wade price and benjamin pitfield intel’s 32-bit and 64-bit architectures intel’s 32-bit and...

Wade Price and Benjamin Pitfield

Intel’s 32-bit and 64-bit

Architectures

Monday 24th November 2014

IntroductionWhat will this presentation be covering?

Figure 1 – Presentation Structure

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Architecture

TermsWade


Not too technical, I promise

Architecture

“Architecture specifies the functional behaviour of a processor.” (Blaauw et al. 1997 cited by Shen et al. 2005, p.5)

TermsWade


Bits and Bytes

TermsBenjamin


Bits and BytesWhat are they?

Click to edit picture

A bit is simply a 0 or 1− boolean value (false is 0 and true is 1)

A byte is an eight-bit word

Figure 2 – Half full or half empty?

TermsBenjamin


Computing

TermsWade


ComputingSomething you will probably need to know…

Instructions (technical term would be ‘instruction set’ when referring to a CPU)

Levels− High (e.g. C++, Java)− Low (e.g. Instruction sets, Assembly)

TermsWade


Development

HistoryBenjamin


DevelopmentMicroprocessors to Computers

The microprocessor is the fundamental precursor to a computer

CPUs have evolved hugely− Today they can process 32-bit and 64-

bit words

Figure 3 – Microprocessor (CPU World 2010)

HistoryBenjamin


Transistors on Chips

Development

“The evolution of the microprocessor has pretty much followed the famed Moore’s law, observed by Gordon Moore in 1965, that the number of devices that can be integrated on a single piece of silicon will double roughly every 18 to 24 months.”

(Shen et al. 2005, p.2)Figure 4 – Evolution of Microprocessors (Shen et al. 2005,

p.2)

HistoryBenjamin


Evolution

HistoryWade


First to come; the Intel 4004 4-bit processor (1971)

Evolution

Figure 5 - Intel 4004 4-bit processor (CPU-Zone 2006)

HistoryWade


Setting the standard; the Intel 8086 processor (1978)

Evolution

Figure 6 - Intel 8086 processor (Lanzet 2009)

HistoryWade


Functionality

UsesBenjamin


FunctionalityWhat can they do differently?

Greater word length means greater potential− Memory locations− Calculations

Greater depth later

UsesBenjamin


Game Dev

UsesWade


Finally, something fun!

Game DevUsesWade

Figure 7 – Case (800HighTech 2010)


Hardware

HardwareBenjamin


HardwareHow do the architectures affect the hardware?


Central Processing Unit− ‘brain’ of the computer− Executes the instructions

Main memory− Random Access Memory (RAM)− Volatile store

Figure 8a – CPU (Wasson 2009)Figure 8b - RAM

HardwareBenjamin


Software and Hardware Relationship

Hardware

Figure 9 – Hardware and Software

HardwareBenjamin


Intel

HardwareWade


IntelNot to be confused with AMD

A couple fun facts…− Intel was founded in 1968− First processor (4004) released in 1971− $52.7bn 2013 net revenue with $1.89

earnings per share

One of the largest names in the industry

Figure 10 – Intel’s Logo (Intel 2014)

HardwareWade


Joke

HardwareBenjamin


JokeHilarious

32-bit architecture

HardwareBenjamin


Kernel

SoftwareWade


KernelA bridge from software to hardware

Kernels are important− ‘Middle man’ between the CPU and OS− Decides what the CPU does and when it

does it− Vary in design between each major OS

Figure 12 – Kernels (Lanzet 2009)

SoftwareWade


(Arithmetic) Logic Unit

HardwareBenjamin


(Arithmetic) Logic UnitHow does a 64-bit ALU differ from a 32-bit

ALU?


Arithmetic Logic Unit− where the actual calculations take place

within the CPU

For example;− Take the value in address location x− Take the value in address location y− Add them together− And store the result in address location

x

CPU

ALU

valueX = valueX + valueY

Figure 13 – ALU

HardwareBenjamin


(Arithmetic) Logic UnitMemory size difference


32-bit architectures use 32-bit word lengths− 232 ≈ 4Gb for a memory address− So up to 4GB of RAM can be used

64-bit architectures use 64-bit word lengths− 264 ≈ 16Eb for a memory address− So up to 16EB of RAM can be used!

