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Hilda Alina Cebreros Gonzalez Alejandra Balderas Carrillo Daniela Patricia Nez Zavala Virginia Leticia Melendez Muoz

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Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

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The Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) system is a type of air navigation system. Though older than GPS, VORs are very commonly used and have been a very reliable source of navigation information since the 1960s. VHF Omni-directional Radio Ranges (VORs) operate in the Very High Frequency aviation navigation (NAV) band between 112.1 and 117.9 MHz. The VOR beacons are usually located at airfields but as they serve to define designated air routes (airways) some are located away from airfields, often on high ground.

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VOR System ComponentsA VOR system is made up of a ground component and aircraft receiver component.

The VOR ground stations are located both on and off airports to provide guidance information to pilots both en route and during arrival and departure. The VOR system is expansive, and pilots can use VORs to navigate throughout the country. Aircraft equipment includes a VOR antenna, a VOR frequency selector, and a cockpit instrument. The instrument type varies, but will consist of one of the following: an Omni-Bearing Indicator (OBI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) or a Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI), or a combination of two different kinds.

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Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is often times collocated with a VOR to give pilots a precise indication of distance from the VOR station.VORs typically have AM voice broadcast ability. Each individual VOR has its own Morse code identifier that it broadcasts to pilots. This ensures that pilots are navigating from the correct VOR station, as there are often many VOR facilities within range of a single aircraft.

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How it worksThe VOR ground station is aligned with magnetic north, and it emits two signals -- a 360-degree sweeping variable signal and an Omni-directional reference signal. The signals are compared by the aircraft's receiver, and a phase difference between them is measured, giving a precise radial position of the aircraft and displaying it on the OBI, HSI or RMI. VORs come with different service volumes and dimensions: High, Low and Terminal. High-altitude VORs can be used up to 60,000 feet and 130 nautical miles wide. Low-altitude VORs service aircraft up to 18,000 feet and up to 40 nautical miles wide. Terminal VORs go up to 12,000 feet and 25 nautical miles. The network of VORs typically provides thorough coverage along published VFR and IFR routes."Pin Up" Team

This is an estimation of the signals of VOR for the flight zone of a balloon. The interior circle is the within range for a high of 500 m and the exterior for 3000 m, approximately."Pin Up" Team

Practical Applications of the VOR Navigation SystemAfter tuning in a VOR facility's frequency and identifying that the Morse code is correct, the pilot will be able to determine which radial to or from the VOR station the aircraft is located. In addition, the use of two VOR stations makes determining a precise location even more accurate by using cross-radials, even without DME. Pilots fly certain radials to or from VORs as a primary way of navigating. Airways are often designed to and from VOR facilities for ease of use. In its more basic form, a VOR facility can be used to go directly to an airport. A large number of VOR facilities are located on airport property, allowing even student pilots to fly directly to a VOR to find the airport easily."Pin Up" Team

Forced PrecessionPrecession is the response of the object when a force is applied at one deflective edge. This is the reaction when we play its rapid rotation on one edge. The result of this reaction is as if the point of application of force was shifted 90 in the direction of rotation of the object. The precession is inversely proportional to the rotational speed (higher velocity less precession) and directly proportional to the amount of deflection force applied.

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Types of Precession Precession

without external Precession due to external moments moments This movement occurs when a body is in motion around an axis which is neither the maximum moment of inertia or the lower moment of inertia. There is a special type of curves on the surface of the object, call polhode and herpolodia, which describe the movement thereof.

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Symmetrical top (peonza simetrica) is a free moving of a rigid body of revolution, with its two equal principal moments of inertia I1=I2I3

The first equation tells us that the free motion of a symmetrical top is not header, no movement of nutation. The second describes the precess according to which the axis of rotation rotates about the angular momentum direction (Z axis). The third equation gives the solid rotational speed about a third axis of inertia.

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GyroscopeThe gyroscopic precession occurs in all rotating bodies, in which, to applying a force, this is manifested 90 later in the direction of rotation. Although gyroscopic precession is not a dominant force in the study of rotorcraft aerodynamics, this must be taken into account because the helicopter rotor body has a circular movements.

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The following diagram shows how gyroscopic precession affects the rotor disc when a force is applied in different parts of it. A downward force applied at point "A" results in a downshift of the rotor at point "B". Now, if we apply an upward force at point "C" will get an upward movement at point "D"."Pin Up" Team

A rapidly spinning top will precess in a direction determined by the torque exerted by its weight. The precession angular velocity is inversely proportional to the spin angular velocity, so that the precession is faster and more pronounced as the top slows down. The direction of the precession torque can be visualized with the help of the right-hand rule.

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Bibliography

http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/rotation.htm http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/%E2%80%8Chbase/top.html

http://www.reocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/5249/a erodinamica/precesion.htmhttp://joanjosep.tripod.com/aprender/Principios/sustentacion .htm

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