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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES A. AGRONOMY

Volume LXI, No. 1, 2018

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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES A. AGRONOMY

Volume LXI, No. 1

University of Agronomic Sciencesand Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest

Faculty of Agriculture

BucharesT2018

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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Sinisa BERJAN – University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dimitrios BILALIS – Agricultural University of Athens, Greece Iovu-Adrian BIRIŞ – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Lancelot BUTTERS – University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom Raimundo CABRERA – University of La Laguna, Phytopathology Unit, Spain Costică CIONTU – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Sorin Mihai CÎMPEANU – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Stelica CRISTEA – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Ionela DOBRIN – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Marin DUMBRAVĂ – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Mihail DUMITRU – Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agro-chemistry and Environmental Protection of

Bucharest, Romania Lenuța Iuliana EPURE – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Senol Zafer ERDOGAN – Konya Food and Agriculture University, Turkey André FALISSE – University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Belgium Cristian HERA – Romanian Academy Beatrice-Michaela IACOMI – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Cristian IACOMI – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Leonard ILIE - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Florin IMBREA – “King Mihai I of Romania” Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Timişoara,

Romania Viorel ION – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Mohsen JANMOHAMMADI – University of Maragheh, East Azarbaijan, Iran Gheorghe JIGĂU – State University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Gerard JITĂREANU – “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Romania Maria JOIȚA-PĂCUREANU – National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, Romania Yalcin KAYA – Trakya University, Plant Breeding Research Center, Turkey Doru-Ioan MARIN – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Mircea MIHALACHE – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Mihai NICOLESCU – „Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești” Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Romania Ioan PĂCURAR – University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

Cluj-Napoca, Romania Aurelian PENESCU – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Françoise PICARD-BONNAUD – University of Angers, France Teodor ROBU – „Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Romania Gheorghe Valentin ROMAN – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Mihail RURAC – State Agrarian University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Teodor RUSU – University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania Dumitru Ilie SĂNDOIU – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Philippe SIMONEAU – University of Angers, France Gheorghe SIN – „Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești” Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Romania Vasilica STAN – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Marin ŞTEFAN - University of Craiova, Romania David C. WEINDORF – Texas Tech University, USA Hristina YANCHEVA – Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria

EDITORIAL BOARD General Editor: Costică CIONTU

Executive Editor: Lenuța Iuliana EPURE Members: Adrian Gheorghe BĂȘA, André FALISSE, Leonard ILIE, Viorel ION,

Gheorghe JIGĂU, Doru Ioan MARIN, Mircea MIHALACHE

PUBLISHER: University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Agriculture, Romania

Address: 59 Mărăști Blvd, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania Phone/Fax: + 40 213 318-0466; E-mail: journal@agro-bucuresti.ro

Webpage: http://agronomyjournal.usamv.ro

Copyright 2018 To be cited: Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LXI, No. 1, 2018

The publisher is not responsible for the opinions published in the Volume. They represent the authors’ point of view.

ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785

International Database Indexing: CABI, Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, CNCSIS B+,

Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, Research Bible, Scipio, Scientific Indexing Service, PBN (Polish Scholarly Bibliography), OCLC (WorldCat); Web of Science Core Collection (Emerging Sources Citation Index)

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SUMMARY

SOIL SCIENCES 1. TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON, MICROBIAL BIOMASS

CARBON AND BETA-GLUCOSIDASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN A TYPIC HAPLOXERERT SOIL - Mert ACAR, İsmail ÇELİK, Hikmet GÜNAL, Nurullah ACİR, Zeliha BARUT BEREKET, Mesut BUDAK ……………………………………… 13

2. THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ZN DOSES AND MYCORRHIZAE APPLICATION ON HORSE BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE UNDER STERILE AND NON STERILE SOIL CONDITIONS - Cagdas AKPINAR, Ibrahim ORTAS, Ahmet DEMIRBAS ………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

3. CHISEL PLOW TILLAGE DEPTH EFFECT ON SOIL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION - Ghassan AL-AZZAWI, Davut AKBOLAT ……………………………………………… 27

4. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MAGNESIUM DOSES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEPPER PLANT IN MYCORRHIZA INOCULATED HARRAN SOIL - Ahmet ALMACA …………………………………………………………………………………… 34

5. SOIL EROSION RISK MAPPING USING USLE/GIS METHODOLOGY IN ROZE-CHAY CATCHMENT, NORTHWEST IRAN - Farrokh ASADZADEH, Maryam RAHMATI, Hossein ASGARZADEH ……………………………………………………………………. 38

6. EVOLUTION OF DARK CHESTNUT STEPPE SOIL UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT USE AND CLIMATE CHANGE - Sveatoslav BALIUK, Lyudmila VOROTYNTSEVA …………………………………………………………………………. 42

7. INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND INOCULATION ON SOYBEAN NODULATION AND YIELD - Nicoleta CĂPĂȚÂNĂ, Ciprian BOLOHAN, Cristina Andreea OPREA, Doru Ioan MARIN ……………………………………………………. 46

8. AGROTECHNICAL SYSTEMS TO CONSERVING WATER IN THE SOIL FOR WHEAT CROP - Felicia CHETAN, Teodor RUSU, Cornel CHETAN, Paula Ioana MORARU, Alina SIMON ............................................................................................ 53

9. HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN ALFALFA CULTIVATED ON VERTISOLS ALONG THE HIGHWAY E75 FROM BELGRADE TO LESKOVAC (SERBIA) - Zoran DINIĆ, Radmila PIVIĆ, Jelena MAKSIMOVIĆ, Aleksandar STANOJKOVIĆ, Dragana JOŠIĆ, Aleksandra STANOJKOVIĆ-SEBIĆ ……………………………………………. 63

10. THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SALT DOSES ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF TOMATO PLANT - Hasan DURUKAN, Ahmet DEMIRBAS ………………………. 71

11. COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST ON CORN GROWTH, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND UPTAKE DURING THE DIFFERENT GROWTH PERIODS - İbrahim ERDAL, Ahmet DOGAN, Cennet YAYLACI, Pelin ALABOZ ………………………………………………………………… 77

12. EVOLUTION MICROMORPHOLOGY OF ARGILLIC HORIZONS IN SOME ARID SOILS IN THE WEST OF URMIA LAKE IN WESTERN AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE, IRAN - Tina JAHAN, Shahram MANAFI ………………………………………………… 84

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13. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FEATURES OF ALLUVIAL IRRIGATED SOILS OF DNIESTER AND DNIEPER RIVERS BASINS - Tamara LEAH, Valerian CERBARI, Sveatoslav BALIUK, Marina ZAKHAROVA, Oleksandr NOSONENKO ……………. 90

14. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRO-CLIMATIC INDICATORS IN TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN BETWEEN 2009-2016 - Mihai-Avram MAXIM, Teodor RUSU, Paula Ioana MORARU, Marius SĂBĂDAȘ, Ovidiu MAXIM …………………. 96

15. HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION - Nicoleta MĂRIN, Nicoleta VRÎNCEANU, Naliana LUPAȘCU, Mihail DUMITRU …………….. 101

16. DYNAMICS OF SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER A POLLUTION GRADIENT IN URBAN AREAS (PLOVDIV, BULGARIA) - Slaveya PETROVA, Bogdan NIKOLOV, Iliana VELCHEVA, Mariya Yankova, Emiliya Kogan, Elena ZHELEVA, Ekaterina VALCHEVA, Alexandar ALEXANDROV, Mariana MARHOVA, Marinela TSANKOVA, Ivan ILIEV …………………………………………………………………. 109

