Volume4

Consultant Editon Major General SirJeremy Moore KCB OBE MC, Comman-der of British Land Forces during theFalklands campaign.

Distribution and marketinq offices:Orbis Publishino I tdOrbis House20-22 BedfordburyLondon WC2N 4BTTelephone: 01-379 671 1

Circulation Director: David BreedMarketing Director: Michael Joyce

WAR MACHINEPrlce UK 80p. lR f 1 . Aus $1 .95. NZ $2.25.SA R1.95. Singapore $4.50. USA andCanada $1.95How to obtain your copies of WARMACHINE: Copies are obtainable by plac-ing a regular order at your Newsagent, or bylaking out a subscription.Subscription RatesFor six months (26 issues) f23.80; for oneyear i'52 issues) f47.60. Send your orderand remittance to Punch Subscription Ser-vices, Watling Street, Blerchley, MiltonKeynes, Bucks MK2 2BW, being sure tostate the number of the first issue iequired.Back NumbersUK & Eire: Back numbers are obtainablefrom your Newsaqent or from WARMACHINE Back Numbers, Orbis PublishingLimited, 20-22 Bedf ordbury, London WC2 N4BT at cover price.Australia: Back numbers are obtainablefrom WAR MACHINE Back Numbers. Gor-

don & Gotcl A-s -td, 1 14 William Street,PO Box 767G. Metboume, Vic 3001 .

South Africa, Europ€, Malta and NewZealand: Back numbers are available atcover price from your Newsagent. ln caseof difficulty write to the add-ress in yourcountry given for bihders. South Africanreaders should add sales tax.Ho!/v to obtain binders for WARMACHINEUK & Eire: Send a cheque or Postal Orderlo1 f3 Q5 per binder (incl p & p) payable toOrbis Publishing Ltd to WAh MACHINEBinders, Olbis House. 20-22 Bedfordbury,London WC2N 4BTEurope: Write with remittance of f5.00 perbinder (incl p & p) payable to Orbis Putrlishing Ltd to WAR MACHINE Binders,Orbis House, 20-22 Bedfordbtry, Lo^do^WC2N 4BT.Malta: Binders are obtainabre irrc-c- ,,3--local Newsagenl, price i3.35. r &se c'difficulty write to WAi L/AC| NE B rdersMiller (Malta, Lid. V.A.r.iassa : Street. Va-

Australia: Fcr deia s a: ho',.- to obtain yoLrbi-de's see -seis - eaTiv ssues or wr teic'AAa MAChINE Bi:deis, First Posr PtyLtd. 23 Chandos Streei, Si Leonards, NSW2065. The binders supplied are those illus-traied in the magazine.New Zealand: Binders are availablelhrough your local Newsagent orf rom WARMACHINE Binders, Gordon & Gotch (NZ)Ltd, PO Box 1594, Wellington.South Africa: Binders are available throughany branch of Central News Agency. ln caseof difficulty write ro WAR M-ACHINE Bin-ders, lntermag, PO Box 57394, Springfield2137.

Note: Binders and Back Numbers areobtainable subject to availability of stocks.Whilst every attempt is made to keep theprice oI the issues and binders constant,rhe publishers reserve the right to increasethe stated prices at any time when cir-cumstances dictate. Binders depicted inthis publication are those produced for theUK market only and may not necessarilybe identical to binders produced for saleoutside the UK. Binders and issues may besubject to import duty and /or local taxes,which are not included in the above pricesunless stated.

The WAR MACHINE published by OrbisPublishino Ltd has no connection with theWAR MACHINE published by Emjay. Thelaller is a magazine devoted to computersimulalion gaming and further informationand subscription details can be obtainedfrom Emjay, I7 Lanqbank Avenue, RisePark, Nottingham NG5 58L, England.

Published byOrbis Publishing Ltd@ Aerospace Publishing Ltd 1984

Editorial OfficesWar MachineAerospace Publishing Ltd10 Barley Mow PassageLondon W4 4PH

Managing Editor: Stan Morse

Editorial: Trisha PalmerChris BishopJon LakeChris Chant

Design: Rod Teasdale

Collour Origination: lmago Publishing Ltd,Thame, Oxon

Typesetting: SX Composing Ltd

Film work: Precise Litho Ltd

Artists:Tony Gibbons

5841

Prinled in Great Britain byTheArlisan PressLtd

Issue 44

CONTENTS

Modern DestroyersTlaruna' ad'Shirane' classes

Tachikue','Takatsuki' and'Hatsuyuki' classes'Audace'class

Destroyers in Action

Suffien'class'Type C70'class'Kashin' and'Kashin (Mod)' classes

Udaloy'class

Sowemenny'class

The Modern Soviet Destroyer

Soviet Destroyer DesiErations'lroEois'class'Meko 360H2'class'ftunty'class'Type 82' urd'Type 42' classes

'Chules F, Adams'class'MeighBurke'class

NATO and American destroyers - a contrast'Spruance' and'Kidd' classes

i{I

862

862

863

8M

866

866

867

868

868

869

873

874

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

Picture acknowledgementsCover photognph: Lreutenant K.P. White. 861; COWS Narry. 862: MARS, LmcsMARS, Lincs. 063: MARS,Lincs. 864: US NaW. 865: Associated PTesVCOVCOI/Ljeutewr Kp. \r/hite/MARS, Lincs./US Na!ry. 8661MARS, Lincs. 86?: MARS, Linca4JS NaW. 868: MARS, Lmcs4JS Navy. 869: US NarryruS Nauy. 820: US Navy.8?2: Royal Air Force,{JS Nary. 8?4: MARS, Lincs. 815r MARS Lincs&oyal Naly Fleer photogaphic Uru| 8?6;CoyRoyal Navy Fleet Photographic Unit.8??: Royal NavyFleet Phorographic Unir{JS NavyruS Nan/. 8?8: USNavy. 8?9: COVUS Navy. 880: US Navy.

lvlodernThe modern destroyer would hadly be recognizable to onefaniliar with the classic gtutr- and torpedo-armed vessels ofWotld War IL Even the term'destroyef is somewhat loose,coverinE as it does vessels nnging from the smal[,, gtttt-arnred'Kotlin' class of the Souiet narry up to the Soviet'Sovzemetuty' and American 'Sptttancet and tKidd' classes,each as large as light cntisers ofthe 1940s.

Since World War II the destroyer has evolved from a torpedo-armed,all-gmn surface warfare vessel into a specialist anti-air or anti-submarinewarfare ship capable either of lndependent operations for a short time orof operating as an escort in a task force. The losses suffered by the Navy'sdestroyers dunng the Falklands conflict proved to NATO that the UK'smtnimally armed warships, which had been thus constructed to satisfy:he monetary constralnts imposed by the Treasury for political reasons,-,lrere extremely vulnerable in a conventional war, let alone the nuclearscenarios proposed for the North Atlantic theatre of operations, Unfortu-nately the mistakes inherent in the destroyers'design will be around fora few more years yet until the ships are scrapped. Short-term plans torectify some of the faults (such as the inadequate numbers of close-rangteCefence weapons) are already berng rmplemented, but are no realsubstitute for well designed ships as seen rn other navies, For instance,re Soviets are buildlng specialist classes for both the ASW and suriaceship warfare roles, whllst the Americans, with their 'Spruance' class,have managed to produce the most capable ASW destroyer yet built,)"4odifying this design for the anti-air warfare role has produced theKrdd' class ships, which are the most powerfully armed general-rurpose destroyers in the world, The new 'Arleigh Burke' desrgn will

Conceived as anescort to the cancelled British'CVA-11'carrie.r, HMS Bristciwas the firstvessel to be armedwith the SeaDart missile system. Thecancellation of the carrier, and cost constraints, meant thathersuccessorswould be the much smaller andJess capab/e'Type42'class.

take excellence even further up the scale, The French in the mear-.-:-:have followed their own way to take the 'Spruance' and 'Kidd' col--l:I:yet turther rn producing a single hulldesign and then fitting it out (e-.':: :the engine fit) to suit the role asigned to rt. The Type C70 rnhic::.-.resulted from this policy will be the mainstay of the French des,t: .::force for a considerable number of years to come. Other navies :='".=tended to follow the USA in either buying new-build ships fron- .:,--

source or taking American technology and buildrng it into ther:,',-.designs, Very few have bought new-build Brltish shrps, but rnstead :-:.,'=tended to rely on getting such units as second-hand items as the-,' :::discarded from the Royal Navy.

The first post-war US destroyer design, the'Forrest Sherman'c,lass, datesfrom the mid- I950s. Originally gun-armed destroyers, four were converted :.guided missile configuration in the mid-1960s. USS Somers r,rzas the last of theclass to be modified, recommissioning in J,968.

t\

!t:

f:+

*6i

.:+i!:.:i:: i -"'t'r I,,:f i

JAPAN

'Haruna' and 'Shirane' classesThe 'Hanma'class and follow-on rm-proved'Shirane'class are the oniy des-troyer-sized ships in the world whichcan carry and operate three large SeaKing ASW helicopters. Both ship clas-ses were built with strong ASW arma-ments and are weaker than most West-ern desigms in both anti-air and anti-surface warfare systems, although theyare to be modernized within the nextfew years with systems such as theHarpoon SSM and the 20-mm PhalanxCIWS to help rectb these shortcom-ings. The 'Haruna' class, Ilaruna(DDH14I) and flr'ei (DDH142), havecontinuous superstruchnes with theirsingle combined radar mast and fun-irel (known as a 'mack') ofset to port toallow space for the third helicopter inthe hangar. The later 'Shirane' classunits, Sfiirane (DDH]43) and Kurama(DDH144) have a broken superstruc-ture with two ''macks', one offset to portatop the main superstruch:re forwardand the other atop the detached han-gar aft. For landing the helicopters inmost weather conditions they are fittedwith the Canadian Bear Trap haui-dovrn system, whilst to reduce theirunderwater radiated noise levels ftomthe main propuision machinery theyadopted the 'Masker' bubble-generating system: this forms a con-tinuous curtain of minute air bubblesover the pads of the huil beneath themacfinery spaces with the bubblesacting as a sound-dampinq layer, Afurther class of large helicopter-

Hiei(DDH 142) executes a turn toport at high speed. The lack of any airdefence systems, apart from the 127-mm ( 5 - in) du al- purpo s e gun mounts,is readily apparcnt, althoughitisfi oped #rat a ^Sea S parrow SAMsystem will be fitted in the tuture.

carrying destroyers is expected withinthe next few years.

Specification'Hanrna'classDisplacement: 4,700 tons standard and6,300 tons tull loadDimensions: length 153,0 m (502 ft);beam 17.5 m (57 ft 5 in); draught 5. I m(16 ft 9 in)Machinery: geared steam turbinesdelivering70,000 shp (52,200 kW) totwo shaftsSpeed:32 ktsAircraft: three Mrtsubishr-Sikorsky SH-3 Sea Klng ASW helicoptersArmament: two quadruple HarpoonSSM launchers (no reloads, to befltted), one octuple Sea Sparrow SAMlauncher (no reloads, beinq fitted), hvosingle 127-mm (S-in) DP guns, two 20-mm Phalarx CIWS (being fitted), oneoch:ple ASROC ASW mtssile launcher(16 missiies), and hvo triple 324-mm(I2,75-in) Type 68 ASW torpedo tubes(6 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-S2B 3D radar, oneOPS- I 7 surface-search radar, two

_9,.,

:€

:]l=E=-E

TYpe 72 gnrn firercontrol radars, oneWM-25 mrssile fire-control radar(beingfitted), one URN-20 TACAN,one ESM suite, one OQS-3 hull sonar,and one SQS-350) varlable-depthsonarComplement:340

Specification'Shirane'classDisplacement: 5,200 tons standard and6,800 tons tuIl loadDimeruions:length I5B,B m (521 ft);beam 17,5 m (57 ft 5 in); draught 5.3 m(17 ft 5 in)Machinery: geared steam turbines

I

deliveriner70,000 shp (52200 kW) totvuo shaftsSpeed:32 ktsAircraft: as 'Haruna' classArmament: as Modernized 'Haruna'classElectronics: one OPS-12 3D radar, oneOPS-28 surface-search radar, oneOPS-22 navigation radar, one WM-25missile fire-control radar, two Type 72gnrn fire-control radars, one URN-2OATACAN, one ESM suite, one OQS- lOihull sonar, one SQR- 18A towed-arraysonar, and one SQS-350) variable-depthsonarComplement:370

The 'Haruna' class and the follow-on'Shirane' desigm are the onlydestroyer-size ships in the world tocarry three large ASW helicopters aspart of their armament. Althoughverycapable ASW platforms, theyare very weak in anti-air and surfaceshipweapons.

'r trri:--*:-

€in.aii

'Tachikaze','Takatsuki' and'Hatsuytrki' classesIn order of building, the 'Takatsuki'class was the first of these three cias-ses to be constructed. Compnsing theTakatsukr (DD 164), Kikuzuki (DD 165),Mochizuki (DDl66) and lVagafsuki(DD167), the class has a typical Amer-ican appearance in having hvo singleI27-mm (S-in) qnrns and an ASROCASW missile launcher, They orignnallycarried and operated the AmericanASW DASH system for which they car-ried a hangar aft for three QH-50drones. Although DASH was unsuc-cessful in American servrce, it provedsuccessful in the Japanese navy, andwas retued from service wrth this classonly in 1977, The four ships are cur-rently undergoing major refits both toenhance their already formidabieASW armament and to improve theirweak anti-air and anti-surface arma-ments.

During the early I.970s the JapaneseMaritime Self-Defense Force neededto improve its medium-ranqe area-defence SAM capabilities and thusiaid down the three'Tachikaze' classships at three-yearly intervals from

862

JAPANE1973, These vessels are the Tacfii]<aze(DDG168), Asakaze (DDG169) andSawakaze (DDGl70) and commis-sioned in 1976, 1979 and I9B2 respec-tively. They each carry a single-railMk i3 launcher for the Standard SM-IMR missile, No helicopter facilitiesare provided, and the ASW armamentis confined to ASROC missiles and Mk46 self-defence torpedoes. In order tosave on construction costs the classadopted the propulsion plant andmachinery of the 'Haruna' class of heli-copter-carrying ASW destroyers,

The 'Hatsuyr:ki' class was ordered inthe mid-I970s as a gas turbine-powered multipurpose desigm with abalanced anti-air, anti-ship and anti-submarine sensor and armament fitfrom the outset. An aluminium-alloy su-perstructure is used, Five ships froman eventual l2-ship class were in ser-vrce by 1983, namely the Hatsuyuki(DD 122), S hi r ay u ki (DD 123), M ineyu ki(DDI24), Sawayuki (DD125) andHamayuki (DD126) with the remain-der due to commission at reenrlar hter-vals up to 1987, A slightly larger'Im-

proved Hatsuyuki'class with steel su-perstructure is due for the late 1980s,

Specification'Takatsuki'classDisplacement: (DD 164- 165) 3, 050 tonsstandard and 4,500 tons full load;

Desigmed to enhance theJapaneseM aritime Self-Defense Forces anti-aircraft defences, the guided-mksiledeslroyer Tachikaze (DDG I 6 I ) andher two sisters carry a single-rail Mk1 3 Standard MR- 1 SAM system aft toprovide area defence.

