water quality monitoring

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Water Quality Monitoring Presented by Prof. Dr. Manal Ahmed Prof. Envioronmental Health E.mail: [email protected] 1

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  1. 1. Water Quality Monitoring Presented by Prof. Dr. Manal Ahmed Prof. Envioronmental Health E.mail: [email protected]
  2. 2. Outlines Lake and source of pollution Lake water quality monitoring Sampling Technique for water quality monitoring
  3. 3. Eco -system balance Phytoplankton (predominantly algae. form the base of a lake's food chain), require sunlight, water, and nutrients for photosynthesis. primary producers . Zooplankton, such as the shrimp,are the primary consumers because they eat the primary producers (algae Planktivores are organisms include fish that eat zooplankton The piscivores are at the top of the aquatic food web and are fish- eating fish Benthic macroinvertebrates are some of the organisms living on or in the lake sediment that consume algae, bacteria, detritus
  4. 4. Sources of surface water pollution
  5. 5. Lakes: Physical Processes Temp. seasonal air temperatures directly affect lake temperatures. Summer. 3 layer s are formed The epilimnion is the upper layer. It is warm, well-mixed, and rich in dissolved oxygen. The metalimnion is also called the thermocline region. The thermocline is the point of maximum temperature change within the metalimnion. The drastic density change in this layer prevents the epilimnion and hypolimnionfrom mixing
  6. 6. The hypolimnion: is the bottom layer of cold water. Because this layer is isolated from the atmosphere and the epilimnion, it becomes anoxic. the release of phosphorus, a nutrient, from the lake bottom sediment into the hypolimnion. Winter: 2 layers are formed Spring & fall: Over turn is formed
  7. 7. Erosion Erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles by natural forces, primarily water and wind. It is the process of wearing away rocks, geologic, and soil material via water, wind, or ice. Erosion will transport materials after mechanical weathering has broken rock and geologic materials down into smaller, moveable pieces.
  8. 8. Wind. Wind can move sediment grains over long distances when they are carried through the air. Water. Flowing water plays a major role in erosion by carrying away soils and other materials on the land surface.
  9. 9. Ecological and Economic Impacts of erosion Causes can result in the destruction of aquatic habitat and a reduction in the diversity and abundance of aquatic life Suspended sediment causes the water to be cloudy (turbid). Increased turbidity reduces light transmission (and hence photosynthesis ), thereby reducing the growth of algae and aquatic plants, which can adversely affect the entire aquatic ecosystem.
  10. 10. Increased turbidity decreases the water's aesthetic appeal and the human enjoyment of recreational activities. Some metal ions , pesticides , and nutrients may adhere to sediment particles and be transported downstream
  11. 11. Lake: Chemical process Oxygen Oxygen concentration is often considered the most important indicator for lake health. For a lake to maintain health there must be enough oxygen for the aerobic organisms and in the lower water layers of the lake, where much decomposition occurs.
  12. 12. Without sufficient oxygen, the hypolimnion may become anoxic (devoid of oxygen) during decomposition Anoxic conditions near the sediment-water interface are normal and help regenerate important nutrients such as phosphorus. Byproducts of decomposition include carbon dioxide, methane, phosphorus, and ammonia a form of nitrogen.
  13. 13. Nutrients Lakes can be categorized on the basis of their richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth. Oligtrophic lake (nutrient poor) and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. Mesotrophic Lake(moderately productive) have good clarity and an average level of nutrients.
  14. 14. Eutrophic lake (very productive and fertile) are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible Algea Bloom. Hypertophic lakes (excessively enriched with nutrients) have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms.
  15. 15. Source of water pollution
  16. 16. Industrial pollution Toxins can harm aquatic and human life. They are created by a wide variety of human practices and products like Heavy metals, pesticides and organic compounds like PCBs. Many pops are resistant to breakdown and tend to be passed through the food chain to be concentrated in top predators.
  17. 17. Hydrocarbon (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds discharged from petrochemical industries. Detergents ( cationic, anionic, nonionic) from laundries and softening process in many industries are toxic to aquatic life. Heavy metals in the effluents from electroplating industries, dying, printing, batteries manufacturing, Tanning, mine drainage
  18. 18. Thermal Pollution and Thermal Shocks Raising water temperatures from normal levels can adversely affect water quality and aquatic life. Higher temperature of water can adversely affects its use as coolant in industries. less D.O in warm water than in cold, aquatic life suffers and less D.O is available for natural biological degradation of any organic pollution discharged into these warm surface waters. bacterial action increases in higher temperatures, resulting in accelerated depletion of the streams oxygen resources.
  19. 19. Domestic wastewater (Sewage) outfall Untreated waste: Fecal contamination sources. Organic waste . Nitrogen and phosphorous . Detergents. Anaerobic condition leading to bad smell as H2s- NH3
  20. 20. Domestic wastewater (Sewage) discharge Oxygen Sag Curve from downstream of organic waste
  21. 21. Urban runoff. Roofs, streets, and parking lots, and rain rapidly run off into lakes and rivers through drainage ways and storm sewers. This urban runoff may contain nonpoint-source pollutants such as trash, pet wastes, lawn fertilizers, and herbicides, as well as ,other pollutants from vehicles.