17. THE USE OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS FOR SUNFLOWER CULTURE ON A STERILE DUMP - CĂTĂLIN AURELIAN ROȘCULETE, ELENA ROȘCULETE ... 117

18. INFLUENCE OF SYSTEM TILLAGE UPON WEEDING LERVELIN THE MAIZE CROP GROWN AT MOARA DOMNEASCĂ – ILFOV - Ionuţ Cosmin SFETCU, Elena Loredana SFETCU, Doru Ioan MARIN ………………………………………………… 125

19. MYCORRHIZAS AS A TOOL IN MAPPING AGRICULTURAL SOILS - Vlad STOIAN, Roxana VIDICAN, Ioan ROTAR, Florin PĂCURAR, Mignon ŞANDOR, Mihai BUTA, Valentina STOIAN ………………………………………………………………… 130

CROP SCIENCES 1. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM WILT (Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. lycopersici) OF

TOMATO WITH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS - Gurama ABUBAKAR UMAR, Haruna SALISU GOMBE …………………………………………………………………………… 139

2. EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM BACTERIA ON NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUEST OF COMMON VETCH (Vicia sativa L.) - Ayşen AKAY, Ali ÇİÇEK ……………………….. 143

3. EFFECT OF WHEATGRASS (Triticum aestivum L.) JUICE ON SEEDLING GROWTH AND Rhizoctonia solani ON CORN - İlknur AKGÜN, Rabia AYATA, Ruziye KARAMAN, Gürsel KARACA ……………………………………………………………. 149

4. DETERMINATION OF YELLOW RUST DISEASE (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) RESISTANT OF THE WHEAT LANDRACE COLLECTED FROM ISPARTA AND BURDUR PROVINCES - Demet ALTINDAL, İlknur AKGÜN, Hülya ÖZGÖNEN ÖZKAYA ……………………………………………………………………………………. 155

5. USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADDING HERBICIDES IN CONTROLLING WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crass ipes ) AND REDUCE IN WATER ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION - Adnan AL-WAGGA, Omar AL-GBURI ……………. 162

6. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF NANO CALCIUM POLYSULFIDE AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI ON TOMATO - Şerife Evrim ARICI, Ahmet ŞİMSEK, Mustafa ASKIN ………………….…………………………………………………………………… 170

7. EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE GALIGAN 240 EC TO PLANTS - Elena BONCIU ………………………………………………………………….. 175

8. GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD PARAMETERS OF SINGLE-PLANTED AND IN-CANOPY GROWN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) - Uğur ÇAKALOĞULLARI, Gülden Deniz ATEŞ ATASOY, Deniz İŞTİPLİLER, Özgür TATAR ………………….. 179

9. QUALITATIVE MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED IN FEED OF Festuca rubra L. AND Agrostis capillaries L. UNDER INFLUENCE OF UAN LIQUID FERTILIZER - Mirela CIREBEA, Ioan ROTAR, Roxana VIDICAN, Anca PLEȘA, Ovidiu RANTA ……….. 184

10. ALLELOPATHY AND ALLELOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS - Ramona COTRUŢ………………………………………………………………………….. 188

11. INVESTIGATION ON THE YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF COMMON WHEAT (T. aestivum L.) CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER THE AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL BULGARIA - Vania DELIBALTOVA, Manol DALLEV …………….. 194

12. APPLICATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF USING THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGES OF NOZZLE OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE SPRAYING PROCESS - Katarzyna DEREŃ, Antoni SZEWCZYK, Deta ŁUCZYCKA, Beata CIENIAWSKA ............................................ 199

13. EVALUATION OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF POMEGRANATE - Cristina DIȚESCU, Narcisa BĂBEANU, Sultana NIȚĂ, Ovidiu POPA ……………………………………………….. 205

14. EFFECT OF BIOCYCLIC HUMUS SOIL ON YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) - Lydia Dorothea EISENBACH, Antigolena FOLINA, Charikleia ZISI, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Ioanna TABAXI, Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU, I. KAKABOUKI, Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU, Dimitrios J. BILALIS 210

15. DETERMINATION OF THRESHING PERFORMANS OF NEW DESING THRESHING UNIT FOR SAGE - Mehmet Emin GOKDUMAN, Deniz YILMAZ ……………………. 218

16. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND SOWING TIME ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CAMELINA [(Camelina sativa L. (Crantz)] - Merve GÖRE, Orhan KURT ………………………………………………….. 223

17. WEEDS MAPPING FROM WHEAT CROPS - Marga GRADILA, Daniel JALOBA ….. 227 18. ANALYSIS OF SOME QUALITY COMPONENTS TO FEW AMPHIDIPLOID LINES

OF WHEAT - Paula IANCU, Marin SOARE, Ovidiu PĂNIŢĂ …………………………. 234 19. DRY MATTER YIELD AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SECOND CROP SILAGE CORN

CULTIVATED AFTER CEREALS UNDER ESKISEHIR ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS - Onur ILERI, Suleyman AVCI, Ali KOC ………………………………………………….. 240

20. RESULTS REGARDING YIELD COMPONENTS AND GRAIN YIELD AT SUNFL OWE R UNDE R DIFFERENT ROW SPACI NG AND NI TROGE N FERTILISATION CONDITIONS - Viorel ION, Adrian Gheorghe BĂȘA, Marin DUMBRAVĂ, Lenuța Iuliana EPURE …………………………………………………….. 247

21. VARIATION OF CURRENT MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN WINTER BARLEY, Hordeum vulgare L. - Nicolae IONESCU, Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU, Aurel PENESCU, Elena SĂVULESCU, Maria VOICA, Alexandru LAZĂR ………….. 255

22. SALINITY EFFECTS ON SWEET CORN YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT HYDROGEL DOSES - Sema KALE, Burcu ARICAN …………… 263

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13. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FEATURES OF ALLUVIAL IRRIGATED SOILS OF DNIESTER AND DNIEPER RIVERS BASINS - Tamara LEAH, Valerian CERBARI, Sveatoslav BALIUK, Marina ZAKHAROVA, Oleksandr NOSONENKO ……………. 90

14. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRO-CLIMATIC INDICATORS IN TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN BETWEEN 2009-2016 - Mihai-Avram MAXIM, Teodor RUSU, Paula Ioana MORARU, Marius SĂBĂDAȘ, Ovidiu MAXIM …………………. 96

15. HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION - Nicoleta MĂRIN, Nicoleta VRÎNCEANU, Naliana LUPAȘCU, Mihail DUMITRU …………….. 101

16. DYNAMICS OF SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER A POLLUTION GRADIENT IN URBAN AREAS (PLOVDIV, BULGARIA) - Slaveya PETROVA, Bogdan NIKOLOV, Iliana VELCHEVA, Mariya Yankova, Emiliya Kogan, Elena ZHELEVA, Ekaterina VALCHEVA, Alexandar ALEXANDROV, Mariana MARHOVA, Marinela TSANKOVA, Ivan ILIEV …………………………………………………………………. 109

17. THE USE OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS FOR SUNFLOWER CULTURE ON A STERILE DUMP - CĂTĂLIN AURELIAN ROȘCULETE, ELENA ROȘCULETE ... 117

18. INFLUENCE OF SYSTEM TILLAGE UPON WEEDING LERVELIN THE MAIZE CROP GROWN AT MOARA DOMNEASCĂ – ILFOV - Ionuţ Cosmin SFETCU, Elena Loredana SFETCU, Doru Ioan MARIN ………………………………………………… 125