'Tachikaze','Takatsuki' and'Hatsuyuki' classes (continued)

(DD 166- 167) 3, 100 tons standard and4,500 tons fu]IloadDimensions: length i36,0 m (446 ft2 in); beam 13.4m(44 ft); draught4.4 m(14 ft 5 in)Machinery: geared steam h;rbinesdelivering 60,000 shp (44740 kW) totuvo shaftsSpeed:32 ktsAircraft: helicopter landing platform(DD166-167only)Armament: (DD i64- 165) twoquadruple Harpoon SSM launchers (noreloads), one octuple Sea SparrowSAM iauncher (no reloads), one single12?-mm (5-in) DP gun, provision fortwo 20-mm Phalarx CIWS mountings,one ocruple ASROC ASW mrssilelauncher (16 mrssiles), one Type 7l375-mm ( 14. 76-in) Bofors ASW rocketlauncher (36 rockets), and two tripleType 68 324-mm (12.75-in) ASWtorpedo tubes (6 Mk 46 torpedoes)Armament: (DD 166- 167) two single127-mm (S-in) DP gmns, one octupleASROC ASWmissile liiuncher (16missiles), one Type 7l 375-mm (14.76-in) Bofors ASWrocket launcher (36

rockets), and two tripie Type 68 324-mm (12.75-in) ASWtorpedo tubes (6Mk46 torpedoes)Electronics: one OPS- I 1B air-searchradar, one OPS-17 swface-searchradar, two Mk 56 fire-control radars(Type 72 in DDl67), one URN-20TACAN (not in DD165), one NOLR- 1BECM system (NOLQ- I in DD 165- i66with Mk36 Super RBOC chafflaunchers), one OQS-3 huilsonar, oneSQS-35(D variable-depth sonar(DD166-167 only) andone SQR-1BAtowed-array sonar (DD 164- I65 only)Complement:270

Specification'Tachikaze'classDisplacement: (DD 168- 169) 3, 850 torsstandard and 4,800 tons full load;(DD I 70) 3, 950 tons standard and 4,800tonsfullloadDimensions: leng;th 143,0 m (469 ft2 in); beam 14,3 m (46 ft 1 I in); draught4.6m(15ft1in)Machinery: geared steam turbinesde1ivering70,000 shp (52200 kW) totwo shafts

Speed:32 ktsArmament: two quadruple HarpoonSSM launchers (no reloads, in DD 170only), one single-rail Mk 13 StandardSM-IMR launcher (40 missiles), twosingle 127-mm (S-in) DP gmns, one 20-mm Phalarx CIWS mounting (beingfitted), oneoctupleASROCASW -missile launcher (16 mrssiles), and twotriple \pe 68 324-mm (12.75-in) ASWtorpedo tubes (6 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-S2B 3D radar, oneOPS- l IB (OPS-28 in DD I70) air-searchradar, one OPS- l7 surface-searchradar, two SPG-S IC Standard fire-control radars, hvo Tlpe 72 gnrr fire-control radars, two SATCOMMcommunications systems, one OLT-3ESM suite, four Mk 36 Super RBOCchaff launchers, andone OQS-3 (OQS-4 ir DD170) hull sonarComplement:260 in DDI6B, 250inDD169and270inDDI70

Specification'Hatsuwki'classDisplacement: 2,950 tons standard and3,700 tons full load

Modern Destroyers

Dimensions: length i31.7 m (€2 fr -'--beam i3,7 m(45 ft); draught4.3 m i-i:2 in)Machinery: two Rolls-Royce Olynp-TM3B.gas turbines delivering45,000 shp (3355 kllf andtwo Rolts-Royce \ne RM1C qas turbinesdelivering 10,680 shp (7965 kW) rr aCOGOGarrangement to two shaffsSpeed:30 ktsAircraft : one Mitsubishi-Skorsky SH-3Sea King ASW helicopterArmament: two quadruple HarpoonSSM launchers (no reioads), oneochrple Sea Sparrow SAMlauncher(no reloads), one sinqle 76-rnrn (3-in)DP gmns, tvvo 20-mm Phalarx CIWSmountings, one octuple ASROC AS\n-mrssiie launcher ( 16 missiles), and twctriple Type 68 324-mm (12.75-in) ASWtorpedo hrbes (6 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one OPS- I48 air-searchradar, one OPS-IB surface-searchradar, one FCS2 missile fire-controlradar, one GFCS2 gun fire-controlradar, one ECM suite, and one OQS-4hullsonarComplement 190

ITALY

'Audace'classEssentially an eniarged version of the'impavido' class hull design with great-ly improved armament and an in-creased freeboard, theA udace (D55 I)and Ardito (D550) have proved to beexcellent ships in terms of habitabilityandseaworthiness, so much so that twofurther units of an 'Improved Audace'class design are currently awaitingtfundingto repiace the two recentlyde-leted 'lmpetuoso' class destroyers. Interms of capabilities the two 'Audace'class units improve on the 'AndreaDoria' class of helicopter carriers inaknost every respect save the numberof helicopters carried. They are to re-ceive the Otomat Mk 2 SSM system inthe near fuh:re, and are rblatively rarein NATO service in having four stern-mounted 533-mm (2i.in) torpedo trrbesicr dual-role lonq-range wire-quidedactive/passive acoustic-homrig A184torpedoes aswell as self-defence 324-mm (12.75-in) tubes for American lvlk46 ASW torpedoes. The WhiteheadAI84 is a dual-role 1300-kg (2866-lb)weapon with a range of around 14 lan(8,7 miles). The two embarked ASWhelicopters carry both Mk 44 andMk 46 torpedoes, American Mk 54depth bombs, dipping sonar and sono-buoys for use against sub-surfacetargets, and the French AS.12 missilefor use agtainst surface targets. The

?fteAudace (D 551)uses anenlargedversion of the'l mpavido' class hulldesign with increased freeboard. Avastly improved armament fitincludes a hangar and flight decksuitable for operating either twoAgusta-B ell AB. 2 I ZASW or oneAgasta-Sikorsky SH-3D Sea KingASWhelicopters.

helicopters are also being providedwith the capability to provide mid-course gmidance for the Otomat mis-siles during bver-the-horizon' missileengagements.

Specification'Audace'classDisplacement 3,950 tons standard and4,559 tors fuli loadDimensions:length 136.6 m(448 ft);beam 14.23 m(46 ftB in); drausht4.6 m(rs ft)Machinery: geared steam turbinesdelivering 73,000 shp (54,435 kW) to

two shaftsSpeed:33 ktsAircraft: two Agnrsta-Bell AB, 2 I 2ASWhelicopters or one Agusta-SikorskySH-3D Sea King ASW helicopterArmament: one single-rail Mk I 3Standard SM- 1 MR SAM launcher (40mlssiles), two single 127-mm (S-in) DPgmns, four srngle 76-mm (3-in) AA guns,two triple 324-mm (12.75-in) ILAS-3ASW torpedo tubes (12 Mk 46torpedoes), andtwo twin 533-mm (21-in) torpedo tubes (12.A'184 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-52 3D radar, oneRAN2OS air-search radar, one SPQ2

T he' Audace' class, by use of modernlightweightweapon systems and themounting of a Mk I 3 SAM launcheratop the hangar, has greatercapahilities in almost every respect(save the number ofhelicopterscanied) than the 'Andrea Doria' class.

air- and surface-search radar, twoSPGS IB Standard fire-control radars,one 3RM20 navigation radar, one ESMsuite, two 20-barrel SCLAR chaffandIR decoy launchers, and one CMIE6I0hr:llsonarComplement:380

863

Destrogersin &ctfloa?Since 1945, destroyers fltave been in action on a number of occasions. Dutieshaver angeci from air defence to shore bombardment, but fighting has largely beencarried out byWorldWar ll vintage yesse/s. Not until 1982 and theFalklandscanflictdid modern- style naval forces come to battle.

Although the first major combat use of the des-troyer since World War II occurred during the1950-3 Korean War, the type saw action beforethis with the Royal Navy in two internationalincrdents. The first occurred in October i946,when lhe two Royal Nav-y destroyers HMSSaumarez and HMS l/o/age were mined by theAlbanians in the Corfu channel, the damagebeing so extensrve in ihe first ship's case that itwas eventually scrapped, In the second inci-dent, which took place in 1949, the destroyerHMS Consorl atlempted with other ships torelieve the frigate HMS Amethyst that hadbeen trapped in the Yangtze rlver by Com-munist Chinese artillery during the later stagesof the Chinese Civil War Considerable dam-age and personnel iosses were suflered by thedestroyers during these actions. The KoreanWar saw the destroyers of a number oi West-ern nations involved in the provision of f,resupport to the United Nations lorces ashore andin patrolling rhe Korean coastline for North Ko-rean activities such as minelaying or move-ment of supplies. Durrrrg these operations thedeadliest weapons they faced were coastal de-fence artillery and sea mrnes,

By 1956, "when ihe Suez landings took place,the Brrtrsh and French warships that took part(rncluding a number of destroyers) were ex-pectlngr to face the additional hazards of torpe-do craft and air attack as the spread of compa-ratively modern Soviet and C2ech arms rn iheNliddle East increased. It.,vas during this con-flrct that the two ex-British destroyersEiTat andYaIIa of the Israeli navy took part in a rare navalevent ol ihe 20th century, the capture of anenemy waiship jn this case the Egyptian fri-gate lbrahim el Awal after it had bombardedIsraeii naval targets around the port ol Haifa,Ironically it was the altack on hvo ex-WorldWar II destroyers by North Vietnamese torpe-do attack craft that off,cially brought the Amer-icans into the long drawn-out Indo-China war,'Ihe destroyers, the USS Madox and the USSTurner Joy, fought off the attacks with gnrnfireand the help of carrier aircraft. The war inVietnam allowed the widespread use of bothex-World War II destroyeis and new-buildships in a variety of roies including air direc-tion, navai gunfire support and rntelligencegathering. The June 1967 war in the MiddieEast between Israel and her Arab neighboursresulted in one of the last ciassic gun actions licrdestroyers when in july 1967 the Erlat and tv'roisraeiiiorpedo boats caught and destroyed twoEgyptian 'P6' ciass MTBs off the Sinai coast.Retribution was not long in coming, for theEilatwas sunk after being hit by three out of four'Styx' anti-ship missiles some 17 km (10,6 miles)ofl Port Said. This srnking, on 21 October, wasachieved by two Egyptran 'Komar' class missileboats supplied by the Soviets and which drdnot even have to leave the harbour. It was thedawn oi a compjetely new form o[ naval war-fare.

Naval response to the mrssile threat wasspurred {bur years later during the Indo-Pakrstan War, when the indran navy's WesternFleet deployed a mix of large surface units and

864

'Osa' mlssile craft for an attack on Pakistaninavy units off Karachi jn the largesl sLt:Iaceaction srnce 1945 before bombarding androcketing the naval base itself. In lhe battle theindian 'Styx' mrsslles sank a minesweeper andthe destroyer PNS Kiaibar as well as damag-ing other vessels. Further evidence for ihe de-mise oi the c.lassic destroyer concep: was pro-vided in 1972 during ihe North Vietnameseoffensive inio South Vietnam, when an ex-World War II destroyer, the 'Gearing' class unitUSS Higbee became ihe flrst US warship tosuffer damage in the war from an enemy airanack when a M-G flghter-bomber scored adrrect hit wuh a 2-O-kg (551-lb) hrgh-explosivebomb onone of i:s i27-mm (S-in) gun mounts, In1974 the lack of adequate anii-aircraft protec-tion and the ,,'ulnerabiiity of such ex-World WarII veterans was further highliqthted in perhapswhat was one ol the most rronic losses to haveoccurred rn ccnflict slnce 1945, when the Tur-kish destroyer Kocatepe, an ex-American'Gearing' class vessel was bombed and rock-eted in error by lbrkish air force jets rvhenthey mistook hei ior an identical Greek navy'Gearing class oes'royer tryrng to interdrct tneTwkish amphibious landings then under wayon the island oi Cyprus, The Greek fleet rn themeantrme remained well away lrom the Tur-kish thearre r: cqerations

ModernwarfareHowever, it was not until 1982 that the first of

the modern s:;le destroyers was committed tobattle when :he Anglo-Argentine war brokeout over the Faikland Islands, In the Briiishforce commi:ted. tc ihe South Atlantic opera*tions rnrere five \pe 42' and two 'County' classdestroyers, whilsi the Argentine fleet inciudeCtwo 'Type 42' class and flve assorted ex-WorldWar II Arnerican destroyers, Olthe British unltsboth the 'Counly' class vessels FiMS l,rlrimand HMS Glanorgan v,rere damaged. two olthe 'Type 42' class destroyers, HMS Corentryand HMS ShefSeld, were sunk, and a thLrd,HMS GJasgow ,',ras Camaqed, One Argentinedestroyer, the 'Allen ltl. Sumner' class vesselHipoltto Bouchard was thought to have suf-fered slight underwater damage when it washrt by a Mk 8'" rorpedo that taileci Io expJodeduringr HMS Ccnguerols sinking of the Argentine cruser Belgrano.