Put simply:− “More bits means our system can point

to or address a larger number of locations in physical memory” (Remah 2014)

Prefix Equivalent

Kilo K thousand 1,000

Mega M million 1,000,000

Giga G billion 1,000,000,000

Tera T trillion 1,000,000,000,000

Peta Pquadrillion

1,000,000,000,000,000

Exa E quintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Figure 14 – Binary Indexes (Walker 2007)

HardwareBenjamin


(Arithmetic) Logic UnitCalculation size difference

32-bit architectures use 32-bit word lengths− 232 ≈ 4 billion

64-bit architectures use 64-bit word lengths− 264 ≈ 18 quintillion!

Put simply:− “More bits means that data can be

processed in larger chunks which also means more accurately.” (Remah 2014)

Figure 14 – Binary Indexes (Walker 2007)

HardwareBenjamin


Prefix Equivalent

Kilo K thousand 1,000

Mega M million 1,000,000

Giga G billion 1,000,000,000

Tera T trillion 1,000,000,000,000

Peta Pquadrillion

1,000,000,000,000,000

Exa E quintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000


Memory

HardwareWade


MemoryWhat is the role of RAM in the architectures?

Random Access Memory− Locations can be accessed (read from/written to) in any order− Data copied from secondary store (HDD/SSD) − For applications currently being executed

Volatile data store− Wiped when power is removed

HardwareWade


Architecture influence on RAM

Memory

CPUMain

memorySecondary memory

Input Devices

Output Devices

RAM links the CPU to your secondary data store

As well as linking the input and output devices

Having a 64-bit processor architecture will have an immediate effect on the potential use of main memory

This will have positive implications for;− input processing− output processing− application execution Figure 15 –

Architecture Diagram

[Adapted] (Mattress

2014)

HardwareBenjamin


Now, a warning…

SoftwareWade


Operating System

SoftwareWade


Operating SystemA look at how architecture can be a pain

32 bit operating systems are pretty awful− Needs 32 bit software− Can’t use 64 bit software

Regarding 32 bit software however…− Development is costly− Installation can be a pain− Some software isn’t written in 32 bit− Rarely beneficial

Figure 16 – Windows Logo (B Technologies 2014)

SoftwareWade


Processor Type

HardwareBenjamin


Floating Point Unit (FPU) processing chips

Processor Type

“In computing, floating point describes a method of representing an approximation to real numbers”(Selvarani et al. 2013, p.13)

HardwareBenjamin


Quick Quiz

HardwareBenjamin


Quick Quiz


The fundamental difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit architecture is…

A – faster internet connection speed

B – none, they are identical apart from speed

C – the amount of memory that can be used and calculation length ?

Figure 17c – CPU (BBC Bitesize 2014) Figure 17a – Network Connection (Sci Tech

Daily 2012) Figure 17b – Bus Speed (Build you own

computer 2014)

HardwareBenjamin


Quick Quiz


The fundamental difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit architecture is…

A – faster internet connection speed

B – none, they are identical apart from speed

C – the amount of memory that can be used and calculation length

HardwareBenjamin

Figure 17c – CPU (BBC Bitesize 2014)


Relative

HardwareBenjamin


Intel relative to others

Relative


Figure 18b – AMD Logo (Hüüp 2014) Figure 18a – Intel Logo (Intel 2014)

HardwareBenjamin


Speed

HardwareWade


SpeedJust how fast can your CPU go?

HardwareWade

Figure 19 – Speedometer (ComputerHope 2014)


Threads

SoftwareWade


ThreadsNot the kind on a sweater!

Threads are integral to processors− A thread exists within a process− Newer technology uses multithreading− Many threads exist within a process through this− Hyper threading is exclusive to Intel architecture− Allows even more threads to exist

SoftwareWade


Understanding (Conclusion)

ConclusionBenjamin


Understanding (Conclusion)Summary of our presentation

− Computers process words (bits and bytes)− Development of the microprocessor has been exponential− Intel is the main manufacturer of CPUs− 64-bit word lengths offer much greater performance

ConclusionBenjamin


Verdict

ConclusionWade


VerdictWhich is better?