19. MYCORRHIZAS AS A TOOL IN MAPPING AGRICULTURAL SOILS - Vlad STOIAN, Roxana VIDICAN, Ioan ROTAR, Florin PĂCURAR, Mignon ŞANDOR, Mihai BUTA, Valentina STOIAN ………………………………………………………………… 130

CROP SCIENCES 1. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM WILT (Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. lycopersici) OF

TOMATO WITH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS - Gurama ABUBAKAR UMAR, Haruna SALISU GOMBE …………………………………………………………………………… 139

2. EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM BACTERIA ON NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUEST OF COMMON VETCH (Vicia sativa L.) - Ayşen AKAY, Ali ÇİÇEK ……………………….. 143

3. EFFECT OF WHEATGRASS (Triticum aestivum L.) JUICE ON SEEDLING GROWTH AND Rhizoctonia solani ON CORN - İlknur AKGÜN, Rabia AYATA, Ruziye KARAMAN, Gürsel KARACA ……………………………………………………………. 149

4. DETERMINATION OF YELLOW RUST DISEASE (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) RESISTANT OF THE WHEAT LANDRACE COLLECTED FROM ISPARTA AND BURDUR PROVINCES - Demet ALTINDAL, İlknur AKGÜN, Hülya ÖZGÖNEN ÖZKAYA ……………………………………………………………………………………. 155

5. USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADDING HERBICIDES IN CONTROLLING WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crass ipes ) AND REDUCE IN WATER ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION - Adnan AL-WAGGA, Omar AL-GBURI ……………. 162

6. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF NANO CALCIUM POLYSULFIDE AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI ON TOMATO - Şerife Evrim ARICI, Ahmet ŞİMSEK, Mustafa ASKIN ………………….…………………………………………………………………… 170

7. EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE GALIGAN 240 EC TO PLANTS - Elena BONCIU ………………………………………………………………….. 175

8. GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD PARAMETERS OF SINGLE-PLANTED AND IN-CANOPY GROWN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) - Uğur ÇAKALOĞULLARI, Gülden Deniz ATEŞ ATASOY, Deniz İŞTİPLİLER, Özgür TATAR ………………….. 179

9. QUALITATIVE MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED IN FEED OF Festuca rubra L. AND Agrostis capillaries L. UNDER INFLUENCE OF UAN LIQUID FERTILIZER - Mirela CIREBEA, Ioan ROTAR, Roxana VIDICAN, Anca PLEȘA, Ovidiu RANTA ……….. 184

10. ALLELOPATHY AND ALLELOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS - Ramona COTRUŢ………………………………………………………………………….. 188

11. INVESTIGATION ON THE YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF COMMON WHEAT (T. aestivum L.) CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER THE AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL BULGARIA - Vania DELIBALTOVA, Manol DALLEV …………….. 194

12. APPLICATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF USING THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGES OF NOZZLE OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE SPRAYING PROCESS - Katarzyna DEREŃ, Antoni SZEWCZYK, Deta ŁUCZYCKA, Beata CIENIAWSKA ............................................ 199

13. EVALUATION OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF POMEGRANATE - Cristina DIȚESCU, Narcisa BĂBEANU, Sultana NIȚĂ, Ovidiu POPA ……………………………………………….. 205

14. EFFECT OF BIOCYCLIC HUMUS SOIL ON YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) - Lydia Dorothea EISENBACH, Antigolena FOLINA, Charikleia ZISI, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Ioanna TABAXI, Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU, I. KAKABOUKI, Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU, Dimitrios J. BILALIS 210

15. DETERMINATION OF THRESHING PERFORMANS OF NEW DESING THRESHING UNIT FOR SAGE - Mehmet Emin GOKDUMAN, Deniz YILMAZ ……………………. 218

16. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND SOWING TIME ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CAMELINA [(Camelina sativa L. (Crantz)] - Merve GÖRE, Orhan KURT ………………………………………………….. 223

17. WEEDS MAPPING FROM WHEAT CROPS - Marga GRADILA, Daniel JALOBA ….. 227 18. ANALYSIS OF SOME QUALITY COMPONENTS TO FEW AMPHIDIPLOID LINES

OF WHEAT - Paula IANCU, Marin SOARE, Ovidiu PĂNIŢĂ …………………………. 234 19. DRY MATTER YIELD AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SECOND CROP SILAGE CORN

CULTIVATED AFTER CEREALS UNDER ESKISEHIR ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS - Onur ILERI, Suleyman AVCI, Ali KOC ………………………………………………….. 240

20. RESULTS REGARDING YIELD COMPONENTS AND GRAIN YIELD AT SUNFL OWE R UNDE R DIFFERENT ROW SPACI NG AND NI TROGE N FERTILISATION CONDITIONS - Viorel ION, Adrian Gheorghe BĂȘA, Marin DUMBRAVĂ, Lenuța Iuliana EPURE …………………………………………………….. 247

21. VARIATION OF CURRENT MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN WINTER BARLEY, Hordeum vulgare L. - Nicolae IONESCU, Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU, Aurel PENESCU, Elena SĂVULESCU, Maria VOICA, Alexandru LAZĂR ………….. 255

22. SALINITY EFFECTS ON SWEET CORN YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT HYDROGEL DOSES - Sema KALE, Burcu ARICAN …………… 263

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23. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SEED SIZES AND SHAPES ON FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER MAIZE - Emre KARA, Mustafa SÜRMEN ………………….. 267

24. EFFECTS OF NANO SULFUR (S) APPLICATIONS ON YIELD AND SOME YIELD PROPERTIES OF BREAD WHEAT - Muharrem KAYA, Ruziye KARAMAN, Aykut ŞENER ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 274

25. EFFECT OF EXTRA POTASSIUM SUPPLY ON AMINOACID COMPOSITION OF CORN SEED UNDER THE DEFICIT IRRIGATION CONDITIONS (SECTION C) - Yakup Onur KOCA ………………………………………………………………………… 280

26. PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE OF RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) POPULATIONS IN TURKEY - Erhan KOÇAK, Abdullah YILMAZ, Y. Nazım ALPKENT, Serdar BİLGİNTURAN ……………………………… 286

27. IMPACT OF SOIL TILLAGE REDUCTION ON CULTIVATION PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND SOYBEAN - Igor KOVAČEV, Nikola BILANDŽIJA, Krešimir ČOPEC, Dubravko FILIPOVIĆ….......................................................... 291

28. A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN SALICYLIC ACID USES IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: WHERE HAVE BEEN STUDIES DIRECTED? - Muhittin KULAK ………………………………………………………….. 296

29. DETERMINATION OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SOME CRAMBE GENOTYPES IN THE WORLD CRAMBE COLLECTION - Orhan KURT, Tuba ÖZYILMAZ, Merve GÖRE ……………………………………………………………… 304

30. IMPROVE OF GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT BY NITROGEN INPUTS - Roxana Maria MADJAR, Gina VASILE SCĂEȚEANU, Andreea ANTON 310

31. CONTROL OF THE CARROT CYST NEMATODE Heterodera carotae BY TANNIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS - Lara MAISTRELLO, Nicola SASANELLI, Giacomo VACCARI, Ion TODERAS, Elena IURCU-STRAISTARU …………………………….. 316

32. STUDY OF Rhinoncus pericarpius (Linneus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) BIOLOGY, AN IMPORTANT PEST OF HERB PATIENCE AND RHUBARB IN ROMANIA - Traian MANOLE ……………………………………………………………. 322