Exocet anti-ship mrssiles caused the sinkrngof the Saefi?e1d- the first ship lost in the conflict- and damaqe to the Glamorgan This hiqh'lighted the Royal Naq's lack ol a credrbledefence against sea-sklmming anti-shrp mis-siies Ln her front-hne destroyers and, in con-junction wrth their demonstrated tndividua]vulnerability to saturation air attacks started theRoyal Navy in a radicai change of direction,marked by increased urgency in the procure-ment of new weapons and sensors to rectilysome of the deliclencies uncovered, One argu-ment that was raised in the defence of thedestroyers iack ol an adequale delensrvearmament by several Mrnistry of Defence

tt

The Gearing' ciass oestrower LrSS F.ichard B.Andersen (DD786) opens fire ,*'iih her I E7-mm {5-in) guns an a NarthVietnamese iti-Eet w&.ijstoperating in the G u If o{ T a n kin Tirese eJderlyWorldWar II destrayers provia'ec ft* ma,roridyo/the naval gunfire suppart iuring tt.e ea: ty part cttheVietnamWaz.

soui'ces r,vas rha. fu:.: , ----i .cre ro-;n-medLaLely ri-e-Lreo . : ---:+ J.:f ! cs rne Ui(smain potential 1:rotaqorrst t:e USSR, did noihave any sucl'i sea-skirir:r:ltr ilissiles in sel-vice, but this was to sa1' lhe ,easi iallacic.us inlhe extreme as rellable Arreircae sources haialready documented the llreserce of the SS-N7 I-band active radar h.nlr-g sea-skimmingcruise missile on 'Charlie :iass ciu.ise-mlssiiesubmarines srnce they enierea service in 1967.The Mrnistry cf L)+-+r:; -r r-. - - s'-l-a'q.ar,dsdelence reviews ihen CecrCeC thal the 'Tvpe42' class shrps -vrouli af:er ai. i:e sent lor inid-life refits in order tc upgla,Je iheii -weapnn andsensor outfits. Ho''.re-;er, because oi the ever-preseni stabilitl' problems rn tne class it d-oesnot no\ r appear oossrble :o frt the Dutch 30-mn:Goalkeeper CI\,IIS as planned E-ren the lourstretched 'Type 42 class units will iiave to losetherr alt Sea Dart Type 909 guidance radar inorder to acconmodate a Sea Wolf pcinidefence missLie system *i'h ,Ls .rssoc'ia'e :

radars. Thus ihe iuture ol the destroyer 1n theRoyai Navy is not at all certain, lor poliilcians-rui11 consider the least capableships in the flee:as expensive luxr:ries that can be discarded asa result cf iherr penodic defence revtews, de-signed to cur c. srs

In the meantirne the Americans have usecsome cI tlreu Spruonce class desLrovers oiLebanon rn late 1983 and early 1984 tc provicielire support lor the US l',{arines and thel,ebanese government forces ashore, Otherdestrcyers ol the American, British and Frencrtnavies have been used io rnonitor the simrner-rng Gull War between lran and lraq oii wha:has i:ecome knov'rn as the Guif patrol tn casethe war begins io threalen the oil trade, It nor.','

only remains to be seen what the next 'shor:v,rar lvill brrng to the destroyer's list ci actions

fI '3[h"t'ctass3:-;=ally claqsed as light cruisers, theSuffren (D602) and the Duguesne_.€13)

were reclassed as 'Suffren'class d-stroyers. In actual fact they are;:led-mrssile destroyers desiqned tori-s area anfl-air warfare and ASWrr::ection to the 'Clemenceau' class

=:rafi-camers. Initial plans cailed for-::ee ships to be built as a start, wrth::::e planned, but in practtce only two;rere laid down. Buit alrnost exclnsive-.; -,'.ith French weapons and sersors,-:ey were the flrst French naval ves-sels to be desigmed to carry SAM mis-sles. and vnth three pairs of gryro-

-ntolled non-retractable stabilizers-e very stable missile platforms, Theya:e distLnquishable in Prench serviceby the isolated tall central 'mack' andile distinctrve DRBI 23 radome for-;r-ard, the radome berng unique to thisclass. In the mid-1970s both vesselsHderwent modiflcations to fit newEeapons and to upgrade the area-defence SAM system to flre only theMasurca Mk 2 Model 3 semi-activeradar homing missile. Both ships arenow serving with the FrenchMediterranean Fleet as escorts to thecarriers, being transferred there in1975. The area-defence ASW missilecarried is the Malafon, a 1500-kg(3 307-lb) I3-hn (8,1-mile) range com-mand-quided glider. This is lauached'*rth the aid of a double booster andhas as payload a 30-]<t 533-mm (21-in)L4 active/passive acoustrc-homingtASW torpedo weiqhing 540 kg( 1 , I 90 lb) and havinq a range of around5.5 kn (3.4 miles). The vessels use the35-kt 1000-ks (2,205-1b) LS Model 4 ac-

The two'Suffren'class yesse,ls arecharacterized in French navy serviceby the very distinctive radomecovering the DRBI-23 3D radarsy s tem, w hich provides target datafor the sternmounted twin-railMasurca semi-active radat homingare a defence S AM launcher. Themain ASW defence is the amidshipsMalafonASWmissilelauncher. i

tive/passive acoustic-hominq torpedoin their self-defence hlbes. These havea 150-kg (331-lb) HE warhead com-pared u,rth the 104-kq (2291b) war-head of the L4, and a range in the orderof 7 kn (4,35 miles).

Specification'Suffren'classDisplacement: 5,090 tons standard and6,090 tons full loadDimensions:lengrth 157.6 m (517 ft);beam 15,54 m (5I ft); draught 7.25 m(23 ft 9 in)Machinery: geared steam turbinesdelivering 72,500 hp (54065 kW) to twoshaftsSpeed:34 ktsAircraft: noneArmament foursingle MM.3B Exocetlaunchers (no reloads), one twinMaswca SAM launcher (48 missrles),hvo single 100-mm (3.9-in) DP guns,four single 20-mm AA gnms, one singleMalafon ASW mrssrle launcher ( 1 3missiles), and four single fixed ASW533-mm (21-in) torpedo tubes ( 10 LStorpedoes)Electronics: one DRBI 23 au-searchand target-designation radar, oneDRBV 50 surface-search radar, twoDRBR 5 I Masurca flre-control radars,one DRBC 32A fire-control radar, oneDRBN 32 navigation radar, one URN-20TACAN, one SENIT I actioninformation system, one ESM suite, twoDagaie chaf/decoy launchers, oneDUBV 23 hull sonar, and one DUBV 43variable-depth sonarComplement:355

Above: Classed initially as a missilecruiser and then as a frdgate, tfieSuffr en (D 60 2 ) was the fi rs t F renchwarship designed from the outset tocarry surtace-to-air missiles in orderto act as an ASW and anti-air wartareescort for the two French tixed-wingaircraft carr iers, Clemenceau andFoch.

m !tro" Clo'classThe 'Type C70' class rs designed toreplace both the 'Tlpe T47' and'TypeT53' class destroyers built in the 1950s,and as such is divided into two groups,one specifically for the ASW task andthe other. for anti-air warfare duties.

The eight'Type CZOIASW' vessels,the George Leygues (D640), Dupleix(D641), Montcalm (D642), Jean defienne (D643) plus four others as yetunnamed, incorporate many of the fea-twes employed in the three 'TypeF677' frrgates but on a smaller dis-placement, The first four'T1pe C70ll'ships have the same hangar and facilr-ties for the two embarked WestlandLynx helicopters, one of which isequipped for the localization, clas-sification and attack of sub-surfacetargets with dipplng sonar, Mk 44 andMk 46 torpedoes, and 161-kg (350-lb)depth bombs, whilst the other is con-figmred for the detection, identrficationand attack of small lightly-defended

866

surface targets with AS. 12 wtre-guidedand AS.ISTT command-grr-uded mis-siles. The last fow ships form a sepa-rate sub-class ('T:in,e C70/2') and willincorporate several modifications tothe basic design, including a longer-range antimissile capable CrotaleSAM system, a towed-array sonar anda rarsed bddge structwe, No MalafonASW missile system could be carriedby either sub-class because of thespace required for the gas{urbinepropulsion system and its exhaust out-lets.

The same hull is used for the 'TypeC70/AA anti-air warfare version, butthe armament and propulsion fits arecompletely different. Only the first hvoships have been ordered as yet forcompletion in 1987-8, the final two umtsbeing scheduled for commrssiorung in1990, The Mk 13 Standard missile laun-chers used wlll be refurbished unitstaken from'?ype T47'destroyers as

they pay off for replacement by the'Tlpe C70s'. The single A6rospatialeSA 365F Dauphin helicopter cariedby each ship will be used prrmarily inthe anti-surface ship role with AS. 15TTmisslles, and wrll also be capable ofproviding mid-course gutdance forover-the-horizon targeting of theMM,40 Exocets,

Specification'Type C70/ASW'classDisplacement: 3,830 tons standard and4, 170 tons full]oadDimensions: length 139,0 m (456 ft);beam 14.0 m (45 ft I I in); draught 5.7 m(18 ftB in)Machinery: CODOG arrangementwithtwo Rolls-Royce Olympus grasturbines delivering 52,000 shp(38775 kW) and two SEMT-Pielstickl6PAO CVZB0 diesels delivering10,400 shp (7755 kW) each to twbshafts

Speed:30 ktsAircraft: two Westland Lyrx anti-submadne and anti-ship helicoptersArmament: up to eightsrngle MM.38Exocet (MM. 40 Exocet from Monlcalmonwards) anti-ship mrssile launchers(no reloads), one octuple CrotaleNaval SAM launcher (26 missiles), oneslngle 100-mm (3,9-in) DP qun, hvosingle 20-mm AA gmns, and two.srnglefixed 533-mm (21-in) ASWtorpedotubes ( l0 L5 torpedoes)Electronics: one DRBV 26 air-searchradar, one DRBV 5 1C air- and surface-search radar, one DRBC 32D fire-control radar, two Decca 1226navigation radars, one SPG-SICmissrle fire-control radar, ohe SENIT 4action information system, one ARBRl7 passive ESM system, two Sagareand two Dagaie chafVdecoy launchers,one DUBV 23 hull sonar, one DUBV 43variable-depth sonar and (last fouronly) one EBTF passive towed-array

'Type C70' class (continued)

sonarComplement:216

Specification'T'ype C10/AA'classDisplacement: 4,000 tons standard and4,340 tons tulIloadDimensions:length 139,0 m (456 ft);beam 14,0 m (45 ft I I in); draught 5,5 m(18 ft)Machinery: four SEMT-PielsticklBPAG BTC diesels delivering42,300 shp (31545 kW) to two shaftsSpeed:29,6 ktsAircraft: one A6rospatiale SA 365FDauphin antr-ship helicopterArmament: four twin MM, 40 Exocetanti-ship missile launchers (noreloads), one Mk 13 single-railStandard SM-lMR SAMlauncher (40missiles), two single 100-mm (3,9-in)DP gmns, two srngle 20-mm AA guns,

Modern Destroyers

and two srngle ixed 533-mm (2l-in)ASW torpedo tubes ( 10 LS torpedoes)Electronics: one DRBJ i lB 3D radar,one DRBV26 alr-searchradar, twoSPG-5 1C SAM missile-control radars,one DRBC 32D fire-control radar, oneSENIT 6 action information system, oneA.RBR lTandoneARBB33 ESMsystems, two Dagaie and hvo SagaiechafTdecoy launchers, one DUBA 25hull sonar, and one EBTF passivetowed-array sonarComplement:241

Desigined to replace the 'Tlpe 747'and 'Type 753' classes of destroyers,the'TypeC70'is tobebuilt in twosub-c/asses/icr ASW and anti-airwarfare purposes. The lead ship otthe ASW group is ffte GeorgesLey gues (D 640 ), and she w ilI bei oined bV s evensr'ster sft ips

il iiiashin' and'Kashin(Mod)' classesBuilt as the world's first major class ofwarships powered by gas twbines, the20-ship'Kashin' class was producedfrom 1963 onwards at the ZhdanovShipyard, Leningnad (four units Ig64-6), and at the 6l Kommuna (North)Shipyard, Hikolayev (16 units 1963-72),The last ship, Sderzfiannts, was com-pleted to a revtsed design subse-quently designated'Kashin (Mod)'class by NATO, This involved lengrth-eningr the hull, modernizing the elec-tronics and fltting fow SS-N-2c 'St1x'SSM launchers, ADG6-30 CIWSmountinqs and a variable-depth sonar,Since the Sderzhanny was completedfive other ships (the 6gnevoy, Slavny,S mely, S my s hlenny and S troyny) hav eundergone conversion to this con-figmration between 1973 and 1980, In1974 the Otvzhny ofthe standard typefoundered in the Black Sea following acatastrophic explosion and fire thatlasted for five hours. Over 200 of hercrew were killed, making this theworst peacetime naval disaster sinceWorld War IL In l98l lhe Provornyre-entered service with the Black SeaFleet following conversion to the trialsship for the SA-N-7 SAM system. Apartfrom the previously mentioned unitsthe other units of this bolsh oy protivo-lodochny korabl' (large ASW ship)type are the ffomsomolets Ukrainy,K r asny-K avkaz, K rasny- K rim,Obraztsovy, Odarenny, Reshitelny,Skory, Smetlivy, Soobratzitelny, Spo-sobny, Steregushchy and .StroEry.Most are expected to serve on lnto the1990s, although a new mrssile-armeddestroyer class is expected to enterserrrice soon as their eventual replace-ments, Three further units, designated'Kashin II' by NATO, were blilt at

Nikolayev in the late 1970s for Indra;named fta.1pul (D51), Rana (D52) andRanljf (D53) these are considerablymodified in companson with the Sovietships, having only a single 76-mm (3-in) gun mount, four SS-N-2b'Styx'SSMlaunchers in pairs on each srde of thebridge, and a helicopter flight deckand hangar aft for one Kamov Ka-25'Hormone-A' ASW helicopter in placeof the after 76-mm (3-in) gun mount, Afurther three ships were believed tohave been ordered by India in 1982.

Specification'Kashin'classDisplacement: 3,750 tons standard and4,500 tons fu]IloadDimensions: lenerth 144,0 m (472 fr5 in); beam 15.8 m (51 ft 10 in); draught4,Bm(i5ft9in)Machinery: four qas turbinesdelivering96,000 shp (7l5BS kW) tohvo shaftsSpeed:36 ksAircraft: heiicopter landing pad onlyArmament: two twin SA-N- I 'Goa' SAMlaunchers (32 missiles) exceptProvorny one Iwin SA-N-7 single-railSAM launcher (24 missiles), two twin76-mm(3-in) DPguns, two 250-mm(9.84-in) RBU600 ASW rocketlaunchers, one qutntuple 533-mm (2 1-in) ASW torpedo tube mounting(exceptProvorny none), and 20-40mines (according to type)Electronics: (Prozorny) one 'Head Net-C' 3D radar, one'Top Steer' 3D radar,two 'Don Kay'navigation radairs, eight'Front Dome' SA-N-7 fire-controlradars, two 'Watch Dog' ECM systems,one'Hrgh Pole-B'IFF system, hvo 'OwlScreech' 76-mm (3-in) fire-controlradars, and one high-frequency hull

SONAIElectronics: (rest) eight ships one 'BlgNet'air-search and one 'Head Net-C'3D radars, or three ships two 'HeadNet-A' air-search radars, orSoobrazitelny t'tvo'Head Net-C' 3Dradars, two 'Peel Group' SA-N- I fire-control radar, two 'Don Kay' or 'Don 2'navigation radars, two 'Owl Screech'76-mm (3-in) fire-control radars, two'Watch Dog'ECMsystems, two 'HighPole-B' IFF systems, and one hiqh-frequency hull sonarComplement:280

Specification'Kashin(Mod)'classDisplacement: 3,950 tons standard and4,650 tons full loadDimensions:length 147.0 m (482 ft3 in); beam 15,8 m (51 ft 10 in); draught4,Bm(15ft9in)Machinery: as'Kashin' classSpeed:35 ktsAircraft: helicopter landing pad onlyArmament: four single SS-N-2c 'Styx'SSM launchers (no reloads), two twin

Although cons truction of the'Kashin'

Sovietnavy, the class inaheavilymodifiedformiasbeenreintroduced specifically for exporttolndia.

