water quality monitoring

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Water Quality Monitoring and Standards, Sampling, Preservation, Transportation Techniques Arjesh Sharma Sr. Manager Pollution Control Research Institute BHEL, HARIDWAR – 249 403 [email protected]

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Water quality monitoring

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Page 1: Water quality monitoring

Water Quality Monitoring and Standards, Sampling,

Preservation, Transportation Techniques

Arjesh SharmaSr. Manager

Pollution Control Research InstituteBHEL, HARIDWAR – 249 403

[email protected]

Page 2: Water quality monitoring

Water

Water constitutes one of the important

components in the life of man

Water has a direct bearing on health

In order to be used as healthful fluid for human

consumption, water must be free from :

Organisms that are capable of causing disease

Minerals and organic substances that could produce

adverse physiological effects

Page 3: Water quality monitoring

Water

Drinking water should be Aesthetically acceptable

Free from apparent Turbidity, Colour, Odour & any

objectionable taste

Drinking water also should have a reasonable

temperature

Water meeting these conditions is termed as

“Potable” - may be consumed in any desired

amount without concern for adverse effect on

health

Page 4: Water quality monitoring

Water Source Selection

The selection of a water supply source involves a

review of the alternative sources available and

their respective characteristics. Factors to

consider when selecting a water supply source

include : Safe Yield

Water Quality

Collection Requirements (intake structures, wells etc.)

Treatment Requirements

Transmission and Distribution Requirements

Page 5: Water quality monitoring

Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance

Department of Health

Department of Social Welfare

Jal Sansthan

Jal Nigam

Rural Development Department

Panchayats

The Swajal Project

Schools/Colleges/Medical/Technical Institutes

NGOs

Page 6: Water quality monitoring

Laboratory Infrastructure Laboratory control in water quality management is

indispensable A Well Arranged and Adequately Equipped

analytical laboratory with Competent Analysts is an important and integral part of any water quality monitoring and surveillance programme

Results of laboratory analysis are essential for evaluation of efficiency of water treatment system

The laboratory infrastructure depend on the level of analysis desired, location and other support available.

Page 7: Water quality monitoring

Types of Laboratory

Level – I (Village Level) Bacteriological Identification, Field Test Kits

Level – II (District Level) Chemical & Bacteriological Examination

Level – III (State Level) Special analysis for metals, pesticides and organics

Analytical Quality Control

Data analysis and information transfer

Assist District Level laboratories

Policy formulation

Page 8: Water quality monitoring

Objectives of Water Quality Sampling

To obtain reliable and useful data

To assess the impact of human activities on

Water quality and its suitability

To determine the quality of water in its natural

state

To keep under observation the sources and

pathways of pollutants/contamination

Page 9: Water quality monitoring

Factors Influencing Source Water Quality

Natural Factors

Climate

Watershed characteristics

Geology

Microbial growth

Fire

Page 10: Water quality monitoring

Factors Influencing Source Water Quality Human Factors

Point : Wastewater/Industrial discharge Hazardous waste facilities Mine drainage Spills and releases

Nonpoint : Agricultural runoff Livestock Urban runoff Land development Landfills Erosion Recreation activities

Page 11: Water quality monitoring

Location of Sampling

The sample taken be representative of the source

Sampling point should be uniformly distributed throughout the system

The sampling point should include the conditions at most unfavorable places in the system

There should be at least one sampling point directly after the clean water outlet from each plant

At least one sample be taken from farthest Stand Post

Page 12: Water quality monitoring

Types of Samples

Grab or Catch Samples

Composite Samples

Integrated Samples

Generally for drinking water quality monitoring,

Grab Samples are taken

Page 13: Water quality monitoring

Collection of Water Samples

Meaningful and reliable sampling assures correct

laboratory results

Minimum time between the time of collection and

conducting water analysis

For Chemical examination - Adequate care is

required through proper preservation that would

be parameter specific

For Biological examination - Extreme care be

taken during sample collection & its preservation

Page 14: Water quality monitoring

Requirement for Biological

Analysis

Frequency to ensure seasonal variations of water

quality to be investigated

Samples to be collected, stored and dispatched in

suitable sterilized bottles

The quantity of water collected be adequate

enough for analysis

Page 15: Water quality monitoring

Requirement for Biological

Analysis Utmost care be taken during sampling to avoid

contamination of sample being collected

In order to prevent significant alteration in the

characteristics of sample prior to analysis, the

sample be dispatched to the laboratory under

iced condition as soon as possible

The details of the sample be clearly described

and the sample bottles properly labeled to avoid

any error

Page 16: Water quality monitoring

Sample Containers

Should be free from contamination

Should not change the water characteristics

Should not make any reaction with the water

Should contain adequate quantity for analysis

Page 17: Water quality monitoring

Sample Containers

Chemical Analysis

Colourless/White plastic jerricans

Bacteriological Analysis

Sterilized glass bottles with glass stopper

Sterilization in autoclave at 1 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes

Samples with residual chlorine be dechlorinated for

Bacteriological analysis

Page 18: Water quality monitoring

Sampling Procedure

Sampling Bottle/Container be opened only when

it is required for filling

The bottle should be held from the base while

filling

Bottle should not be filled completely

Some space be left for air to facilitate shaking

before analysis

Page 19: Water quality monitoring

Sampling Procedure

Sampling of Hand Pump Water Water should be pumped for about 5 minutes before

filling the sample bottle

Sampling of Water from a Tap Water should be allowed to run for 3 – 4 minutes or

more before filling the sample bottle

For estimation of Total Residual Chlorine, farthest stand

post be considered for sampling

Data sheet be filled and accompanied with

sample for analysis

Page 20: Water quality monitoring

Preservation and Storage of Samples

The sample should be examine preferably within

one hour after collection

This period, in on case should exceed 24 hours

Efforts be made to keep the temperature of the

sample as close as possible to that of source

Sample to be preserved in ice until analysis (if

sample can not be analyzed within 24 hours)

For Bacteriological analysis, sample be analyzed

within 72 hours

Page 21: Water quality monitoring

Sample Preservation

Temperature Should be measured in - situ

Turbidity Best to measured in the field

Sample can be stored in dark for 24 hours

Settling during storage & change in pH lead to

precipitation, can affect the result during storage

pH Should be measured in - situ

pH is temperature dependent

Page 22: Water quality monitoring

Sample Preservation Hardness

Sample be filtered If during storage, CaCO3 sediment appears, it must be

dissolved with small HCl after decanting the clear liquid above the sediment

Nitrate & Nitrite 2 – 4 ml of chloroform be added to retard bacterial

decomposition Sample can be cooled and then stored at 3 – 4 ºC

Ammonia Sample be deep frozen with 0.8 ml of H2SO4 per liter and

then stored at 4 ºC Prior to analysis, acid used be neutralised

Page 23: Water quality monitoring

Sample Preservation Sodium & Potassium

Stored in plastic bottles

Calcium Stored in plastic bottles If any CaCO3 precipitate form during storage, it must be

redissolved with HCl or HNO3 and then neutralised

before analysis

Sulphate Can be stored in the refrigeration for upto 7 days Prolonged storage be avoided for polluted water

Magnesium, Chloride & Fluoride No specific preservation required

Page 24: Water quality monitoring

Sample Preservation

Sulphide

Sample be fixed with cadmium acetate or Zinc acetate,

after which it can be stored upto 3 days in the dark

Cyanide

Highly active and unstable

Preserved with sufficient NaOH to raise pH to 11 or more

and then stored at about 4 ºC

Arsenic

Preserved by adding Conc. HCl (12 N) @ 1 ml/L of sample

Page 25: Water quality monitoring

Sample Preservation

Metals

Pretreated by acidification prior to transportation to

suppress hydrolysis, sorption etc

A very high degree of cleanliness in sampling handling

at all stages of collection and analysis is necessary to

avoid contamination and incorrect results

Page 26: Water quality monitoring

Sample Container & Preservation

Analysis Container Preservation

General Glass, PE 4 ºC, dark

BOD Glass, PE 4 ºC, dark

COD, NH3, NO2, NO3 Glass, PE H2SO4, pH < 2

Coliform Glass Sterilized 4 ºC, dark

Dissolved Oxygen BOD Bottle DO fixing chemicals

Fluoride PE None

Phosphate Glass None

Pesticides Glass, Teflon 4 ºC, dark

Toxic Metals Glass, PE HNO3, pH < 2

Page 27: Water quality monitoring

Frequency of Sampling

Frequency of sampling is generally determined by population served, size and type of system

Properly developed source require less sample frequency

In summer, there is a greater risk of contamination, due to low flow. After monsoon, there is likelihood of greater pollution due to surface run off.

Ideally sampling be carried out in streams during summers and again during the onset of monsoon.