33. FIRST RECORDS OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF KERMES HERMONENSIS SPODEK & BEN-DOV (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Kermesidae) IN TURKEY - Hasan MARAL, Halil BOLU ………………………………………………………………………………….. 334

34. BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF SOME SOIL HERBICIDES AT MAIZE (Zea mays L.) - Anyo MITKOV, Mariyan YANEV, Nesho NESHEV, Tonyo TONEV …………………. 340

35. PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE VARIETIES (Zea mays L.) WITH DIFFERENT RATES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER AND COWDUNG IN MUBI, NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA, NIGERIA - Mustapha Alhaji MUHAMMAN, Ruth SAMUEL …………… 346

36. THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE METHODS AND PLANT DENSITY ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GROWN UNDER MAIN AND SECOND CROPPING SYSTEM: II. GROWTH-DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT – Ferhat ÖZTÜRK, Tahsin SÖGÜT ………………………………….. 353

37. THE CHANGE OF SHEAR FORCE AND ENERGY OF COTTON STALK DEPEND ON KNIFE TYPE AND SHEAR ANGLE - F. Göksel PEKİTKAN, Reşat ESGİCİ, A. Konuralp ELİÇİN, Abdullah SESSİZ …………………………………………………….. 360

38. COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES ON THE YIELD OF SUNFLOWER CROPS, THE CROPS BEING OBTAINED WITH CONVENTIONAL, CLEARFIELD AND EXPRESSUN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIELD CONDITIONS OF MOARA DOMNEASCA - Aurelian PENESCU, Mariana BRAN, Mihaela NICHITA, Nicolae IONESCU, Dumitru Ilie SĂNDOIU, Costică CIONTU, Tudor ȘCHIOPU, Mihai GÎDEA, Cosmin ȘONEA, Ciprian BOLOHAN … 367

39. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON SWEET CORN - Zanko Othman RASHID, Cagatay TANRIVERDI ……………….. 375

40. EFFECT OF HIGH DILUTIONS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS ON WHEAT GERMINATION - PRELIMINARY STUDY - Ileana RÎNDAȘU, Roxana CICEOI, Elena Ștefania IVAN, Florin STĂNICĂ……………………………………………………………………… 380

41. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTION OF SOME MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF SOME NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS IN WHEAT GRAINS - Elena ROȘCULETE, Cătălin Aurelian ROȘCULETE ………………………………….. 386

42. FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HAMMER MILLS - Hüseyin SAUK, Kemal Çağatay SELVİ …………………………………………………………… 392

43. EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE EGGS OF Dysdercus cingulatus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) - Shahjahan SHAIKH ……………………………………….. 397

44. RESEARCH AT NIRDPSB BRASOV ABOUT IN VITRO BEHAVIOR OF POTATO PLANTLETS BELONGING TO NEW AMELIORATED LINES AT SRDP TARGU SECUIESC - Andreea TICAN, Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU, Anca BACIU,, Mihaela CIOLOCA …………………………………………………………………………………… 401

45. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY IN THE SWEET MAIZE - Mevlüt TÜRK, Mehmet ALAGÖZ ……………………………………. 408

46. THE BIOCHEMICAL METHANE POTENTIAL OF Miscanthus giganteus BIOMASS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA - Victor ŢÎŢEI ……………………………. 412

47. INDUCING TRANSIENT GENE EXPRESSION IN Nicotiana tabacum PLANT BY AGROINFILTRATION METHOD - Anca Amalia UDRIȘTE ……………………………. 416

48. THE ROLE OF BUFFER ZONES IN ENSURING THE COEXISTENCE OF GM AND NON-GM MAIZE - Viorica URECHEAN, Dorina BONEA ……………………………. 420

MISCELLANEOUS 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN PRISTINE PURE-BEECH STAND AND MIXED BEECH-

OAK STAND USING AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE - Tiberiu Paul BANU, Manfred SCHӦLCH, Constantin BANU, Gheorghe Florian BORLEA…………………. 429

2. MODAL ANALYSIS OF FIELD SPRAYER BOOM DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS - Ali BAYAT, Medet İTMEÇ, Ali BOLAT ……………………………… 434

3. EVALUATION OF TILLAGE SYSYEMS ON SOIL FUNGUS MICROFLORA UNDER WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATION - Serkan BAYMAN, M. Murat TURGUT ……….. 438

4. TOTAL CONTENT OF SOME ANTIOXIDANTS IN TEN ROMANIAN POTATO GENOTYPES - Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU, Maria Floriana ŞTEFAN, Cristina Maria CANJA, Mirabela Ioana LUPU ……………………………………………………………. 442

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23. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SEED SIZES AND SHAPES ON FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER MAIZE - Emre KARA, Mustafa SÜRMEN ………………….. 267

24. EFFECTS OF NANO SULFUR (S) APPLICATIONS ON YIELD AND SOME YIELD PROPERTIES OF BREAD WHEAT - Muharrem KAYA, Ruziye KARAMAN, Aykut ŞENER ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 274

25. EFFECT OF EXTRA POTASSIUM SUPPLY ON AMINOACID COMPOSITION OF CORN SEED UNDER THE DEFICIT IRRIGATION CONDITIONS (SECTION C) - Yakup Onur KOCA ………………………………………………………………………… 280

26. PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE OF RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) POPULATIONS IN TURKEY - Erhan KOÇAK, Abdullah YILMAZ, Y. Nazım ALPKENT, Serdar BİLGİNTURAN ……………………………… 286

27. IMPACT OF SOIL TILLAGE REDUCTION ON CULTIVATION PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND SOYBEAN - Igor KOVAČEV, Nikola BILANDŽIJA, Krešimir ČOPEC, Dubravko FILIPOVIĆ….......................................................... 291

28. A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN SALICYLIC ACID USES IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: WHERE HAVE BEEN STUDIES DIRECTED? - Muhittin KULAK ………………………………………………………….. 296

29. DETERMINATION OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SOME CRAMBE GENOTYPES IN THE WORLD CRAMBE COLLECTION - Orhan KURT, Tuba ÖZYILMAZ, Merve GÖRE ……………………………………………………………… 304

30. IMPROVE OF GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT BY NITROGEN INPUTS - Roxana Maria MADJAR, Gina VASILE SCĂEȚEANU, Andreea ANTON 310

31. CONTROL OF THE CARROT CYST NEMATODE Heterodera carotae BY TANNIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS - Lara MAISTRELLO, Nicola SASANELLI, Giacomo VACCARI, Ion TODERAS, Elena IURCU-STRAISTARU …………………………….. 316

32. STUDY OF Rhinoncus pericarpius (Linneus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) BIOLOGY, AN IMPORTANT PEST OF HERB PATIENCE AND RHUBARB IN ROMANIA - Traian MANOLE ……………………………………………………………. 322

33. FIRST RECORDS OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF KERMES HERMONENSIS SPODEK & BEN-DOV (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Kermesidae) IN TURKEY - Hasan MARAL, Halil BOLU ………………………………………………………………………………….. 334

34. BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF SOME SOIL HERBICIDES AT MAIZE (Zea mays L.) - Anyo MITKOV, Mariyan YANEV, Nesho NESHEV, Tonyo TONEV …………………. 340

35. PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE VARIETIES (Zea mays L.) WITH DIFFERENT RATES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER AND COWDUNG IN MUBI, NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA, NIGERIA - Mustapha Alhaji MUHAMMAN, Ruth SAMUEL …………… 346

36. THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE METHODS AND PLANT DENSITY ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GROWN UNDER MAIN AND SECOND CROPPING SYSTEM: II. GROWTH-DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT – Ferhat ÖZTÜRK, Tahsin SÖGÜT ………………………………….. 353

37. THE CHANGE OF SHEAR FORCE AND ENERGY OF COTTON STALK DEPEND ON KNIFE TYPE AND SHEAR ANGLE - F. Göksel PEKİTKAN, Reşat ESGİCİ, A. Konuralp ELİÇİN, Abdullah SESSİZ …………………………………………………….. 360

38. COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES ON THE YIELD OF SUNFLOWER CROPS, THE CROPS BEING OBTAINED WITH CONVENTIONAL, CLEARFIELD AND EXPRESSUN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIELD CONDITIONS OF MOARA DOMNEASCA - Aurelian PENESCU, Mariana BRAN, Mihaela NICHITA, Nicolae IONESCU, Dumitru Ilie SĂNDOIU, Costică CIONTU, Tudor ȘCHIOPU, Mihai GÎDEA, Cosmin ȘONEA, Ciprian BOLOHAN … 367

39. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON SWEET CORN - Zanko Othman RASHID, Cagatay TANRIVERDI ……………….. 375

40. EFFECT OF HIGH DILUTIONS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS ON WHEAT GERMINATION - PRELIMINARY STUDY - Ileana RÎNDAȘU, Roxana CICEOI, Elena Ștefania IVAN, Florin STĂNICĂ……………………………………………………………………… 380

41. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTION OF SOME MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF SOME NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS IN WHEAT GRAINS - Elena ROȘCULETE, Cătălin Aurelian ROȘCULETE ………………………………….. 386

42. FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HAMMER MILLS - Hüseyin SAUK, Kemal Çağatay SELVİ …………………………………………………………… 392

43. EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE EGGS OF Dysdercus cingulatus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) - Shahjahan SHAIKH ……………………………………….. 397

44. RESEARCH AT NIRDPSB BRASOV ABOUT IN VITRO BEHAVIOR OF POTATO PLANTLETS BELONGING TO NEW AMELIORATED LINES AT SRDP TARGU SECUIESC - Andreea TICAN, Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU, Anca BACIU,, Mihaela CIOLOCA …………………………………………………………………………………… 401

45. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY IN THE SWEET MAIZE - Mevlüt TÜRK, Mehmet ALAGÖZ ……………………………………. 408

46. THE BIOCHEMICAL METHANE POTENTIAL OF Miscanthus giganteus BIOMASS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA - Victor ŢÎŢEI ……………………………. 412

47. INDUCING TRANSIENT GENE EXPRESSION IN Nicotiana tabacum PLANT BY AGROINFILTRATION METHOD - Anca Amalia UDRIȘTE ……………………………. 416

48. THE ROLE OF BUFFER ZONES IN ENSURING THE COEXISTENCE OF GM AND NON-GM MAIZE - Viorica URECHEAN, Dorina BONEA ……………………………. 420

MISCELLANEOUS 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN PRISTINE PURE-BEECH STAND AND MIXED BEECH-

OAK STAND USING AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE - Tiberiu Paul BANU, Manfred SCHӦLCH, Constantin BANU, Gheorghe Florian BORLEA…………………. 429

2. MODAL ANALYSIS OF FIELD SPRAYER BOOM DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS - Ali BAYAT, Medet İTMEÇ, Ali BOLAT ……………………………… 434

3. EVALUATION OF TILLAGE SYSYEMS ON SOIL FUNGUS MICROFLORA UNDER WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATION - Serkan BAYMAN, M. Murat TURGUT ……….. 438

4. TOTAL CONTENT OF SOME ANTIOXIDANTS IN TEN ROMANIAN POTATO GENOTYPES - Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU, Maria Floriana ŞTEFAN, Cristina Maria CANJA, Mirabela Ioana LUPU ……………………………………………………………. 442

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5. ESTIMATION OF THE LIQUID COVER OF SELECTED DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS IN VARIOUS PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT DURING SPRAYING - Beata CIENIAWSKA, Deta ŁUCZYCKA, Antoni SZEWCZYK, Katarzyna DEREŃ ………. 448

6. DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF THE FOREST NATURAL HABITATS IN THE BRATOVOEȘTI FOREST, DOLJ COUNTY - Florin Dorian COJOACĂ, Mariana NICULESCU ............................................................................. 453

7. PHYTOCHEMICAL RESEARCH ON AERIAL PARTS OF Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens - Aurora DOBRIN, Vlad Ioan POPA, Constantin Daniel POTOR, Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU …………………………….. 458

8. WHICH SHRUB SPECIES SHOULD BE USED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FIELD SHELTERBELTS IN ROMANIA? - Cristian Mihai ENESCU …………………… 464

9. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS ABOUT GERMINATION OF Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. CARYOPSIS - Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU, Vlad Ioan POPA, Daniel Constantin POTOR, Nicolae IONESCU, Elena SĂVULESCU …………………………. 470

10. MELLIFEROUS POTENTIAL OF SILVER LINDEN TREES (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) GROWING IN THE FORESTS FROM SOUTH ROMANIA - Nicoleta ION, Răzvan COMAN, Viorel ION ……………………………………………………………………….. 474

11. INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND SEEDING METHODS IN SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) CULTIVATION - Hüseyin KÜÇÜK, Davut AKBOLAT ………………………………………………………………………………… 481

12. NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MULTIPLE PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH DURING STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - Carmen LUPU, Elena DELIAN, Lenuţa CHIRA, Adrian CHIRA …………………… 487

13. BIOMASS QUALITY OF SOME Poaceae SPECIES AND POSSIBLE USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MOLDOVA - Ivan MUNTEAN, Victor ŢÎŢEI, Andrei GUDIMA, Andrei ARMAŞ, Mihai GADIBADI ………………………. 497

14. RESEARCH OF THE COLEOPTERA (Cerambycidae and Lucanidae) FOUND IN THE NATURAL HABITATS OF THE GATEJESTI-BUNESTI FOREST - Laurențiu NICULESCU, Ion MITREA ……………………………………………………………. 503

15. STUDIES ON THE VITALITY AND THE STATE OF HEALTH OF CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF TREES FROM THE FOREST HABITATS FOUND IN THE PROTECTED AREA ROSCI 0128 (NORDUL GORJULUI DE EST) - Mariana NICULESCU, Liviu Aurel OLARU, Silvestru Ilie NUȚĂ …………………………………………………….. 507

16. DEVELOPMENT OF TAILOR-MADE FOOD WASTE PREVENTION MEASURES BASED ON CONSUMER TYPE ANALYSIS - Sandra SCHWÖDT, Gudrun OBERSTEINER……………………………………………………………………………... 513

17. PRECISION OF DROUGHT BASED ON THE TOPSIS METHOD - Çağatay TANRIVERDİ, Hasan DEĞİRMENCİ, Mahmut TEKİNERDOĞAN, Engin GÖNEN, Fırat ARSLAN, Atılgan ATILGAN ……………………………………………………… 516

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SoilScienceS

5. ESTIMATION OF THE LIQUID COVER OF SELECTED DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS IN VARIOUS PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT DURING SPRAYING - Beata CIENIAWSKA, Deta ŁUCZYCKA, Antoni SZEWCZYK, Katarzyna DEREŃ ………. 448

6. DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF THE FOREST NATURAL HABITATS IN THE BRATOVOEȘTI FOREST, DOLJ COUNTY - Florin Dorian COJOACĂ, Mariana NICULESCU ............................................................................. 453