SA-N- l'Goa' SAM launchers (32missiles), four 30-mm ADG6-30 CIWSmountings, two 250-mm (9.84-in)RBU6000 ASW rocket launchers, andone qurntuple 533-mm (21-in) ASWtorpedo tube mountingElectronics: one'Big Net' aft-searchradar, one 'Head NelC'3D radar,(excepl Ognevoy two'Head Net-A' air-searchradars), two 'Don Kay'navigation radars, two 'Owl Screech'76-mm (3-rn) fire-control radars, two'Bass Tilt' CIWS fire-control radars, two'Peel Group' SA-N- 1 fire-controlradars, two 'Bell Shroud' and two 'BellSquat' ECM systems, four lO-barrelchaffand IR decoy launchers, onemedium-frequency hull sonar, and onelow-frequency variable-depth sonarComplement:300

T he' K as hin' class ll'rsf en f eredsewice in the early 1960s with the lastof 20 units commissioning in J972.Surptisingly, only sk haveundergone extensive modilicationsduring that time to form the 'KashinM od' sub- clas s, whils t the other shave undergone only normal refits.

'"@fr

867

-Udaloy' class

fhe Udaloy' class (Sovlet desiemation ries a targeting and mid-course gnl-bolshoy protivolodochny korabl', or dance unit for the 'Silex' missiles, solarge ASW ship) was originally given making it posslble for the missile's 55-the provisional NATO codename Bal- lan (34,l-mtle) maximum range to beCom 3. The two shrps operatronal in exploited fulty, If thts is correct, theearly 1984, the Udaloy and filse capabih$ of the 'Udaloys'tsconsider-Admirat Kulakov, are similar in con- ably enhanced over that of other Sovietcept to the American 'spruance' class ASW ships, it belng thought prevtouslyASWdestroyers, eventotheuseof gas that only suitably equlpped surfaceturbine propulsion. The class ts under ships could gmide the 'Silex'. The self-construCtion at the Yantar Shipyard defence SAM carried is the vertical-(Kaliningnad) and the Zhdanvo Ship- launch SA-N-B system, with an as-yetyard (Leningrad), and it is estimated unidentified mssile in eight sx-roundihat around a dozen will be in service launch bins.by the end of the decade, The classhas four funnels in an arrangement Specificationsimilar to that of the 'Kashin' class mis- . 'Udaloy'classslle destroyers, and carries two quad- Displacement:6,T00tonsstandardandruple launchers for the SS-N-I4'Silex' 8,200tonsfullloadmissile as the main armament, A uni- Dimensions:length 162 0 m (531 ftque twin hanqar system with assocr 6in); beam193m(63ft4in); draughtated he[copter flight deck is located 6.2 m(20 ft4 in)aft for tvuo Kamov Ka-27'Helx-A' ASW Machinery:fourgasturbinestnahelicopters. These carry dtpping so- COGOGarrangementdelivertng^nar, sonobuoys, a suiface-search 120,000shp(B94B5kW)totwoshaftsradar, nuclear or conventional depth Speed:34ktscharges, and 450-mm (17,7-in) ASW Aircraft:twoKamovKa-27'Hehx-A'torpedoes for therr anti-submarine ASWhelicoptersro16, and can be used in all-weather Armament:hvoquadrupleSS-N-14and night dipping sonar operations, It 'Silex'ASWmissile launchers (no

-

is probable ihat the 'Helix-A' also car- reloads), eight SA-N-B SAM launchers

(48 missiles), two sinqle 100-mm (3.9-in) DP guns, four 3O-mm ADG6-30CIWS mountings, two 250-mm (9,84-in)RBU60O0 ASW rocket launchers, twoquadruple 533-mm (2f -in) ASWtorpedo tubes, and 30-50 mines(depending on type)Electronics: two 'Strut Paii'air- andsurface-search radars, three'PalmFrond' navigation and helicopter-control radars, two unoccupiedpositions or missile fire-control radars,tvuo 'Eye Bowl' SS-N- I4 fire-controlradars, one ,Klte Screech' 100-mm (3.9-in) fire-control radars, two 'Bass Tilt'CIWS fire-control radars, two 'RoundHouse' TACAN, two'High Pole-B' IFF,one 'FIy Screen-B' aircraft landing aid,hvo 'Bell Shroud' and hvo 'Bell Squat'ECM systems, two twin-barrel chaffand IR decoy launchers, one low-frequency bow sonar, and one low-frequency vanable-depth sonarComplement:300

Right: Fitted with eight launchers Iora new vertical launch point defenceSAM system plus theusualvarietyotSovietASW weapon systems, the' U d aloy' cl as s of ASW des troyer iswell capable of taking care of itself inu nf r i e n d ly w a te r s whi ]s t pr o se cu tinga submailne contact. Below: The 'Udaloy' class, according

to the latest American intelligencereports, is being constructed at avery fast rate with up to six unitsoperational and another five eitherbeing built or fitted out at twodifferent shipyards. This building ofspecialist surtace sfi rb c,lassesfollowsthedoctrinelaiddownby :

Admiral Gor shkov in the I 9 60 s.

E filur"*enny'classKnown originally as BaICom 2 (BalticCombatant no, 2) by NATO, the'Sov-remenny'class took over the construc-tion slipway at the Zhdanov Shrpyard,Leningrrad, that had been used by the'Kresta II'ASW cruiser class, Tlvo un-its, the .Sovremenny and Otchyanny,are currently in service wrth additionalunits joining at yearly intervals froml9B3 onwards. Designated by theSoviets as eskadrenny minonosets(destroyer), the class is devoted to sur-face strike warfare with a self-defenceSAM system and a hmited ASW capa-bihty. The propulsion plant is of thepressurized geared steam turbinetype, and the desigm is the first Sovtetwarship type to be fitted wlth a tele-scoping helicopter hangar amidshipsnext to the helicopter landinq platform,The main armament comprises twoquadruple SSM launchers for the newSS-N-22 (an improved and higher-speed version of the SS-N-9 'Siren')fitted with either a 500-kg (1, 102tb) HEor 2O0-kiloton nuclear warhead, T\rvohvrn l30-mm (5.12-in) fully automaticwater-cooled gun mounts are alsofitted fore and aft: controlled by a'KlteScreech' H-band fire-control radar,these can engaele surface targets out to28000-m (30,600-yard) range, The SAMsystem fltted is the SA-N-7, which usestwo single-rail launchers and sx'FrontDome' radar directors. The Mach 3 SA-N-7 rs a navalized version ofthe Sovtet

868

army's solid-fuel SA- I I missile and willevenhrally replace the SA-N-I 'Goa'asthe navy's medium-ranqe SAM system,Target engagement altitudes are be-tween 300m (I00ft) and 14000m(45,930 ft) with a minimum ranqe of3km (1.86 miles) and a maximumrange of z8knn (17,4 mrles). It is esti-mated that by the late 1980s 10 'Sov-remenny' class will be in service,

Specification'Sowemenny'classDisplacement: 6,200 tons standard and7,800 tons full loadDimensions:length 155.6 m(510 ft6 in); beam 17.3 m(56 ft9 in); draught6,5 m(21 ft4.in)Machinery: gteared hrrbo-pressurizedsteam turbines delivering 100,000 shp(74570 kW) to two shaftsSpeed:36 }ctsAircraft: one Kamov Ka-25 'Hormone-B' missile-gnridance/Elint helicopterArmament: hvo quadruple SS-N-22SSM launchers (no reloads), two singleSA-N-7 SAM launchers (48 missiles),two twin l30-mm (5, 12-in) DP gnrns,

four 3O-mmADG6-30 CIWS mountings,two RBUIOOO 300-mm ( I I.B-in) ASWrocket launchers, hvo twin 533-mm(2 1-in) ASW torpedo hrbes, and 30-50mines (according to type)Electronics: one 'Top Steer' 3D radar,three 'Palrn Frond' navigation andhelicopter-control radars, one'Band

The'Sowemenny' class introduced anew f u lly- au tom ati c w a te r - c oo le d1 30-mm (5 . 1 2-in) dual-purpose grun

Stand' SS-N-22 fire-control radar, trrvo'Bass Tilt' CIWS fire-control radars,one'Kite Screech' I30-mm (5, 12-in)fire-control radar, six 'Front Dome' SA-N-7 fire-control radars, two 'Bell

into sewice, as well as a telescopichelicopter hangar forward of thelandingpad.

Shroud' and two'Beil Squat' ECMsystems, two hvin-barrel chaf7iRdecoy launchers, and one medium-frequency hull sonarComplement:350

The lvlodern Soviet DestrogerNowherehas theriseof.Sovietpowerbeenmoreevidentthanintheexpansionof theSoviet navy. What was basically a coastal force in I 945 is now a potent blue-waterIIet, and the destroyer forces have undergone a similar transformation. Theextremely capable new generation of Soviet tighting ships looks to pose a severeproblem to NATO planners.

Il the West there is a wide range of warshipsmeaninglessly humped together as 'des-Eoyers'. The Soviet fleet, too, operates a simi-larly wide band of ships and, though Westernreferences tend to apply the same blanket ter-minology to them, the Soviets group them dif-ferently in a scheme broadly based on function.

Until recently the Soviet term 'destroyer'meant a flotilla{ype vessel of classical layout(older ships of low capability in modern terms)such as the 'Skory' and 'Kotlin' classes, built tothe ideas of Worid War II and only superficiallymodernized. Beginning in 1981, however, thenew 'Sovremenny' class destroyers began tocommission, ships with over twice the dis-placement and a heavy bias toward anti-surface ship operations, Taken in conjunctionwith the fr-rnctions of the older vessels, thiswould seem to point to the Soviet idea of adestroyer as being essentially a ship forflghting other ships.

There are, of course, anomalies. For inst-ance, the 'SAM Kotlin' conversions havechanged their function but not, apparently,their categorization. Conversely the'Kildins',which once carried the monstrous SS-N-]'Scrubber' SSM on their 'Kotlin' type hulls, havemostly been rearmed with the smaller SS-N-2c'Stia<'. They still, however, bear their earlierSoviet label of 'large missile ship' rather thanreverting to 'destroyer' as might have beenexpected.

The third category of Soviet 'destroyer' is the'large anti-submarine ship', thought it shoutd beunderstood that this bracket extends upward toembrace also the 'Kara'and'Kresta II' classes,known as'cruisers' in the West. Anomalies ex-ist here also, the oldest of the type, the 'Kanins',having minimal ASW capacity. Perversely, thel9-strong 'Kashin' class has a strong AAW bias.Both these and the older 'Kanirs' have onlyrocket-launchers and torpedo hrbes for ASwork, neither type boasting variable-depth so-nar or organic helicopter. Their classificationmay, therefore, represent their dedication toan ASW gnoup rather than refer to any indi-vidual potential.

Oniy in 1981, in fact, did a destroyer-sizedlarge AS ship' class with any real potential in

this direction enter service, This was the 'Uda-loy' which together with the 'Sovremenny' and'Kashin' classes represents the state of the art inASW, ASUW and AAW as applied to Sovietdestroyer-sLed ships.

Only comparatively recently has the Sovietfleet reached the point where it is beginning toinitiate problems for the West, rather than torespond to Western developments. This newthresholdwas marked by the entry into serviceof the so-called'battle-cruiser' Krovin I980. Animmensely powerfi..r1 ship, the.trirov will play arole analogous to the American 'lowa' classbattleships in forming the core of a SurfaceAction Group (SAG). Soviet doctrine empha-sizes the importance of surface ship support forsubmarine operations. Geography demandsthat their submarines need to transit certainchoke points which will, inevitably, be hotlycontested with the West. There wiil be an ob-vious role for a surface group which can notonly frustrate Western formations in theirefforts but also survive in a very high threatenvironment while, if possible, extendingflrther Soviet ASW on the spot. It was, there-tore, to be expected that the Soviets wouldproduce ships complementary to the liriov,and these have materialized in the cruiser Sia-va in 1983 and the destroyer Sowemenny in1981.

SurfacewarfareThe Sozremenny is the first Soviet destroyer

desigmed with an ASUW bias since the im-mediate post-war period. She and her ciasswill be assigmed to the Northern and PacificFleets to assist in the control of the vital GIUKand Okhotsk Sea gaps; in the former case parti-cularly, the weather will prove as tough a prob-Iem as opposing fleets. Unlike the more com-fortable postings to the Mediterranean SthEskadra, there will not be time for the lengthy,morale-sapping periods spent at anchoragesfar offshore, A new range of sensors andweapons has been installed, and a high level oftraining and skills will be required for theireffective use. It is likely, therefore, that the'Sovremenny' class ships will have drafted tothem a high proportion of career men rather

An aerialview of the BPKUdaloy. Her mainarmamentis two quadruple launcftersfor &eSS-N- I 4 'Silex' ASW missile and two Ramov Ka-27'Helix' ASW helicopters, backed up by anextensive array of electronics and an anti-atsaftdefence oI 100-mm (3.9-in) guns, ADG6-30 Gatlingguns and vertical-launch SA-N-8 SAMs.

than the ill-educated conscripts who abound rithe Soviet fleet. .

The Sozremenny is a robust-lookinS, hiShfreeboard ship, configrured to operation in r:n-pleasant weather. ASW gear is mimmal. NoVDS is fitted and the hull-mounted sonar wouldbe of only intermittent use in northern waters.The only helicopter carried is a 'Hormone-B',equipped with a surveillance radar and a dataIink for over-the-horizon identification andtargeting rather than ASW. As only one helt-copter is shipped, the teiescopic hangar has

Two conventional gun- and torpedo-armed 'Kotlin'c/ass destroyers with a SA-N- I Goa-equipped'Kotlin' SAM conversion in the Mediterranean areabout toundergo refuelling from aSoviet tanker.The'Kotlins', together with a few active'Skory'c]ass desfrolert are the last remaining majorSovjet surface sft ips to carry 533-mm (21-in) anti-shiptorpedoes.