32-bit is significantly inferior− speed− memory allowance

Architecture for many years to come− 32-bit lasted 35 years

ConclusionWade


Where next…

ConclusionWade


Perhaps to the moon?

Where next…ConclusionWade

Figure 20 – Moon (Revera 2010)


Extra big Thank you

ConclusionBenjamin


Why move on to Z?

ConclusionBenjamin


Because…Zat’s all

folks!

ConclusionBenjamin

ReferencesBenjamin Pitfield

BBC Bitesize, 2014. 24c90143ac1bad47f1454d1014c4f52ae4c78b07.jpeg [photograph]. London: BBC. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/computing/computer_systems/hardware/revision/1/ [Accessed 6 th November 2014].

Build Your Own Computer, 2014. computer-part01.gif [clip art]. No location: Voice Marketing Inc. Available from: http://www.build-your-own-computer.net/best-motherboard.html [Accessed 6th November 2014].

CPU World, 2010. S_Motorola-MC68LC040FE25A.jpeg [photograph]. No location: CPU World. Available from: http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/68040/ [Accessed 4th November 2014].

Hüüp, 2014. amd-logo-march-2009.jpeg [logo]. No location: Kiip. Available from: http://kiip.ee/amd-hakkab-ssd-kettaid-tootma/ [Accessed 16th November 2014].

Intel, 2014. GPLhINBv_400x400.png [logo]. No location: Twitter. Available from: https://www.twitter.com/intel [Accessed 16th November 2014].

Mattress, 2014. BlockDiagram.jpeg [diagram]. No location: Mattress. Available from: http://mattressessale.eu/tag/computer-block-diagram [Accessed 6th November 2014].

Remah, 2014. 32-bit and 64-bit explained [online]. Gizmo Tech. Available from: http://www.techsupportalert.com/content/32-bit-and-64-bit-explained.htm [Accessed 4th November 2014].

Sci Tech Daily, 2014. optical-memory-chip.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Sci Tech Daily. Available from: http://scitechdaily.com/optical-computer-memory-chips-could-ease-internet-traffic/ [Accessed 6th November 2014].

Selvarani, Selvaraju, Vijayraj, Jayaprakash and Baskar, 2013. Design and Implementation of Floating Point FFT Processor using VHDL [online]. 3 (3), 13.

Shen, J. P. and Lipasti, M. H., 2005. Modern Processor Design: Fundamentals of Superscalar Processors. Burr Ridge, Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Walker, R., 2007. Binary indexes [online]. Simetric. Available from: http://www.simetric.co.uk/siprefix.htm [Accessed 5th November 2014].

Wasson, C., 2009. dual-pins.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Tech Report. Available from: http://techreport.com/review/16382/amd-socket-am3-phenom-ii-processors [Accessed 5th November 2014].

ReferencesWade Price

B Technologies, 2014. windows_flag-150x150.png [clip art]. Sydney, Australia: B Technologies. Available from: http://btechnologies.com/author/admin/ [Accessed 11th November 2014].

CPU-Zone, 2006. DSCF0494.jpeg [photograph]. Sweden: CPU-Zone. Available from: http://www.cpu-zone.com/4004.htm [Accessed 6th November 2014].

800HighTech, 2010. cyberpower-custom-built-gaming-pc-front.jpg [photograph]. USA: 800HighTech. Available from: http://www.800hightech.com/cyberpower-pc-gamer-aqua-glc1802-gaming-pc.html [Accessed 20th November 2014].

ComputerHope, 2014. speed.jpg [photograph]. No location: ComputerHope. Available from: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/clockspe.htm [Accessed 20th November 2014].

Intel, 2014. GPLhINBv_400x400.png [logo]. No location: Twitter. Available from: https://www.twitter.com/intel [Accessed 16th November 2014].

Lanzet, K., 2009. 800px-KL_Intel_D8086.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Wikipedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_Intel_D8086.jpg [Accessed 6th November 2014].

Revera, G., 2010. FullMoon2010.jpg [photograph]. No location: Wikipedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg [Accessed 20th November 2014].

wade price and benjamin pitfield intel’s 32-bit and 64-bit architectures intel’s 32-bit and...

Documents