7. PHYTOCHEMICAL RESEARCH ON AERIAL PARTS OF Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens - Aurora DOBRIN, Vlad Ioan POPA, Constantin Daniel POTOR, Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU …………………………….. 458

8. WHICH SHRUB SPECIES SHOULD BE USED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FIELD SHELTERBELTS IN ROMANIA? - Cristian Mihai ENESCU …………………… 464

9. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS ABOUT GERMINATION OF Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. CARYOPSIS - Mihaela Ioana GEORGESCU, Vlad Ioan POPA, Daniel Constantin POTOR, Nicolae IONESCU, Elena SĂVULESCU …………………………. 470

10. MELLIFEROUS POTENTIAL OF SILVER LINDEN TREES (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) GROWING IN THE FORESTS FROM SOUTH ROMANIA - Nicoleta ION, Răzvan COMAN, Viorel ION ……………………………………………………………………….. 474

11. INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND SEEDING METHODS IN SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) CULTIVATION - Hüseyin KÜÇÜK, Davut AKBOLAT ………………………………………………………………………………… 481

12. NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MULTIPLE PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH DURING STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - Carmen LUPU, Elena DELIAN, Lenuţa CHIRA, Adrian CHIRA …………………… 487

13. BIOMASS QUALITY OF SOME Poaceae SPECIES AND POSSIBLE USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MOLDOVA - Ivan MUNTEAN, Victor ŢÎŢEI, Andrei GUDIMA, Andrei ARMAŞ, Mihai GADIBADI ………………………. 497

14. RESEARCH OF THE COLEOPTERA (Cerambycidae and Lucanidae) FOUND IN THE NATURAL HABITATS OF THE GATEJESTI-BUNESTI FOREST - Laurențiu NICULESCU, Ion MITREA ……………………………………………………………. 503

15. STUDIES ON THE VITALITY AND THE STATE OF HEALTH OF CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF TREES FROM THE FOREST HABITATS FOUND IN THE PROTECTED AREA ROSCI 0128 (NORDUL GORJULUI DE EST) - Mariana NICULESCU, Liviu Aurel OLARU, Silvestru Ilie NUȚĂ …………………………………………………….. 507

16. DEVELOPMENT OF TAILOR-MADE FOOD WASTE PREVENTION MEASURES BASED ON CONSUMER TYPE ANALYSIS - Sandra SCHWÖDT, Gudrun OBERSTEINER……………………………………………………………………………... 513

17. PRECISION OF DROUGHT BASED ON THE TOPSIS METHOD - Çağatay TANRIVERDİ, Hasan DEĞİRMENCİ, Mahmut TEKİNERDOĞAN, Engin GÖNEN, Fırat ARSLAN, Atılgan ATILGAN ……………………………………………………… 516

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TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON, MICROBIAL

BIOMASS CARBON AND BETA-GLUCOSIDASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN A TYPIC HAPLOXERERT SOIL

Mert ACAR1, İsmail ÇELİK1, Hikmet GÜNAL2, Nurullah ACİR3,

Zeliha BARUT BEREKET4, Mesut BUDAK5

1Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Adana, Turkey

2Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tokat, Turkey

3Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Kırşehir, Turkey

4Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery, Adana, Turkey

5Sirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Siirt, Turkey

Corresponding author email: icelik@cu.edu.tr

Abstract Biological indicators allow to define early changes in soil environment due to the impacts in land management over time. This study investigated the effects of long-term (2006-2015) two conventional (CT-1 and CT-2), three reduced (RT-1, RT-2 and RT-3) and a no-till (NT) on soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and beta-glucosidase enzyme activity (BGA) in eastern Mediterranean region, Turkey. Experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. Results indicated that SOC, MBC and BGA significantly differed among tillage treatments. Non-disturbed soils under NT had nearly 75% higher SOC (8.80 gkg-1), 359% higher BGA (207.66 mg PNP kg-1h-1) and 68% higher MBC (185.9 mg C kg-1 soil) compared with highly disturbed soils under CT-1 system. The BGA and MBC concentrations under NT were also significantly higher than the three RT treatments. In contrast to BGA and MBC, the SOC contents under RT systems did not differ from that of NT treatment. Higher concentrations of BGA and MBC under NT and partially under RT compared to CT treatments were most likely related to the increased organic matter contents and non-disturbed environmental conditions. Key words: soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, beta-glucosidase enzyme activity, conventional tillage, conservation tillage. INTRODUCTION Conventional tillage using mouldboard ploughing, subsequent disking and floating for seed bed preparation has been frequently used tillage practice by farmers in many parts of the Turkey. Even in state farms, as in Ceylanpınar that is the largest (163,000 ha) state owned and managed farm in Turkey, conventional practices have been widely used. Farmers prefer this practice for appropriate seed bed preparation by breaking down crop residues along with weeds, incorporating the crushed biomass into the soil, increasing seed-soil contact by breaking larger aggregates or soil clods and providing warmer and drier seedbed

for early spring planting (Soane et al., 2012; Dozier et al., 2017). Despite the short-term benefits of conventional tillage for seed bed preparation, aggressive physical disturbance induces decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) by creating appropriate soil environment for microorganisms, and subsequently reduces soil fertility and quality (Álvaro-Fuentes et al., 2013; Abdullah, 2014). Alteration in SOM status of soils results in substantial changes in soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, both are highly correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) content of soils (Acosta-Martínez et al., 2003; Melero et al., 2008). Therefore, soil microbial properties such as

Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LXI, No. 1, 2018ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785

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microbial biomass, as a primary source of soil enzymes and pool of SOC and activities of soil enzymes are considered important and sensitive indicators to understand and compare the effects of soil disturbance resulting from tillage practices on soil quality (Álvaro-Fuentes et al., 2013; Kabiri et al., 2016). Conservative tillage systems, reduced or no-till, minimize the soil disturbance and results in improvement of soil quality by increasing SOC with a higher microbial activity, nutrient and water supply and water stable aggregates (Lal, 2015). Minimizing incorporation of crop residue reduces rate of mineralization of organic matter by physically protecting organic matter from microbial decomposition (Tripathi et al., 2014). Experiments on investigating the effects of conservative tillage on microbial properties of soils have been studied elsewhere in many countries of the world, but very few long-term studies were available reporting the effects of tillage practices on microbial properties in Turkey. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the responses of SOC, microbial biomass C and activity of β-glucosidase enzyme to long-term (nine years) two conventional, three reduced and no-till practices under Mediterranean climate in southern Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site and Experimental Details The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the Cukurova University (37°00′54″ N, 35°21′27″ E; 32 m altitude) with Mediterranean climate in Adana, Turkey. The average annual precipitation is 639 mm, and temperature is 19.2°C. The experimental plots were established in 2006 on a clayey soil classified as smectitic, active, mesic Typic Haploxererts. The initial soil properties in the surface layer (0-30 cm) were 50% clay, 32% silt and 18% sand, pH (saturation paste) is 7.82, electrical conductivity (saturation paste) is 0.15 dS m-1, calcium carbonate is 244 g kg-1 (Çelik, 2011). The plots were 12 m width and 40 m length (480 m2) with 4 m buffer between each plot. In this study, six tillage systems in rotation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean

(Glycine max L.) – grain maize (Zea mays L.) were applied for nine years. In all tillage methods, the harvest residues on soil surface were chopped prior to tillage operations except CT-2. The tillage treatments were: 1) Conventional tillage with residue incorporated (CT-1): In CT-1, soil was tilled to 30-33 cm depth using a moldboard plow before winter wheat followed by two passes of disc harrow at 13-15 cm and 2 passes of float. For the second crop, soil was tilled with a heavy tandem disc harrow (HTD) to a depth of 18 to 20 cm, followed by 2 passes of disc harrow to 13-15 cm depth and 2 passes of float. 2) Conventional tillage with residue burned (CT-2); In CT-2, crop residues were burned after each harvest differed from CT-1 and also chisel plow instead of HTD to the depth of 35 to 38 cm was used in second crop. 3) Reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow (RT-1); In RT-1, soil was tilled with a HTD to a depth of 18-20 cm (2 passes) and followed by 2 passes of float before wheat planting. For the second crop, rotary tiller (RoT) was used to 13-15 cm depth and 2 passes of float. 4) Reduced tillage with rotary tiller (RT-2); In RT-2, RoT was used at 13-15 cm depth and followed by 2 passes of float before first and second crop planting. 5) Reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow followed by no tillage for the second crop (RT-3); In RT-3, soil was tilled with a HTD to 18-20 cm depth and followed by 2 passes of float before wheat. A non-selective herbicide (500 g ha-1 Glyphosate) was applied for weed management, and NT planter was used for planting of second crop soybean or corn. 6) No-tillage, direct planting (NT); In NT, crop residue on soil surface were chopped as in all other treatments except CT-2, a non-selective herbicide (500 g ha-1 Glyphosate) was applied for weed management, and NT planter was used for planting in both the first and the second crop. Chemical fertilizer application rate was the same regardless of tillage method: 170-180 kg N ha-1 and 55-60 kg P2O5 ha-1 for wheat, 250-265 kg N ha-1 and 60-65 kg P2O5 ha-1 for corn and 120-130 kg N ha-1 and 40-45 kg P2O5 ha-1

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for soybean based on soil analysis. Commercially available corn and soybean cultivars at seeding rates of 8.4 and 23.6 plants per m2 were planted in the third week of June and harvested in the second week of October. Soil Samplings and Laboratory Analyses Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples at the 0-10 cm depth were taken after second crop harvest of corn in 15th of December, 2015. The activity of β-glucosidase enzyme was determined following the method based on the colorimetric estimation of the p-nitrophenol (Tabatabai, 1982). In this method, 1 g of soil was incubated for 1 h at 37°C with a buffered p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside solution (pH 6.0) and toluene. The p-nitrophenol formed by the hydrolysis of the p-nitro-phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside at 37°C for 1 h was determined by measuring the yellow filtrate colorimetrically after color development of the soil suspension with 1 mL 0.5 mol L−1 CaCl2 and 4 mL of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer (pH=12). The β-glucosidase activity was expressed as micrograms of p-nitrophenol released per gram dry soil per hour. The amount of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC, mg C kg-1 soil) was determined using the substrate induced respiration (SIR) method (Anderson and Domsch, 1978). In the SIR method, 5 g of moist soil was weighted into small jars, 1 ml glucose was added (0.5% w/w) and waited for 2 hours. After two hours, 2.5 ml of 0.05 M NaOH within small tubes were placed into the jars as an alkali trap. The jars were tightly closed and inserted into the incubator for 4 to 6 hours at 25°C. The same operations were repeated without soil as controls. After the incubation, the NaOH was removed, and 5 ml 0.5 M BaCl2 was added to precipitate the absorbed CO2 as insoluble carbonate, and the supernatant was titrated with phenolphthalein indicator against 0.05 M HCl to calculate CO2 released from soil (mg C kg-1 soil), against corresponding controls. Bulk density was determined using soil cores (length 5.1 cm, diameter 5.0 cm) collected from three depths. The soil samples of known volumes were weighed, oven dried at 105ºC for 24 h to a constant weight and weighed to

calculate bulk density (Blake and Hartge, 1986). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was calculated through the dividing soil organic matter content by the Van Bemmelen coefficient of 1.724 organic matter is equal to 58% of carbon (Nelson and Sommers, 1982). Organic C stock of soils under each of tillage system was calculated on an equal mass basis references to 0-10 cm depth using the organic C concentrations and soil bulk densities of each sampled plot (Lal et al., 1998; Mishra et al., 2010).

where: Cs is the organic C stock (kg ha-1); OC is the soil organic carbon (g kg-1); Bd is the soil bulk density (Mg m-3); D is the thickness of soil horizon (m); A is the area (ha: 104 m2). Microbial quotient calculated as the ratio of MBC to SOC (Insam et al. 1989; Anderson and Domsch, 1989). Statistical Analyses Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to control the distribution of data for normality. The data had normal distribution and no need to use any kind of transformation to normalize the data. The effects of tillage systems and the differences between tillage systems were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Differences among treatments were evaluated by DUNCAN test (P RT-1 > RT-2 > RT-3 > NT. The SOC concentration of soils was ranged from 8.80±0.48 g C kg-1 soil (CT-1) to 15.40±0.93 g C kg-1 soil (NT) among six tillage treatments. The NT had 75% and 58% higher SOC concentrations than CT-1 and CT-2 treatments.

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Figure 1. Soil organic carbon concentration (g C kg-1 soil) of soils under different tillage systems. Different

letters on each bar indicate significant differences among tillage treatments at p

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under the semi-arid region of central Spain, obtained a very high value of MBC under NT system compared to RT and CT systems. In a 6 years old tillage experiment, the MBC concentrations under CT using moldboard and disc plows were found 25 and 43% lower than less disturbed soils using chisel and rotary plows under RT system (Kabiri et al., 2016). The increased MBC under NT and RT in comparison to CT emphasizes the improved environmental conditions due to the minimal disturbance and lower decomposition of organic matter and the importance of conservative tillage practices in Mediterranean climate on enhancing microbial efficiency of soils. In contrast to the reports on significant effects of tillage on MBC, Mbuthia et al. (2015) found no significant influence of long term (31 years) tillage on MBC under continuous cotton at West Tennessee Research and Education Center in Jackson, TN, USA. However, they reported significant alterations in the microbial community structure composition by tillage. This contradictory result was ascribed with a combination influence of soil type (sandy texture) and the low biomass produced under cotton compared to other crops.

Figure 3. Microbial biomass carbon concentration (mg C

kg-1 soil) of soils under different tillage systems. Different letters on each bar indicate significant differences among tillage treatments at p RT-1 > RT-2 > RT-3 > NT (Figure 5). The reduction in tillage intensity resulted in higher MBC which favored the β-

c c

b b

ab a

0

100

200

300

400

CT-1 CT-2 RT-1 RT-2 RT-3 NT

Mic

robi

al B

iom

ass C

arbo

n (m

g C

kg-1

soil)

a

a a a a

a

0

1

2

3

CT-1 CT-2 RT-1 RT-2 RT-3 NT

Mic

robi

al Q

uotie

nt (M

BC/S

OC,

%)

18

glucosidase enzyme activity due to increased availability of substrate and reduction of soil disturbance (Sinsabaugh et al., 2008). Although activities of β-glucosidase were higher under RT (113.03, 121.72 and 134.15 mg PNP kg-1 h-1 for RT-1, RT-2 and RT-3, respectively) systems compared to CT systems, they were significantly lower than that of NT treatment. Our results are in accordance with those reported by Martin-Lammerding et al. (2015) who indicated that β-glucosidase activity was at the highest level under NT followed by RT, with CT having the lowest level of β-glucosidase activity. Similarly, higher MBC concentration coupled with higher activity of β-glucosidase enzyme under NT in comparison to CT was also reported by Mendes et al. (2003) for a Brazilian Cerrados.