869

The Modern Soviet Destroyer

Above:The latesl c/ass lobe designated'EM'is the'Sovremenny' class. Although not carrying anti-ship torpedoes, its major weapon system is thesupersonic sea-skrmm.rhgSS-N- 2 2 anti-ship cruisemissile,which is backed up by two twinfully-automatic 130-mm (5.I2-in) gun turrets capable ofvery highrates offire. ,{ '- * -

-l{

i* rtlf::

:*.+te€

4x,rj*. 't aa a a riirT

*iirjri?,iiaqi ii:+, -i I

Modern Destroyers

been sited well forward, this in turn allowingfre flight pad also to be moved forward, con-siderably reducing ship's acceleration effectsand permitting a widening of its operationalenvelope,

Although the side quadruple canister/laun-chers look superficially like those of earlierASW ships, they contain the new 95-km (60-mile) SS-N-22 for use against surface targets.This range is no better than Western SSMs offar smaller size, though the Soviets may wellhave the option ofa nuclear warhead. A 24-km(I5-mile) ranged SA-N-Z SAM launcher is sitedat each end, with six separate directors going aiong way to counter the problems of saturationattack. To tackle 'leakers' a 30-mm Gatling-type gnrn rs slted at each corner. The medium-calibre gun is back in favour, two twin 139-mm(5. 19-in) mountings being fitted, They have wa-ter-cooled barrels, pointing to a high rate offire. Clearly the ships are intended to hold theirground.

Anti-submarine warfareThe ASW destroyer Udaloy and her class

make an rnteresting contrast. Of a size withboth 'Sovremenny' and an American'Spruance'class, its concepts are widely different, Udaloyalso has the solid Iook of a ship designed for usern hostile climatlc environments and her role isimportant, not only in the prevention of West-

ern SSNs' efforts to interdict Sovlet submarinesbut possibly also in the prosecution of WesternSSBNs themseives. Two of the new Helix' AShelicopters are carried, their bulk demandingan all-aft locatron for flightpad and hangar. Thepad itself gains useful freeboard from beingsited above the stowage for the towed variabledepth sonar. Compared with that of the Sorz-remenny, lhe Udaloy's more steeply rakedbow betrays a larger, lower-frequency sonar.

In severe northern condltions, hull-mountedsonars and helicopters are, for half the time,either lnoperable or degraded in perform-ance, and it is noticeable that the Soviets haveconcentrated on producing alternative meansof locating and attacking submerged targets.They have been fitting VDS and towed passivearrays ior a consrderable period and haveaccumulated much experience in their use, Byvirtue of temperaiure and density effects,sound energy travelling through water isducted and distorted, tending to be concen-trated in the so-called 'converqence zones',spaced regnrlarly (about 60 km/37 miles) at in-tervals from the source, A quiet ship, streaminga passive array at depth, can easily locate atarget at this range, and, as modern sub-marines carry stand-off anti-ship mlssiles, sheneeds also an AS weapon to hit the target first atthis considerable range. In the Udaloy, thisweapon is the SS-N-14 'Silex', set in quadruple

Above and below: Perhaps the mosl r'mpressive of the new generation ofSoviet surface warships of destroyer size is the 'Sowemenny' class, built forthe surface strike role. LatestAmerican intelligence reports indicate that atleast four are operational,with another five on the slipways being builtorfitted ouL More are expected, with the production run at the Zhdanovshipyard, Leningrad,likely to continue into the next decade to give afinal totalof between I 5 and 20 units for NATO to worry about.

871

The Modern Soviet Destroyer

Above: Photographed by anRAF Nimrod, this'Kotlin' class destroyer was having a close look atan Esso oil rig off the Orkney islands as part oftheS oviet navy's intelligence-gathering role.

Below: A 'Kynda' class ml'ssr7e crujser a nd a ,Kanin,clas s SAM -equipped destroyer practice underwayreplenishment with a' B oris Chilkin' class tankeroff Hawaii.

launchers beneath each bridge wing.Altholghthis weapon will almost certainly car-ry a homing torpedo out to the first converg-ence zone, it will be inaccurate if targeted oniyon the data from a passive sonar. If the helicoplters are inoperable for the purposes of ptn-pointing the target, a saturation approach r.rsinga nuclear warhead would be attractive to theSoviets.

Dedicated to ASW, Ihe udaloy would prob-ably need the support of another vessel witharea-defence SAMs, as she is armed only wrthvertical{aunch SA-N-8 point-defence missiles,probably replacements for the widely-usedSA-N-4'Gecko'.

What the Soviets lack at the moment is amodern AAW destroyer, the latest being the'Kashin' class of 'double-enders', the eariiest ofwhich have now been in service for over Z0years armed with the 30-krn (18.6-mile) SA-N-l'Goa'. With the Soviets' first large fixed-wingcarrier due to enter service in the iate 1g80s anew escort can be expected. As one of the'Kashins' was satisfactorily converted as trialsship for the 30-km (18.6-mile) range SA-N-Zused in the Sow'emenny, it is possible thatfurther 'Kashins'will be so converted, thoughthis is not common Soviet practice.

A noticeable feature of Soviet ships is theirheavy and diveise armament. Even before theFalklands war underllned the vital need ofclose-in weapons systems (CIWS) they com-monly fitted severai 30-mm Gatling{ype gn_rns.

All carry long torpedo tubes that can equallywell be employed against erther surface orsrrbmarine targets. Most can lay mines. TheSoviets recognize that their ships wrll need todefend themselves in order to carry out theirtasks and that vesseis unable to do this areliabilities.

'Sovremenny' class Soviet destroyr

q

-

alz

Modern Destroyers

Soviet Destroyer DesignationsTne Soviet navy traditionally had a conventional classif ication of general-purpose

..,riuo"r .Jtdqoiized in the Western size terminology as cruisers, destroyers,

;;";i5;ic. Fi;i,euer, in the latter half of the 1960s th-ere was introduced a new

ilit"r *6i"f'l"tfeci"O tf'r" Oeployment oI mo_st Soviet new-build surface ships

rjfiias nSW pfatforms: to tfrieiisting classification (see below) were added

' irnii-tun.'i tine cru iser (p roti vo lod och ny *reyser,, or PKR),, i r.ii" i"tl-irbmarine srtip iool'slov protivotodochnv korabl', or BPK\' andI r smill anti-submarine ship (maly prolivolodochnY korabl , or lvlt'K)'

Tne orioinal classification comprisedrai rocktt cruiser (raketnny kreyser, or RKR),rbt cruiser {krevser. or KR),.i turqe robkei ship (bol'shov raketnny korabl', or BRK\,,ct deitrover leskadrennv minonosets, or EM),er oatrol shio lstrorozhevov korabl', or SKR), and

''' 'rocket cutter (raketny kater, or RKA)

Thus a desiqnation could be applied to every major warship that re{lected its

combat role. li addition to this the Soviets also use lhe rang kraDI.Ya (snrp ranKl

imsiitication based on the ship's role, firepower capabilities, displacement and

crew size. The ranking assigned gives an rdea of the.senrorlty or m.e, sl'q,:commanding of{icer, ihe stalus of the ship's crew and the degree ollogrstlcslooort thaithe ship will receive. For the classes given above the ranKlngs are'isi 'Rank - PKR. RKR and KR,2nd Rank - BRK, BPK and EM, and3rd Rank - MPK, SKR and RKA.

ln a basic comparison of the Soviet ships designated as d-estroyer by the

WesGin naiions dniy tour out of nine classes actuaiiy have the Soviet destroyerc"".n"tion eV. Ot tire t"miinaer, four (the'Kashin',''Kashin (Mod)" 'Kanin'and:,jj"Y"Jil]u*"il ur" .tuir"O "i BpKs, whilst the 'Kildin'class has the designa---;";'BhK.'Th;iM;dt;At."ge ftot the classic torpedo- and gun-armed

Skorv, and ,Kotlin,desiqns through the SAM.equipped converSlons oT a numoer

rl)i&riiiiY tii';; ;ith"" ;;;imioetn tvpes in thb soviet naval inve-ntory' the

t";t"t;;;;';lasies. Trrislaiilrii neen'nuitt speciflcallv for tl':,t'Il,tE titlg'.e, *O utiti2"s a heavy gun battery witha number of supels^o.ryc s99--sl'TTll9cruise missiles as its main armament. A medium-range sAM system ls also

carried in orderto provide the ship with protection whilst it carries out rts prlmary.nission.''in"i6i,ns

of employment these destroyer-sized classes tend to.operate as part

oi l,jttuC" l.iion oi submarine hunter-killer task g-roups,.and on numerous

.ccaslons have provided invaluable political support for soviet torelgn polrcyiyr.sitino third-woild countries in out-of-area f leet deployments. Some 01 tne oloer

;;il;";;;;;; .'rJ,li,i""io"a more substantiat mititbrv support.in the Jorm of

inoie 5omnaroments to help pro_Moscow regimes fighting agatns^t.rebeilrousjorces.

this beinq particularlv true of the Ethiopian contllcts where bKory .classi;#;;;;; ;;a %i[";-So;i6t vessels have lhelled tarsets held bv Eritrean

suerrilla units.' in" f",i6'.""ti-submarine ship (BPK) can use its onboard command and control

computers to serve as the command ship of a coastal hunter/killer force com-orisinq the larqer classes of SKRs. ln a typical operation by such a grouplmpldying seaich-and-attack techniques, the smaller SKR units transmit theirioriardniy outputs to the command 6hip, which then assesses and collates theintoimitloh Oeiore assigning attack couises and speeds to each individual unit in

orAe, to reduce the arei of'uncertainty of the target's position. As soon as thepiobabilit' of the target being within d givenarea is at a maximum, the leader6rO"is tf'.i gtorp to c6ncentra"te all availa-ble RBU rocket-launcher fire within thatzone an order to ensure a kill.--

for if'e ooen-oceun hunter/killer qroups the destroyers take the place of.theSKRs ind i6porr to ASW command-ships q! cruiser-size and.above. lf requiredtfr"

"o'nrnunO capabilities of the BPK br EM can be extended to include the

iontrol of combinbd torpedo and missile craft brigades during attacks on enemysurface units, the desiroyer-sized vessel acting as the co-ordinator tor tne

ou"rrtiutluCf 'to

ensure th'at the various craft release their weapons in such a

,unnbiur t" both surprise and to overwhelm any possible defences that may

be encountered.--Two-of the converted destrover classes, the'Kashin (Mod)' BPK anq -the'Kildit BRk, have specialist 'taitletale' roles, for which they carry aft-firing

SS-N-2C 'Styx' missiies. ln theory this requires the destroyer to follow a high-value enemy surface unit or group of ships- in time of tension as a shadowlngu".."itrund-itting continuo"us updates of ,the potential

-targets' course and

soeed to the headquarters of the Soviets'ocean surveillance system nearMoscow for missile:targeting purposes. lf war then.breaks. out a long-rangemissile strike is launched usiiq the data sent, whilst the 'tattletale' turns away(oresentinq her stern towards'the enemy) and fires her shorter-range 'Styx'

missiies to"join in the strike. ln practice, if the 'tattletale' has been assigned totottow i NatO carrier it usuallV f inds itself with an unwelcome umbrella of attackairciatt, *hich haue the speciiic job of blowing the ship out of the water shouldf'oitiiit"s break out. Durjng the peacetime tiailing of NATO surface units bytnese itrrpi anO other destr5yers 6n intelligence-gaihering missions, there have

neen sevbrat instances of neir misses and collisions, including severalthat have

invotveO Royal Navy ships. This has not been exactly one-sided. as WesternOuri-V"rr cjn similbr inielligence missions have also 'accidentally' hit Sovietshios.- ioi tf'e immediate future the Soviets intend to continue building both the'sovremenny' and 'Udaloy' classes at the rate of some four units per year rn

oiOer to repl6ce less capa6le ships, This f ollows the maxim of the commander-in-cf,iet of if,e Soviet fleet. the lebendary Admiral Sergei Gorshkov, that spe_cial-

litirituc" ships *ere to be con'structed to fulfil a single role. With the 'Sov-

remenny' clasi the designation EM will live on in the Soviet navy, although rt wlllno long6r conjure up th6 picture of the sleek and fast torpqdg- and gun-armedSoviet"destroyers 6f the 1950s but rather brrng.to mind the more slnlstermisslte-equipr;ed vessels that characterize the Soviet fleet of today New clas-l"iiJr"rjtui" bolLthe 'sovremenny' and 'Udaloy' designs on the slipways inthe late 1'980s are already believed to be on the drawing boards, and only timewill tell what they will look like.

1 Mine release ports2 Stern lights3 Chafflauncher4 Minelaying/torpedo

reloading rails set into deck5 Balancedrudder6 Screw (twin)7 ScrewsupportI Shaft9 Gunhouse

10 Twin 130-mmguns'1 1 Turntable12 Ammunition hoist13 SA-N-Tlauncherl4 lvlagazine15 RBU'1000 rocketlauncher16 Flightdeck

17 Safetynets1B Blastscreen19 Kamov'Hormone-B'

helicopter (notAS type)20 Hangar21 Hangarextension22 30-mm Gatling gun23 Liferafts24 Stores25 Machineroom26 Auxiliaryengine room27 Main engine room28 Steamturbineroom29 Funneluptake30 lntakes/ventilators31 Funnel32'FrontDome' iirecontrol

radarforSA-N-7 and30-mm guns

33'Fish Bowl' surface targetdetection radar

34 Crane35 Lifeboat36'Palm Frond' navigation

radar37 'Top Steer'/'Top Knot'

combination air searchradar

38'KiteScreech' gunfirecontrol radar

39 Radarcontrolarea40 Maincontrolarea41 N/ain 'Front Dome'fire

control radar42'FrontGlobe'telemetry

antenna forSS-N-2243 Torpedotraining

machineryspace44 533-mm twin torpedo

tubes

45 Radiodirectionfinder46 Naviqationbridge47'Band Stand' radomefor

tracking SS-N-2248 Radioroom49 OuadSS-N-2250 HandlingareaforSA-N-75l Breakwater52 Magazine53 Fuel54 Crew55 Capstan56 Capstan room57 Chainroom58 Anchor59 Prow60 Waterline6'1 Sonar

10

Eil iiroq,rois'classOrdered in 1968 as anti-submarinedestroyers, the four 'DDH 280' classdestroyers HMCS /roguojs (280),HMCS lluron (2BI), HMCS Athabas-kan (282) and HMCS ,{/gron quin (283)are a revised version of the eight Tar-tar SAM-equipped 'Tribal' class ofgeneral-purpose ftigates cancelled in1963, They have the same hull desigm,dimensions and basic characteristicsas the 'Tribals' but have enhancedASW features such as three sonars, aheiicopter flight deck and tv'nn hangarfor two licence-built Srkorsky CH-124Sea King ASW hehcopters, Theweapors and sensor fit rs a mixed bagwrth an Itallan 127-mm (S-in) OTO-Melara Compact gun, two feur-raillaunchers for the American Sea Spar-row SAM system that retract into a de-ckhouse in the forward part of the su-perstructure, Dutch and Americanelectrorucs, and a British ASW mortar,The last is the ubiquitous triple-barrelled Mk I0 Limbo that fires 175-kg (385{b) hydrostatic or proximityftrsed HE projectiles to a maxmumrange of900 m (985 yards) and down todepth of 375 m (I,230 ft). The Sea Spar-row system uses a ship{aunched ver-sion of the AIM-7E Sparrow arto-airmissile, and is reputed to be able toengage targets flymg between 15 and15240m (50 and 50,000ft) at rangesfrom l4.9lcn (9.25 miles) Io 22.2Wn(13,86 mrles) depending upon targetheight. For a new class of helicopter-carlying destroyers due shortly, theHuron tested a vertical-launch Spar-row system in 1982. For the embarkedheJicopters the ships carry both theactive acoustic-hominq 30 kt Mk 445.5lan (3.44-mile) range torpedo mtha 34-kg (75-1b) HE warhead for use inshallow waters, and the active/passiveacoustrc-homing 45-kt II-km (6.84-mile range) Mk 46 torpedo with a 43.5-kg (96-lb) HE warhead for deep-waterwork. It is expected that all four ships

wili be modernized for service into the1990s.