  22. 22. Oil, grease and gasoline from roadways, and chemicals used in home, gardens, yards and on farm crops, are major sources of toxic contaminants. Leaching of metals from garbage, solid wastes dump, domestic effluents and urban storm-water runoff.
  23. 23. Agriculture run off Chemical fertilizers, phosphorus, pesticides, insecticides , herbicides , Metals contained in pesticides may be run- off into stream. Animal wastes create water pollution introduce nutrients and disease-causing organisms into the water.
  24. 24. Feedlots often collect wastes from thousands of animals and store the wastes in central facilities from which they may be withdrawn and applied as fertilizer or soil conditioner. Improperly maintained storage facilities or improperly applied fertilizer can create water pollution problems.
  25. 25. Pesticide leaching Leaching may not only originate from treated fields, but also from, pesticide application machinery washing sites, or disposal areas. Contamination may also occur when soil and pesticides are washed into surface water by heavy rains. This contamination may come from urban areas, lawns, golf courses, parks, or agricultural fields. Runoff pollution is difficult to control. The best method of control is limited use of chemical pesticides.
  26. 26. Fertilizers Leaching, runoff The nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) applied to agricultural land (via synthetic fertilizers), if not managed correctly, excess N and P can have negative environmental impacts. The nitrate form is water-soluble and moves with the water into surface water. The ammonium form attaches to soil particles. it will wash into surface water if the soil erodes. Eutrophicationcan occur downstream due to excess nutrient supply, leading to anoxicareas called dead zones.
  27. 27. The symptoms and impacts of eutrophication Increase in production and biomass of phytoplankton, attached algae, and macrophytes. Replacement of desirable fish; by less desirable species. Production of toxins by certain algae (blue green). Loss of recreational use of water due to slime, weed infestation, and noxious odour from decaying algae.
  28. 28. Organic contaminants& Pathogens ManureandBiosolidsmanures and biosolids contain not only nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but they may also contain contaminants such as pharmaceuticals. Pathogens wash off the land from wild animal, farm animal and pet waste, and can also enter the lake from improperly functioning septic systems, leaky sewer lines and boat sanitarydisposal systems. This lead to contaminations of aquatic life.
  29. 29. Egyptian Lake Mariut
  30. 30. Lake Maryut receives numerous inflows from different sources mainly from: - El Qalaa and El Omoum Agriculture Drains, Sewage West Treatment Plant, -El Nubaria Canal and Industrial direct discharge. There are other subsidiary sources of inflows namely sea locks and ground water seepage.
  31. 31. The main basin of Lake Mariut is receiving industrial discharge indirectly through the main municipal wastewater treatment plants in Alexandria; West wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and East wastewater treatment plant (ETP). The design capacity of ETP and WTP is 607,000 m3/ day and 462,000 m3/ day respectively. The main basin (21 km2) with an average depth of 1.2 meters; The northwest basin (10.5 km2) with an average depth of 1.25 meters;
  32. 32. The fishery basin (4.2 km2) with an average depth of 1.35 meters; The southwest basin (21 km2) with an average depth of 0.5 meters; and The west basin (8.4 km2) with an average depth of 0.6 meters. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in all the basins is less the 5 mg/l.
  33. 33. Sources ofLake Mariut pollution It is a eutrophic lake receiving massive and numerous discharges: domestic, agricultural and industrial. these waters bear high organic matter, nutrients, various chemicals, and pesticides. Lake Maryut receives numerous inflows from different sources mainly from: El Qalaa and El Omoum Agriculture Drains, Sewage West Treatment Plant,
  34. 34. El Nubaria, Canal and Industrial direct discharge. There are other subsidiary sources of inflows ground water seepage. The fact that domestic sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste are discharged continuously to the lake makes this pumping station essential to maintain water level at 1.88 2.0 m below sea level. Companies discharging directly or indirectly into Mariut Lake.
  35. 35. These companies are classified in three groups: A) Seven Companies Connected to the Public Sewer and Disposing their Effluents to Lake through ETP: B) Seven Companies Connected to the Public Sewer and Disposing their Effluents to Lake through WTP: C) Two Companies Discharging their Effluent Directly to the Lake:
  36. 36. A water balance of Lake Mariut
  37. 37. ARTICLE 68 Table 2-1: Water Quality Parameters of Water Surfaces that are approved as discharge water receiving bodies (law 48/1982 article 68) Parameter Concentration Temperature Not more than 5 over the prevailing average Dissolved oxygen Not less than 4 mg/L at any time Hydrogen(basin)exponent Not less than 7 and mot more than 8.5 Industrial detergents Not more than0.5 mg/L Phenol Not more than 0.005 mg/L Sediment Not more than50 units Dissolved solid substances Not more than 650 mg/L Probable counting for the colon group in 100cm3 Not more than 5000