nonpoint) sources.

20

Distinguish between point sources and nonpoint sources of water pollution, and give an example of each.Ch 20 Water Pollution

20Ch 20 Water Pollution Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer lines into bodies of surface water. Examples include factories, sewage treatment plants (which remove some, but not all, pollutants), underground mines, and oil tankers.

Nonpoint sources are broad, diffuse areas, rather than points, from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or air. Examples include runoff of chemicals and sediments from cropland, livestock feedlots, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots, lawns, and golf courses.

30Ch 20 Water Pollution

Explain how streams can cleanse themselves and how these cleansing processes can be overwhelmed.

30Ch 20 Water Pollution

Flowing rivers and streams can recover rapidly from moderate levels of degradable, oxygen-demanding wastes through a combination of dilution and biodegradation of such wastes by bacteria. But this natural recovery process does not work when streams become overloaded with such pollutants or when drought, damming, or water diversion reduces their flows. Depending on flow rates and the amount of biodegradable pollutants, streams recover from injection of oxygen-demanding wastes or heated water if they are given enough time and are not overloaded.

40Ch 20 Water PollutionGive two reasons why lakes cannot cleanse themselves as readily as streams can.

40Ch 20 Water Pollution Lakes and reservoirs are generally less effective at diluting pollutants than streams for two reasons:First, deep lakes and reservoirs often contain stratified layers that undergo little vertical mixing. Second, they have little or no flow. The flushing and changing of water in lakes and large artificial reservoirs can take from 1 to 100 years, compared with several days to several weeks for streams. .

50Ch 20 Water PollutionExplain why groundwater cannot cleanse itself very well.

50Ch 20 Water PollutionWhen groundwater becomes contaminated, it cannot cleanse itself of degradable wastes as quickly as flowing surface water does. Groundwater flows so slowly that contaminants are not diluted and dispersed effectively.*slow flow*less dissolved oxygen*fewer decomposing bacteria*low temperatures

10

My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;Taken, not shared!

Genetics 2

10 Population Growth

From: Mariano Cecowski Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in Alaska fall into the waterwhich one disolves faster?A: The one in Alaska because it is

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10 Population Growth

Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.

Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room he's in.Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"Benign: What we want when we are eight.

Intestine - Currently taking an exam

CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing

TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport

10PotpourriWhat major ecosystem and economic services do fresh-water systems provide?

10Potpourri

**Ecological services provided by freshwater systems include: climate moderation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitats, genetic resources and biodiversity and scientific information.

**Economic services provided by freshwater systems include: food, drinking water, irrigation water, hydroelectricity, transportation corridors, recreation and employment.

10Genetics 2

20PotpourriWhat four zones are found in deep lakes?

Four distinct zones that are defined by their depth and distance from shore: Littoral zoneLimnetic zoneProfundal zoneBenthic zone20Potpourri

30Potpourri

What percentage of the U. S. coastal and inland wetlands has been destroyed since 1900?

30Potpourri

*The United States has lost more than half of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900.

30Genetics 2

40Potpourri What are the zones of a river?

40PotpourriSource zoneTransitional zoneFloodplain zone

50Potpourri

What are the zones of the open ocean?

50Potpourri

Euphotic zoneBathyal zoneAbyssal zone