Specification'Iroquois'classDisplacement: 3,55 I tons standard and4,700 tons fir]l loadDimensions: length 129.8 m (426 ft);beam I5.2 m (50 ft); drausht 4,4 m (14 ft6 in)Machinery: two Pratt & Whitney FT4Agas turbines delivering 50,000 shp(37285 kW) and two Pratt & WhitneyFT12AH3 cruising gas hrbinesdelivering 7,400 shp (5520 kW), both to

fuiro shaftsSpeed:29 ktsAircraft: two Sikorsky CH-I24 Sea KingASWhelicoptersArmament: two quadruple SeaSparrow SAM launchers (32 missiles),one single 127-mm (S-in) DP gnrn, onetriple-barrel Mk I0 ASW mortar, andtwo triple Mk32 324-mm (12.75-in)ASWtorpedo tubes (i2 Mk46torpedoes)Elestronics: one SPS-50 I air-searchradar, one SPQ2D surface-search andnavigation radar, two WM-22 weapon-control radarsystems, one URN-20

The 'lroquois' class destroyer HMCSH,N on ( 2 8 1 ) Iaunches a S ea S parrowSAM missile from her starboard sidemissi,le rackjus t forward of thebridge. The design allows for thecarriage and operationof twoIicence-built CH- I 24 Sea Kings.

TACAN, one WLR-I ECMsystem,ULQ-6 ECMsystem, tvuo Corvus chafflaunchers, one SQS-505 bowsonar,one SQS-505 variable-depth sonar,and one SQS-50 I target-classifrcationhullsonarComplement:2BS

?fte koquois (2 80) wascommissioned in J uly I 97 2 and withher three sisterslripst's desfihed loserve on into the late I 990s as themaj or ASW platform of theCanadianNavy. A new class willsupplement them from the late I 9 80sonwards to rcplace the older frigatesnow approaching the end of theiroperational lives.

-1*l

ABGENTINA

'Meko 360H2'classOrigrnally to have been a class of six,wrth four to have been built in Argenti-na. the 'Meko 360H2' class desigm isbased on the modularized systemsconcept whereby each ofthe weaponsard sensor systems carried form aseparate modular unit and can be in-terchanged with a replacement ornewer system without the usual recon-structron that otherwise accompanresthe modernization of a ship. The final

874

agreement signed with the West Ger-man firms of Thyssen Rheinstahl andBlohm und Voss rn December I97Bwas for four ships to be built in WestGermany, A11 four, Ihe AlmiranteErown (D10), La Argentina (DII),Heroina (D5) andSarandr's (D13), wrllcommission in 1983-4, the first pair hav-lng done so in 1983, During the Falk-lands war the ships were under con-struction, and the Britrsh Rolls-Royce

Olympus and Tlne gas turbines whichpropel them were embargoed for ashort time, They are officlally classedas frigates, and their near sjster is theNigerian navy's Aradu (FB9), whichwas ordered in November 1977 as thefirst warship in the world to use exten-sive modular prefabrication and con-tarnerized weapons in buildinq, Shediffers from the Argentine vessels inhaving Otomat Mk 2 SSMs, a sinsle

helicopter and a combined diesel orgas turbine (CODOG) propulsion sys-tem, The Meko modular building tech-nique has since been extended tosmaller frigate designs.

Specification'Meko 360H2'classDisplacement: 3,360 tons fulIloadDimensions:length 125.9 m (413 ft

Meko 360H2' class (continued)

- rn); beam 14.0 m (46 ft); draught 5,8 m:.9 ft)Machinery: four Rolis-Royce gas:rrbines (two Olympus TM3B and trlroTyne RMIC) in COGOG arrangementdeliverrng 51,800 shp (38625 kW) tofwo shaftsSpeed:30.5 ldsAircraft: hvo light ASWtype (stillto bechosen)Armament: two hvrn MM.40 Exocetlauncher (no reloads), one octupleAlbatross SAM launcher (24 missiles),

Initially tohave been a class of six,withfour tohave been builtin

one sinqle 127-mm (S-rn) DP gn-n, twohvin 40-mm AA gnrns, and tvrro triple324 -mm (12.7 1-in) ILAS-3 ASWtorpedo tubes (18 Whitehead A244lStorpedoes)Electronics: one DA-OBA air- andsurface-search, one ZW-06 navigationradar, one WM-25 flre-control systemwrth STIR facillties, one AEG-Telefunken ECM suite, two 2O-barrelSCLAR chaffand IR decoy launchers,and one Atlas B0 hull sonarComplement: l9B

Right: The first two of the' Meko 360'des troyer s, Almirante Brown (D/ 0)andLaArgentina(DI l) undergo seatrials off WestGermany Thecommis sioning of these ves sels andlfterrsislersfiips into the Argentinenavy represents a sigmificantincrease in its capabilities thatwilltax the Royal Navy heauily in anyfuture conflict that may break outover the Falkland Islands.

Argentina, that country's order wassubsequently changed to four 'Meko360H2' destroyers to be built byBlohm und Voss at Hamburg and six'Meko 140A16'class corvettes to bebuilt by A.FNE at Rio S antiago inArgentina.

ffi ibounty'class

The title 'destroyer'was applied to the'County' class ships in order to obtainTreasury approval for their construc-tion, but they are little short of eutded-mrssrle crursers. Built around the Brit-ish first-generation Seaslug beam-nding area-defence SAM system, the'County' class was ordered in twobatches. Of the foru 'County Batch 1'

class ships Ihe Devonshire, Hamp-siire and Kenf have been deletedfoom Royal Nalry service, whilst theLondon was sold to the Pakistani navyas the light cruiserBabur (CB4) withoutthe Seasiugrsystem, The 'County Batch2'shipsF/e Glamorgan, Antrim andJVorfol,kwere modernized with Exocetmissiles rn place of one of thelr tvvo114-mm (4.5-in) qun mounts and car-ried the Seaslug Mk 2 SAM urth I1-

mited SSM capability, Al1 fow shipswere scheduled to remain in servLceuntrl the late 1980s because of theirextensive command and control facili-ties, which made them good flagships,HMS Glamorgan (D19) and HMS.4ntnm (DlB) served with distinction inthe Falklands war, the former survtv-ing a direct hrt from an MM,3B Exocetand the latter a hit from a bomb whichfailed to explode, As a result ofthe 198 IBritish defence cuts, however, theNodolk had been sold to the Chiieannavy as the missile destroyer Praf (03)whrlst the Ffe (D20) underwent a ma-jor refit which kept her out of the war,In February I9B4 it was announced thatthe,Antrim was to be decommissioned

PNS Babur, exHM,S LondorL the last ofthe four Batch I 'County' classdestroyers to he commissioned intothe Roy al N avy and sold to P akistanin February 1 9 82, primarilY due to ashortageof SeaSlugMk I SAMmrssi/es. ,Slre re tains her I I 4-mm(4.5-in) gun armament and SeaCatSAMs, buther SeaSlugsYstem hasbeenremoved.

and soid to Chile. The Chileans retainthe vessels' Seasluq capabilities andwill probably buy up the remainingSeaslugi stocks from the UK as the othertwo 'County' class ships pay off to re-lease trained personnel for new-buildshrps,

Specification'County Batch 2' classDisplacement: 6,200 tons standard and6,800 tons ful]]oadDimensions: lenqrth 158,7 m (520 ft6 in); beam 16.5 m (54 ft); draught 6.3 m(20 ft 6 in)Machinery: COSAG arrangement withtwo geared steam turbines delivering30,000 shp (22370 kW) and four G,6 sasturbines delivering 30,000 shp(22370 kW) to two shaftsSpeed:32.5 ktsAircraft: one Westland Lyrx HAS,Mk 2or 3 ASW and surface strike helicopterArmament:foursinqle GWS Mk 50MM.3B Exocet SSMlaunchers (noreloads), one twrn Seaslug Mk 2 SAMlauncher (30 missrles), one twin I 14-

mm (4.5-in) DP gun, two quadruPleGWS Mk 22 Sea Cat SAMlaunchers(32 misslles), hvo single 20-mm AAgnrns, andtwo triple 324-mm (12,75-rn)STWS] ASW torpedo tubes (I2 Mk 46torpedoes, only in Frlb andGlamorgan)Electronics: one Tlpe 965M air-searchradar, one \pe 992Q ar-search andtarget-designation radar, one Type90 1 Seaslug fire-conttol radar, one

Type 27BM height-flnder radar, hvoType 904 Sea Cat fire-control radars,one MRS3 I i4-mm (4.5-in) fire-controlsystem, one T\rpe 1006 navigation andheircopter-control radar, one ADAWSI action rnformation system, one ESMsuite, two Corvus chafflaunchers, oneType iB4 hull sonar, one Type 1708attack sonar, one Type 182 torpedodecoy system, and one Type lB5underwater telephoneComplement:472

Above: HMS Glamorgan (DJ 9)following a refit to repair the damagesuffeted during the Falklands war.Second of the four Batch 2'CountY'c,lass desfroyers, she now carries aWestland Lynx HAS.Mk 2 helicopterin place of the original WestlandWessexHAS.Mk3.

ffi =*" 82'and'Type 42'classesUsed during the Falklands war, thesolitary'Type 82' class destroyer HMSBrsfo/ (D23) was origrnally to havebeen the lead ship of a class of fourvessels designed for the ASW andarea-defence SAM escorts to the'CVA-01' class aircraft-carriers. Withthe demise of the carrier project in1966 the class was cut back to one udtfor specific deployment as a trials ves-sel for the new generation ofweaponssystems enterinq British servrce. Theship has a unique three-funnel con-figruration for her combined steam andqas turbine propulsion system, and su-perficially resembles a cleaned-up'County' class destroyer. The mainweapons systerns are a twin GWS Mk30 zero-lengrth Sea Dart SAM launcherand an Ikara ASW missrle ]auncher,The 549-kg (1,2iO-lb) semi-activeradar homing ramjet-powered SeaDart is an area-defence weapon wrth amaxrmum rangre of 65 lcn (40 miles)and engagrement altltude limits of 30 m(100 ft) and 18290 m (60,000 ft),Although considered by many to be awhite elephant, the Bnsloi is in fact avery valuabie member of the RoyalNavy's surface forces, havinq thenecessary command and control facrli-ties requued to act as a flagship andthe communications and data linksnecessary to act as a 'gateway' slup forother RN vessels to communicatethrough her with NATO ships posses-sing incompatible communicationssystems.

With the cancellation of the carriers,a Naval Staff Requirement was issuedfor a small fleet escort capable of pro-viding area defence. Thrs resulted inthe 'Type 42' class desiQn, which suJ-fered considerabiy during qestationfrom constraints that were placed onthe dimensions by the Controller of theNavy as a result of Treasury pressureto mimmize costs. As built, the shipslacked any sigmrficant close-range ar-defence systems, had reduced endw-ance on firll power output from theirgas turbines (necessitating regnrlar re-plenishments at sea on operations),and a shod forecastle which resultedin a very wet forward section, Themain armament comprised the SeaDart system, but vrrrth only half the mis-siie outfit of the Br.rstol and 1950s-technology main radars, which did notexactly enhance their air-defencecapabilrties. The class was subse-quently built in three batches: the'Type 42 Batch I' comprised HMSSheffield, HMS Eirmingfiam (DB6),HMS Cardff (D108), HMS Coventry,HMS/VewcastJe (DB7) and HMS G/as-gow (DBB); the 'Type 42 Batch 2' con-sisted of HMS Exeter (DBg), HMSSouthampton (D90), HMS Notting-ftam (D91) and HMS.LiverpooJ (D92);

HM,S Nottingham (D9 I ), built with theTTpe 1 022 radar in place of theoutdated TY pe 9 6 5 th at proved to beof limited value in the Falklands war .T he main weaknes s of the original'TTpe 42s' lies in the constraintsplaced on theirdimensions byTreasury pressure during the desigmphase.

and the'T1pe 42 Batch 3'was made upof HMS Manchester (D95), HMSGloucester (D96), HMS lork (D9B)and HMSEdinburgi (D97), The Batch3 vessels were lengthened andbroadened in an effort to remedy someof the problems encountered in thefirst two batches,

Dwing the Falklands war four Batch1 ships (Slreliield, Cardiff, Covenfiand Glasgow) saw action, togetherwith the Exeler foom Batch 2. Of thesethe Sirefileld was hit by an AM.39 Ex-ocet on 4 May 1982 and later sank, theGlasgow narrowly missed betngtblown apart on 12 May by a bombwhich passed through her huilamidships from one side to the otherwithout exploding, whilst the Corentrysustained three bomb hits on 25 Mayand sank within forty-five minutes, Thelack of any close-range air-defencesystems was a siginificant factor in eachcase, On the credit side the shrps'SeaDart missiles are officially creditedwith eight aircraft shot down, althoughseven seems to be the actual fign:resecured by some lB Sea Darts laun-ched from the Bnstol and the 'Type42s'. The Coventry shot.down twoMcDonnell DouglasA-4 Skyhawks andan A6rospatiale SA 330 Puma helicop-ter in the days before she was sunk,whilst the Exefer was the most suc-cessful wrth tvuo Skyhawks, an EnglishElectric Canberra and a Learjet 35A.The Argentines knew all about the'Type 42' and its Sea Dart missile sys-tem because their navy had boughttwo vessels of this class foom the UK,

namely thellercu,les (Dl) and theSan-tissima Trinidad (D2).

Following the war considerablemodtfications were made to the British'Type 42s', with respect particularly tothe armament,

Specification'Type 82'classDisplacement: 6, 100 tons standard and7, l00tonsfullloadDimensions: lengrth 154,5 m (507 ft);beam 16,8 m (55 t); draught 7,0 m(23 ft)Machinery: COSAG arrangement wrthtlvo qeared steam twbines delivering30,000 shp (22370 kW) andtwo Rolls-Royce Olympus TM1Agas turbrnesdelivering 30,000 shp (22370 kW) to

I{M,S Bristol wa s to have been one of aclass offour cruiser-size carrierescorts, but the cancellationof thecarrier project in I 966 meant that theother'Type 82s'were not built.