Page 28: Water quality monitoring

Suggested Frequency of Sampling & Analysis

Source and Mode of Supply

Bacteriological Physical/Chemical

Open Wells Every 7 days 4 times yearly

Covered wells and shallow tube wells with hand pumps

Every 15 days 4 times yearly

Deep tube wells with hand pumps

As per requirement 4 times yearly

Page 29: Water quality monitoring

Suggested Frequency of Sampling & Analysis

Source and Mode of Supply

Bacteriological Physical/Chemical

Wells and Piped Supplies

As per requirement 4 times yearly Weekly for Residual Chlorine

Spring and Piped Supplies

As per requirement 4 times yearly Weekly for Residual Chlorine

Surface Water - Filtered and/or chlorinated and piped supplies

Once in a month 4 times yearly Daily for Residual Chlorine

Page 30: Water quality monitoring

Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring Order, 2005

Applicable to all orgnisations, agencies and any

other body monitoring surface and ground water

quality for observance on uniform protocol on

water quality monitoring

Page 31: Water quality monitoring

Ground Water Monitoring

The frequency of sampling in respect of ground

water shall be as follows :

All stations shall be classified as Baseline stations

20 – 25% of Baseline stations shall be classified as Trend

stations where there is a perceived problem.

All agencies shall follow the sampling frequency and

parameters for analysis of ground water as mentioned in

the table :

Page 32: Water quality monitoring

Analysis of Ground Water samples Type of Station : Baseline Frequency : Twice a year (Pre & Post monsoon

season) Parameters :

General : Colour, Odour, Temp., pH, EC, TDS Nutrients : Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate Demand Parameter : COD Major Ions : Sodium, Potassium, calcium, Magnesium,

Carbonate, Bi-carbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Sodium & SAR

Other Inorganics : Fluoride, Boron and other location specific parameters, if any

Page 33: Water quality monitoring

Analysis of Ground Water samples Type of Station : Trend Frequency : Twice a year (Pre & Post monsoon

season) Parameters :

April – May : Analyze parameters as listed for Baseline monitoring

Other times : Analyze 14 parameters as listed below : General : Colour, Odour, Temp, EC, pH, TDS, % Na, SAR Nutrient : Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate Demand Parameters : COD Major Ions : Chloride Other inorganics : Fluoride, Boron Microbiological : TC & FC

Page 34: Water quality monitoring

Analysis of Ground Water samples Type of Station : Trend Parameters :

Micro - pollutants (parameters may be selected based on local need) :

Pesticides : Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gamma BHC (Lindane), OP – DDT, PP – DDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta Endosulphan, Aldrin, Diedrin, 2, 4 – D, carbaryl (carbmte), malathion, Methyl parathion, Anilphos, Chloropyriphos

Toxic Metals : As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe

Pesticides and Toxic metals may be analysed once in a year in pre – monsoon on selected locations)

If COD value exceed 20 mg/L, the sample shall be analysed for BOD also.

Page 35: Water quality monitoring

IS : 10500 - 1991

Indian StandardDrinking Water - Specification

Page 36: Water quality monitoring

IS : 10500 : 1991 Bacteriological Examination :

Throughout any year, 95 % of samples should not contain any coliform organisms in 100 mL

No sample should contain E. Coli in 100 mL No sample should contain more than 10 coliform

organisms per 100 mL Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 mL

of any two consecutive samples If any coliform organisms are found, immediate

resampling be carried out. The repeated findings of 1 to 10 coliform organisms in 100 mL or the appearance of higher numbers in individual sample suggests that undesirable material is gaining access to the water and measures should be taken to discover and remove source of pollution.

Page 37: Water quality monitoring

Essential Characteristics Parameter Desirable Limit Permissible Limit

Colour 5 25

Odour Unobjectionable -

Taste Agreeable -

Turbidity 5 10

pH 6.5 – 8.5 No relaxation

Total Hardness 300 600

Iron 0.3 1.0

Chloride 250 1000

Residual Free Chlorine 0.2 -

Fluoride 1.0 1.5

Page 38: Water quality monitoring

Desirable Characteristics Parameter Desirable Limit Permissible Limit

Dissolved Solids 500 2000

Calcium 75 200

Magnesium 30 100

Copper 0.05 1.5

Manganese 0.1 0.3

Sulphate 200 400

Nitrate 45 No relaxation

Phenolic Compounds 0.001 0.002

Mercury 0.001 No relaxation

Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation

Selenium 0.01 No relaxation

Page 39: Water quality monitoring

Desirable Characteristics Parameter Desirable Limit Permissible Limit

Arsenic 0.01 No relaxation

Cyanide 0.05 No relaxation

Lead 0.05 No relaxation

Zinc 5 15

Anionic Detergents 0.2 1.0

Chromium (as Cr+6) 0.05 No relaxation

Mineral Oil 0.01 0.03

Pesticides Absent 0.001

Alkalinity 200 600

Aluminum 0.03 0.2

Boron 1 5

Page 40: Water quality monitoring

Thank You