The tirst of the stretched 'TWe 42s',HMS Manchest er (DS 5 ). T heseresse/s are desrlrn ed to remedy theshortcomings of the original class byrestoring the length cut-off andincreasing the beam slightly.H owever, as originally conceivedthey would have suffered trom thesame lack of armament as HMSSheffield

-iI

rA*P';,

ill

876

'Type 82' and'Type 42' classes (continued)

two shaftsSpeed:28 ktsAircraft: helicopter landing pad onlyArmament: one twin GWS Mk 30 SeaDart SAM launcher (40 missiles), onesingle 1 14-mm (4.5-in) DP gmn, twosingle 20-mm AA guns, one GWS Mk40 Ikara ASW missile system (20missiles), and one triple Mk 10 l,imboASWmortarElectronics: one Type 965 air-searchradar, one Type 992Qair-searchandtarget-deslgnation radar, two Tlpe 909Sea Dart fire-control radars, one Tlpe1006 navrgationand hehcopter-controlradar, tvuo ikara flre-control radars,one ADAWS 2 action inlormationsystem, one Abbey Hill ESM suite, twoCorvus chaff launchers, tvrio SCOTTsatellite communicatrons systems, one\pe 184 medium-frequency hullsonar, one Type I62 classiflcationsonar, one T\rpe 182 torpedo decoysystem, one Type lB5 underwatertelephone, and one Type 170 Limboattack sonarComplement:407

Specification'Type 42 Batch I' and'Type 42 Batch 2'classesDisplacement: 3,850 tons standard andi 350 tons full loadDimensions: lenqth 125.6 m (412 ft);beam 14,3 m (47 ft); draught 5,8 mr9 ft)

Machinery: COGOG arranqrement-;,rth two Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3Bqas turbines delivering 56,000 shp.-i1760 kW) and hvo Rolls-Royce Tyne?.MlA gas turbines deliverinqr: 500 shp (6340 kW) to two shaftsSpeed:30 ktsAircraft: one Westland Lynx HAS.Mk 2:r 3 ASW and surface strike helicopterArmament: one twin GWS Mk 30 Sealan SAM launcher (20 missiles), one

Modern Destroyers

single I 14-mm (4.5-in) DP gn:n, tl'votwin 30-mm AA gmns, four single 20-mm AA gmns, and tuvo triple 324-mm( 12.75-in) STWS 1 ASW torpedo tubes( 12 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one Type 965R air-searchradar (Type 1022 in Batch 2 and beingretrofitted to Batch 1), one Type 992Qor Type 992R air-search and target-desiqmation radar, hvo Type 909 SeaDart fire-contrel radars, one Type 1006naviqation and helicopter-controlradar, one ADAWS 4 actioninformationsystem (ADAWS 7 rn Batch2), one UAA] Abbey Hill ESM suite,two Corvus chafflaunchers, twoSCOTT satellite communicationssystems, one Tlpe lB4Mmedium-frequency hull sonar, one Type 162Mclassificationsonar, one Tlpe 182torpedo decoy system, and one TypelB5 underwater telephoneComplement:301

Specification'Type 42 Batch 3'classDisplacement: 4,775 tons standard and5,350 tons full loadDimensions: length 141.1 m (462 ft9 in); beam 14,9 m (49 ft); draught 5,8 m(19 ft)Machinery: as 'Type 42 Batches 1 and2'Speed:31.5 ktsAircraft: as 'T!pe 42 Batches 1 and 2'Armament: as 'Type 42 Batches i and 2'except 40 missiles for Sea Dart system,and the possibility of fittingLiqhtweight Sea Wolf SAMsystem inplace ofone Type 909 radar is beingexploredElectronics: as 'Type 42 Batches I and2' except one Type 1022 air-searchradar, one ADAWS B actioniiformation system, and one Type 2016multr-frequency hull sonarComplement:312

HMS Southampton (D90) in J une I 98 3.Since the Falklands war most'fipe42s' have had additional close-rangeair defence gruns fitted, and auqnent

these with at le as t four G ener aIPurpose Machine Guns fitted to thebridge wings for use in high-threatareas.

= i8nartes F. Adams'class

-luided-missile destroyers of the'Charles F. Adams'class are currentlyr service with the Australian nar,ry inre form of HMAS Pertft (D3B), HMASHobart (D39) and HMAS Ensbanel4l) with the West German narry rn:e form of the .Lritlens (D185), Mdl-ders (DlB6) and Romme/ (DlB7), and','ith the US Navy (23 ships), Each ver-s:on differs from the others, the Austra-

-an shrps having two single-rail IkaraiSW missile launchers amidships with:2 mrssiles in place of the ASROC laun-:her, and the German vessels having:ombined funnel and radar mast lay-:ut. They are excellent sea boats andare considered to be very capable

multi-purpose vessels. All 23 Amer-ican ships were due to receive exten-sive midlife reflts but due to massivecost increases this has had to belimited to six ships, the USS Con-ynsham (DDG 17), USS Tatfnafl (DDG19), USS Goldsborousrft (DDG 20), USSBenjamin Stoddart (DDG 22), USSRichard E. Byrd (DDG 23) and Wad-deL[(DDG24), with the other 17 due for

One of the bestof the earlier missiles/rrb desrlrns, the 'Charles F. Adams'class were atfirst equippedwith atwinMk I I TartarSAM system, asseen ft ere on USS John King (DDG3)here.

deletion foom the late l980s onwards,the 'Charles F, Adams' class was builtto a revrsed 'Forrest Sherman/Hull' de-slgm to accommodate either a single-or twin-rail Tartar SAM launcher sys-tem, Since completion some units havebeen fitted with a four-round ASROCreload magazine on the starboard srdealonqside the forward funnel. Themodernzed vessels will have a three-computer NTDS action data system, anintegrated combat system, more mod-ern sensors and countermeasuresequipment, and the Standard SM-2MRmissile. The ships whrch are not beingmodernized are the USS Cfiarles F.Adams (DDG 2), USS/oftn Krng (DDG

3), USS Lawrence (DDG 4), USSClaude V. Ricketb (DDG 5), USS Bar-ner (DDG 6), USS Henry B. Wilson(DDG 7), USS lynde McCormick(DDG B), USS Towers (DDG 9), USSSampson (DDG 10), USSSellers (DDG11), USS.Robrson (DDG 12), USSlfoel(DDG 13), USS Bucftanan (DDG 14),USS Eerke/ey (DDG 15), USS/oseph

The last I 0'C harlesF. Adams' cJassvesseJs, includrhg [tS,S Semmes (DDGl8), were equipped with the single-rail M k 1 3 Tartar SAM launcher. I twas this sub-class that attracted theattention of the Australian andWestGermannavies.

877

'Charles F. Adams' class (continued)

Sfrauss (DDG 16), USSSemmes (DDG1B), and USS Coclrrane (DDG 2t). Thevessels in the other two navies havealready been modernjzed ior serviceinto the 1990s,

Specification'Charles F. Adams'class (US Navy)Displacement: 3,370 tons standard and4,526 tons ful]]oadDimensions: lenqth 133.2 m (437 ft);

beam 14.3m (47ft); drauqrht 6.1 m(20 ft)Machinery: two geared steam turbinesdeliverins 70,000 shp (52200 kW) totwo shaftsSpeed:31,5 ktsAircraft: noneArmament: one twin Mk I I TartarSAIWHarpoon SSM launcher (36Tartar and 6 Harpoon, in DDG 2- 14

only) or one srnqle Mk 13 Tartar SAIW

Harpoon SSM launcher (36 Tartar and4 Harpoon, in DDG 15-24 only), twosingle 127-mm (S-in) DP gmns, oneoctuple ASROC ASW missile launcher(4 reloads in some ships), and twotriple Mk32 324-mm (12,75-rn) ASWtorpedo tubes (6 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-39A 3 D radar,one SPS-408 (DDG 2- 14) or SPS-37(DEG l5-24) air-search radar, oneSPS- 10F surface-search radar, two

j{ *.',,

SPG-5 1C Tartar fire-control radarsone SPG-53A 127-mm (5-rn) fire-control radar, one URN-20 (URN-2c rnDDG 11-i6) TACAN, one WLR-6 ECMsygtem, one ULQ-68 ECM system. lrioMk36 Super RBOC chafflaunchers.one SQS-23A bow sonar (DDG 20-24).one SQQ-23 PAIRhullsonar (DDG2-19), and one Fanfare torpedo decoysystemComplement:354

U.SS Farraqut, a'Coontz' classdestroyer, was originally classed as afrigate (as were the guided missilecruisers of the sante uintage). Whilelooking similar to the'Charles F.Adams' class , USS Farragnrt r's /argrer,and is almost as capable as a cruiser.

**Hffi

= firleighBurke'class

Desrgned as the gas turblne-poweredrepiacement for the 'Coontz' quided-missile destroyer class and the 'Leahy'and 'Belknap' classes of missile cruis-ers fuom the early 1990s, the 'ArleighBurke'class will be less capable thanthe contemporary'Ticonderoga' classmissile crursers in the antr-air warfarerole but will also have a secondaryantr-surface shlp roie assiqned t6them. Apart from aluminium funnelseach ship will be constructed fromsteel to prevent any recurrence of theUSS Belknap's fire damage when shecollided with the carrier USS /oin F.Kennedy. Plastic Kevlar armour will befitted over all vital machinery and op-erations room spaces whilst, surpri-singly enough, the class will also be thefirst US warship class to be equippedfully for warfare in a nuclear, chemicalor biological (NBC) environment withthe crew confined in a crtadel locatedwrthin the hull and superstructure, Themain sensors will be a pair of the re-duced-capability SPY-1D AEGISradars, with the new Seafire flre-control system to provrde laser desig-nator facilities for the gmidance of 127-mm (5-in) shells fired from the singlellghtweight 127-mm (S-in) gmn mount,

T he entire'Arleigh B ur ke' ship,except for aluminium funnels, will bemadeof steel, andwillbe thefirslUSwarship class to have a collectiveprctection system for defenceagainst nuclear fallout and biologicaland chemical weapons, with thecrew being encased in a citadel-typestructure with double airlock doors.

The Mk 32 self-defence torpedo tubeswill be the first to employ the Mk 50Barracuda Advanced LightwelghtTorpedo now under development, Atleast 60 vessels (DDG 5I onwards) areplanned, the lead ship taking the nameUSS &ler'cft Burke, althougrh the finalnumber will be subject to much Con-gnessional debate as costs rise, Onepoint of criticism already raised is thatno hangar has been provided for ahelicopter although a flightdeck for aSikorsky SH-60B Seahawk ASW helrcopter is part of the design.

Specifi cation (provisional)'ArleighBurke'classDisplacement: 8,200 tons standard and8,500 tons tull loadDimensions: lenglh 142.1 m (466 ft);beam 18,3 m (60 ft); drauqht 7,6 m(2s ft)Machinery: four General ElectricLM2500 gas turbines delivering100,000 shp (74570 kW) to two shaftsSpeed:32 ktsAircraft: heljcopter landinq pad onlyArmament: two quadruple HarpoonSSM launchers (no reloads), twovertical-launch missrle systems (90Standard SM-2MR SAM, ASROC ASWand Tomahawk SSM missiles), onei27-mm (5-in) DP qun, two 20-mmPhalanx CIWS mountings, and hvotriple 324-mm (12.75-1n) Mk32 ASW

torpedo tubes (14 Mk 50 torpedoes)Electronics: two SPY- lD pared AEGISradars, one SPS- l0 surface-searchradar, three SPG-62 Standardflre-control radars, one Seafire fire-controlsystem, one Mk 99 fire control system,one SLQ-32(V)2 ESM suite, two Mk 36Super RBOC chafflaunchers, one SQS-53C bow sonar, and SQR- 19 towed-array sonalComplement:3OZ

Artist's impression of the new'Arleigh Burke' (DDG5 I ) class ofdestroyers. To be armed withvertic al- lau nch S AM sys tems, theywill use the AIy|/SPY- l D version ofAEGIS, and are expected tosupplement the'Ticonderoga' classof missile cruisers in the antiairwartare role as rcplacements tor the' C oon t z/ Le ahy/ B elknap' cl as ses.

878

ru&W# rgffasi &e #rtrB€ffiffi ffiwmffwmH€rs =

ffi ffi#ffi€F.#.%'ff sarne I trte berng ccrr-siti:r-ably n-rore effective in undertak;ng inose.i.as<3 ... - :-neve ;ireaCy ijeen assiEned lc ii.

A nrajor reason ior ihis apperonl about-ti-ir-n in fcrtunes of tne Brit:sn air: ._SLla\res ovef recen': years is tnai ihe US I'javy has ai last :i-anag-^d to detelr. r3jlsr'.rvhaL rs requirecl ci it wiihin ths poiicies iaid ciown by its

-po iticaL r:.as:ef :

anC tl-ien to have this politico-i-nilii:rr_v,frare'rycrk mepped out and transtaied :!rts si:raLegists anr:l planners ilto t*rrns oi shift iyoe$, nLmbere and crpob, it e.'wh1cn las then becorne ihe tlluepiint for tho current US Navy ship construct orprograri^me. [.Jnfortunateiii the same cannot i:e said f.i'the Boyal Navy as tnemarieriai ts planners and strategisls r,vLrrk cn tends to cirange as fast as evei-yner,v ijeience review can be underlaken; ihts no con$ttucrii,e f rame'rvork can befoi'mec, ailhouqn rhe paiiiicrans of ccui'se say otnen,arise. Both navies withtn thec(,tlii:"t rrf ,.i-re r lang-rerm planning strirre toi iost eff-^ctiveness as lar as poss -blp,.,ri.ilr€ i'laqtrcy'e..j,buttoall irrtentsanipur'r,;csesittstheArr,rericanswhohave tle gi"eatel. sl;ccess. The'Spruance'cias:: desirDyer$ wei'e initially crit-cizerj as berng unclerarrned for lher size. though ihey irar,.e since pror:ed tc beihe h--si ASW plal-fcrn-rs that illlTC cleolo_1r-c" and wrli be rearnred with systemsthat smaiier desrfcyers wouid not be ai,rie to carry. The ir:iul"istic'Arleigii Fturke'ciasg ui-'iis wtll alrncst certatnlr/ prrve to Lr€ the besi air-defence cjcstrover yetbuiit, and ine cLirrent'Ktdci'ciass ships are "nlithcul dor-;bt ihe most heavilyari-ned general-l,lur-pcse deslt'oyer so far ccnsiri.:cted. Tlre ccniempc,rary Br irshdesti'r:-ver cestgn, the '1-tiae 42', rryhicl is;ntended trtrnarily for atr defence, isronsidereC hy nrarrv lc be mtre akin ic a gu ced-nr:ssiie f rr.lat€ ihan a d€strover,err*n ii"r lis sirelched ioinr i:o rrnpr(rve s t-ability, lt may be tl-tis faotor that has led toihe e)ipori cf cnlv i,"ryr: Bi-itrsh desti"oi/ers tn recent years, whereas the Amer-rcans nave sclci e iew more, especialllr of its lrrchl'/ successful 'Charles F.f-;,, r 1i6".._,

Fc:"tire iulLrre sllv;:1ron cf ihe les: rrveii-cff \IATO navtes {including Lhe Rovaii.lavy) lhe arswei-nra7 rrueli iir in the !{est German concept cf constr-uctingit,ar:iips irviih ccntainr:itze.i ',^/eapcl an0 sensor sVstems io reduce both thernitiai bu icir-lg anC olrei'at onal i-r d'irfe iefil costs. Suih a irodL-iiai-construct on'leL:hnrLlre h;rs;:ir+aci-v beer lse.j :n i:u iciing a number oi destroyers, f rigaies and-sri'railei'i;varshits for ci--rririr e : n Africa and Solih America which woulcl other..lvise ia're haci ,iiiiicu[;es ,: :ff'-,iC ng i-.e\r/ ccnslfucii'rn ',varshiiis of a m.;reconrrentl:;nal i';tu re. Ai:I ir-re; y.'3,,, 11ig [1 be f .r a t u r-nber o f NA-IC navres to gellcgelher-io i:uiic t irr,v---,ru::rber it rL;iig in or.,e L;atch ai a suitabie singie yarcl,erij ihe n SoLl-ji tns lc;nia le: ti'icl !.,!a!.-rt-1s arrri se nscr out{ii apirroaci't:to cqr-ripihel:t ic i ne i: rd,vldr,ia! ieai! ia:r.. 13 al' easfr Sefr,, Ce.

'i l-ris wouid cu,, Out ihe exira

€riil€nse ihai eacf ca.rnai\./ ilit.r'; r a..-sr!nirc al.J hltiding tts own ships, ancwoulC :re iti!hiri ccS'l-e. iea. !': :-l,iia\,/ei v;h;Crrever ir,etnc{l f inallV apOears asihe besi soiuiicn rr : :rln':s. a,.l-i: i^ i.ai :irreri:al lo: tical considerat ons wttiiin'',.L-u i . l. - I].*-1c:3.7,,qihq!:uioieall l'.lA i':l i,tL, -'rr €3 ,' ..r't-. .r i "ss ci 'ia ;t i.tat ii';c g, igy nai y' ';orcerv .,,tthere

Thernessii"e *fo;:r,-.rrir: j:, e'tai e{ tFL= iJ::;ieg.:,iai*s r:.nai;ie=:i i&eifSffar;ot.*aeryLi;i"€ i.:,.r',.ie,,;per.jaliz=d,:'8ss€i!.r.r;"-i:-iri'j'iun'bers..l,r:*'r:.nf:::.i, ihesnte.jl*rltiA'ie na#s.n.-q{:::r:ji;rJ.mg#1erffffJea:rl;r*f atir;:d tr:s1--=r*i s*:trurrn, s.ridsr?:eJJe-r. v-e;;sgrisiia,/e;f g .sg,;'ve rn s.rtj jr-r i.J J. .iJ,:,:; e.s i- q j e ss elJe e i.

When anv 0cf rai sari s i-.iJe c''ri1.+ latest rl.rner r:an ci€]stroycis and coilprre-ble:n rrs rn r:: .IAT[. : =:is one iactci |eacily beronres app:ri"enl: rhe; Arner-rcans hlve \./esse s iirat a e bas ialiy more capable in aii respecis save ihat cfr:uciear, bicicg ca i'rrj .nen cal {llEC) waifare d€jfence. This is p;ir-rar ly .ihe

l'-.slilt oi ihe ,,S \lariv's abrlity io spend a large amour:i ci rronev crr theconstru.ticn cl s gnrf icani nlrnbers of huils, and Ll6n crn ihe provision cf thewea|:ons a:id sei:jors thal thel ir rcie requrres. Tnis is in stark coritia,qi wiii thepcsiilrn cf 'rhose ]'!A.T,J naticns lrhich opr:late destrc,v'ers: these aroi.lntr;qs cilrusuaiiV l-,ull,:J cniy a srnail nurnber oi hulls, *ri:ich can l.lren be trovided v.,'iiireysieryis that are usuailV beicinr ihe standaiC ancj nuinber-s acli;ali'y i"equired rrr

oi-Cer ic keep coivn con.";r-ruciioil :osts. A graphic exampie of tlrs'rvas'Lhel,i;lnerability of thr; Britsh'-lype 42'Ceslroyers rn the [ai]<iarnils co,rfiiil.

in iact lt is noss ble tar forese{r a iinr€ in the noi too ciistani f!ture u;lier oi ai1

the irtr\T'* nav es only iiie /].'arei'icans r,vili be ai,rie to af lcr"r-1 iesircyers, ihe resthaving io reiy on vesseis.Jf irrgrtf irrze cr l*ss. Aiready snr;re FiAl'L: ratioirs,suci: as thr, lJeth:lriands. iravrJ Jone ih s,r!a'y' i:v phasing out or selirng a iargenrffrler of elderly Ces'rioyers anci r::oiacing tnem w-iih a snialier-n*i,':nei cif rrgates. l\s liri:: pii:ce :s gerrs gro,.rril so the numb*r of ships rrr each ind vrrjualnavy rtecl;nes aiiC i.is Lr..reraii .rombai capabii ties gradualiy i.1ecr..;ase. e fact wlrrchrncst iroiitrciens ieniJ ic rgi-r'tre or tc gloss over when thev discuss :;uch suojects.For rnsiiince, ihe ':rlrenr leduiir".;. n lie rrirrrbei'af the iio'1ai i\avv's suriacefleet. ilrr:ludrng the pa'iing lii,:t severai 'Ccurrtlr'{rlass cestffii,ei'l after arelairvelV slioli to(:)riri r;nal l;fe, tan oirif i"esuir n a recucer-i avarlar,".riiiy lt'rJ;:-.r,i.r" l:.it " - . .- c',r. .r ( - t lt.. -.,:.,j.:t:-.' . C .:,-'rpeiior"r-1. wh ch s ali the n:ore surpi"isrng wh-.r-r rfi:s numbei iias increlsed apoiiirrali,r,'gensiiri.'e tiorilie $pr'rs s'icli as iire Gulf ',/r/ar arid tf)e iea*ir1 Llisiurlrances rn l-ebailon har.re shovyn. Surprisinglv, in inis respec'r, l're ,rinicricans areactuaii;, rncrcasing iheir suriace iieel nurrbeis wrth new sn;!. acnsiir,rct o.,li'ti:ludtrig aadrtcnai 'lipruance'class AS\t d:str"oyers ancj iht: n*,r'''e:'iei!iiBrri-ke' llass oi:rii reienc*^ de3irrv€r:, this !rcv.i'in ilrcre iiran lait:ni:r.g iie iosscf iess canable sirils as 11;17 ar€ retried. lirls rr€ans {fl"rl',lrc ijS Liair_ri wrii berbie io inci-sese ire rrfl.raei of task3 ii car. perfcrt'r-r ..ri Jne lrrne rr,,lirisl:'ll ihe

t''t.

:i

'{!e Eritish 'T':{pe 4t' Cestr*yer was, iix'econ*;"lr jc ree,soJrs, lirt: sir;: jje::;i j: i:il:'wkietL couiei hancJJe l,h*Spa.*e:r{missilesysien:s" vritl: fftei!*tu"railesLlii f;i,rilrihen addjti*na.f ilzeac$r j: t,r--c. reqiir:'ed !,iey- eoi.;jd;re f .he ljf ieci '.r*f;1i:i:J,:enr:us/y a&*clrsq i&e sfa,triijt-rr'r:f ffi* sn;p.

;n rsiifi'*-si, in* ;a.r'ge ',5;r.rruasrre' eiass Cesfrcyers sue,h as d55 liinkaid;radli}ie.nflicfvoorir i*r exfu'a e.rrep,laeeme.fif -sy'strsm s, end arsntrary ta eaily*p.dn:ons.foazeproved t* lse *xcelienidSlV rze.sseis, as weilas f*rminE lhei;esrs liir i&* ;tr'g&r'p c.epabfe"46'GL$ a# de&nce e.i"a'jsers.

= l$o*"r,ce' and'Kidd' classes

Burlt as the replacements for the many'Gearing (FRAM D' class destroyers,the 3l-strong'Spruance' class is themost capable ASW surface shtp classyet built, so much so that constructionof the class is to resume ln the late1980s to replace the 'Forrest Sherman'and 'Hull' classes in the early 1990s,Constructed by the modular assemblytechnique, whereby larqe sections ofthe hull are built in various parts of theshipyard then welded together on theslipway, these were the first large USwarships to employ all gas{urbinepropulsion, The ships are due to berefltted with 6l-round vertical launchmissile units from 19BS onwards. Theactive/passive SQS-53 low-ftequencysonar carried in the iarge bow dome iscapable ofoperating in both the short-range direclpath and the long-rangebottom-bounce and converqence-zone modes tarqets at lonq rangesbeinq enqaged by the ASW helicop-ters carried aboard, The current unitsof the 'Spruance' class are the USSSpruance (DD 963), USS Pau/F. Foster(DD 964), USS Ktnkaid (DD 965), USSIlewjtf (DD 966), USS Elfiotf (DD 967),USSArtfiur W. Radford (DD 968), USSPeterson (DD 969), USS Caron (DD970), USSDavid R. Ray (DD 971), USSOldendorf (DD 972), USS John Young(DD 973) USS Comte de Grasse (DD974), USS O'Brien (DD 975), USS Mer-rill (DD 976), USS Briscoe (DD 977),USS Sfump (DD 978), USS Conolly (DD979), USS Moosbruger (DD 980), USS

John Hancock (DD 9Bl), USS lVjcltol-son (DD 982), USS,fofin ftodgers (DD983), USS Leftwich (DD 984), USSCushing (DD 985), USS Harry W. Hill(DD 9BO), USS Otsannon (DD 987), USSThorn (DD 9BB), USS Deyo (DD 989),USS /ngerso// (DD 990), USS Fife (DD991), USS Fletcher (DD 992), and USSHayler (DD 997),

In 1974 the qovernment of lranordered six SAM-equipped verstonsof the 'Spruances' for sewice in thePersian Gulf and Indian Ocean.However, foltowing the revolution inthat country two were cancelied in1979 whilst the remaininq four urderconstruction were taken over by theUS Nalry as the'Kidd'class. These arethe world's most powerfully armedqeneral-purpose destroyers, and areunofficially known in the US Navy asthe 'Ayatollah' class, The four shipswere commissioned as the USS Kidd(DDG 993), USS Callagftan (DDG 994),USS ^Scotf (DDG 995) and USS Cfiand-/er (DDG 996),

Lead ship of the 3l-strong'Spruance'c/ass r's USS Spruance (DD963). Slte isfirst large US warship to be fittedwith an all-gas turbine propulsionsystem. The class was built by IngallsShipbuilding Corporation under themodular assembly technique, andhas proved to be the best ASWdes troyer type ye t built.

Specification'Spruance'classDisplacement: 5,826 tons standard and7,800 tons tullloadDimensions:lenqth 171.7 m (563 ft3 in); beam 16.8 m (55 ft 2 in); draughtB,B m (29 ft)Machinery: four General ElectricLM2500 gas twbines delivering80,000 shp (59655 kW) to hvo shaftsSpeed:33 l:tsAircraft: two Kaman SH-2D/F SeaspriteLAMPS Mk I helicopter or oneSikorsky SH-3H Sea KingASWhelicopterArmament: two quadruple HarPoonSSM launchers (no reloads, and not inDD 964 and DD 965), two quadruPleTomahawk SSM launchers (no reloads,

and for DD 963, DD 964, DD 969,DD 972, DD 979, DD 984, DD 985,DD 9BB, DD 989 and DD 993 only), oneoctuple Sea Sparrow SAM launcher(24 mlssiles), one octuple ASROCASW missile launcher (24 missiles),two srngle 127-mm (S-in) DP gmns, two20-mm Phalanx CIWS mountings(beinq fitted), and two triple 324-mm(12.75-mm) Mk 32 ASWtorpedo tubes(14 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-40B air-searchradar, one SPS-55 surface-searchradar, one SPG-60 fire-control radar,one SPQ-9A fire-control radar, one Mk9 1 Sea Sparrow fire-control system,one Mk 86 qun fire-control syslem, oneMk I l6 ASfr/ flie-control system, oneSLQ-32(V)2 ESM sulte, two Mk 36Super RBOC chafflaunchers, one SQS-53 bowsonar, one SQR-19 towed-arraysonar, one SATCOMMcommunications system, and oneFanfare torpedo decoy systemComplement:296

Specification'Kidd'classDisplacement: 6,210 tonsstandard and9.200 tons full load

Dimensions: lenqth 171,6 m (563 ft);beam 16.8 m (55 ft): draught 9. I m(s0 ft)Machinery: as 'Spruance' classSpeed:32 ktsAircraft: two Kaman SH-2D/F SeaspriteLAMPS Mk I or two Sikorsky SH-60BSeahawk LAMPS Mk III helicoptersArmament: tvvo quadruple HarpoonSSM launchers (no reloads), tvvo firinMk 26 Standard SM- IER SAIWASROCASW missile launchers (50 Standard,16 ASROC and 2 test mlssiles), hvosingle 127-mm (S-in) DP guns, two 20-mm Phalarx CIWS mountings, twotriple 324-mm ( 12. 75-in) Mk 32 ASWtorpedo tubes (14 Mk 46 torpedoes)Electronics: one SPS-4BC 3D radar,one SPS-55 surface-search radar, twoSPG-5 ID Standard fire-control radars,one SPG-60 fire-control radar, oneSPQ-9 fire-control radar, two Mk 86qun fire-control systems, one Mk I 16

ASW fire-controi system, one URN-20TACAN, one SLQ-32(V)2 ESMsuite,two Mk 36 Super RBOC chafflaunchers, one SQS-53 bow sonar, oneSQR- l9 towed-array sonar, and oneFanfare torpedo decoy systemComplement:338

USS Comte de Grasse(DD974).Although carrying the Kaman SH-ZDLAMPS I ASW helicopter atpresent,the 'Spruances' will eventually carrythe Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King, fromwhich the 857 nuclear dePth bomb isto be used aswell as conventionalASWweapons.

BBO