Figure 5. β-glucosidase activity (mg PNP kg-1 h-1) of

soils under different tillage systems. Different letters on each bar indicate significant differences among tillage

treatments at p

19

Anderson J.P.E., Domsch K.H., 1978. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 3:215–221.

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by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in an irrigated Haploxeroll of Central Chile. Soil and Tillage Research, 126:238-245.

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Mendes I.C., Souza L.V., Resck D.V.S., Gomes A.C., 2003. Propriedades biolo´ gicas em agregados de um latossolo vermelho-escuro sob plantio convencional e direto no Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 27:435–443.

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Nelson D.W., Sommers L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 539–579.

Schneider U., 2007. Soil organic carbon changes in dynamic land use decision models. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 119:359–367.

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distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice–rice system. Geoderma, 213:280–286.

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21

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ZN DOSES AND MYCORRHIZAE

APPLICATION ON HORSE BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE UNDER STERILE AND NON STERILE SOIL CONDITIONS

Cagdas AKPINAR1, Ibrahim ORTAS2, Ahmet DEMIRBAS3

1Department of Organic Farming Business Management, Kadirli School of Applied Sciences, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey

2Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey

3Department of Crop and Animal Production, Vocational School of Sivas, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

Corresponding author email: cagdasakpinar@osmaniye.edu.tr

Abstract Due to semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions and soil properties, south east Turkey's soils usually do not contain sufficient amount of plant nutritious elements, especially phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn). This scarcity conditions is one of the factors limiting agriculture productivity and fertility and consequently, decrease the crop production. Mycorrhiza can be able to increase soil fertility and enhance nutrient uptake and plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and different Zn doses on horse bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and nutrient uptake under sterile and non-sterile soils conditions. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with three replications. Horse bean was used as a test plant and Funneliformis mosseae was used as mycorrhiza species (1000 spore plant-1). Sterile and non-sterile Karaburun soils series from Çukurova region were used. Two doses of Zn (0 and 5 mg kg-1) were used as fertilizer. In both sterilized, non-sterilized soils mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot dry matter and nutrient concentration. The results shown that shoot dry matter and nutrient concentration significantly increased of horse bean plants in non-sterilized soils. Maximum value of % P and Zn concentration was determined and in non-sterilized soils mycorrhiza inoculated have 0.28 % P (0 mg kg-1Zn) and in mycorrhiza inoculated sterile soils, 52.1 mg kg-1Zn (5 mg kg-1Zn). The results are encouraging that the mycorrhiza can be used as an organic fertilizer for plant production under large arable conditions. Key words: mycorrhizae, horse bean, zinc, phosphorus.

INTRODUCTION

Middle East-originated horse bean (Vicia faba L.) is among the earliest cultured legumes after chickpea and pea. Horse bean is commonly grown for human nutrition, but it is also used as animal feed (Prolea, 2014). Turkey, especially the Mediterranean Region, has loamy soils with high clay and low organic matter contents because of climate zone and geographical location. Undesired physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics also reduce available plant nutrient concentrations. Soils of Çukurova Region (Eastern Mediterranean Region) with intensive agricultural practices experience nutrient deficiency place to place mostly based on soil parent material and especially phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn)

deficiencies are the common cases in these soils (Ibrikci, 1994). Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi has been one of the most well-known plant-fungus associations since about 450 million years and is of significant importance for growth and persistence of terrestrial plants (Redecker et al., 2000). Obligate symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belongs to endomycorrhiza group of Glomeromycota family and the fungi is in symbiotic association with about 80% of the plant species (Smith and Read, 2008). Horse bean is also among these plant species which is significantly mycorrhizal dependent (Ortas, 2012a). Turkey has also grown horse bean which can form associations with mycorrhizal fungi (Kaschuk et al., 2010). Plant roots are not the only dominant factors in plant nutrient uptake, but there are some other

Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LXI, No. 1, 2018ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785

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factors effective in nutrient uptake processes of the plants. It was reported in previous studies that hyphae-producing fungi species, also called as mycorrhiza, which can be seen under microscope and have symbiotic associations with plant roots, may also provide significant supports in plant nutrient uptake from the soils (Ryan et al., 2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) aid in enlargement of root surface area in rhizosphere area and alter rhizosphere pH, thus increase P uptake of plants from the soils (Ortas and Rowell, 2004; Ortas and Akpinar, 2011). In case of an efficient infection between the mycorrhiza and the plants, plants give 5-10% of the carbon to mycorrhiza fungi and in return mycorrhiza facilitates plant nutrient flow (Hodgeand and Storer, 2015) and water uptake (Augé, 2001). It has been found that mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant especially P, Zn and Cu concentrations when effective root infection occurs (Smith and Read, 2008). Besides plant growth, AMF has several positive impacts on soil quality (Celik et al., 2011). Zn uptake mechanism of mycorrhiza is similar with the phosphorus uptake mechanism and supplies about 60% of the Zn provided to plants through mycorrhizal hyphae from outside the root region (rhizosphere) (Ortas et al., 2011). Arbuscular mycorrhiza not only facilities P uptake of the host plant, but also significantly increase Zn uptake of the plants (Ortas and Akpinar, 2011; Ortas, 2012b). Therefore, existence of mycorrhiza fungi hyphae is a quite significant issue for the uptake of slowly available plant nutrients like Zn. According to Thompson (1990), non-existence of Zn deficiency of the plant species grown in soils with low DTPA-extractable Zn concentrations mostly resulted from Zn supplied from the soils through AM. Zn is a quite significant microelement for human health. Zn deficiency is experienced about 60% of Turkish soils (Eyüpoğlu et al., 1996), therefore mycorrhiza utilization in agricultural soils is a significant issue to prevent Zn deficiency. Mycorrhiza utilization may have a strategic importance especially in soils of inner semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different

Zn doses and mycorrhiza inoculations on nutrient uptake and plant growth of horse beans grown in sterilized and unsterilized soils poor in plant nutrients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted on Karaburun soil series (Typic Xerorthent) which is nutrient deficient (Table 1). Soil used in the investigation which is silt clay loam, slightly alkaline (pH 7.4), calcareous (23.2%), phosphorus content low (26.0 kg∙ha-1), and potassium content is sufficient (630 kg∙ha-1). The half of the soil was sterilized by using an autoclave at 120°C for two hours. Two levels of Zn, 0 and 5 mg∙kg-1 soil, as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) were applied. Plants were inoculated with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae. A level of 1000-spore per pot was placed 3 cm below the seeds. The non-inoculated pots received the same amount of mycorrhizal spore-free inoculum. Horse bean (Vicia faba L.) was used as a test plant. In the study, plastic pots with a capacity of 3 kg were used and 5 seeds were planted at the beginning of each pot. After germination, they were reduced to 3 plants. Distilled water was added daily to maintain the moisture at 75% of field capacity. At the harvest of each pot, total plant biomass (dry weight of root and shoot) were recorded. Plant materials, shoots and roots were washed thoroughly with distilled. Then plants were oven-dried at 65°C for 48 h. The dry material was ground using a Tema mill, and 0.2 g of the ground plant material was ashed at 550°C, then dissolved in 3.3% HCl. The concentration of phosphorus was determined according to Murphy and Riley (1962). An ICP- spectrophotometer (ICP-OES; Thermo ICAP7000) was employed to determine the concentration of K, Zn and Fe in the plant samples. The root staining procedure described by Koske and Gemma (1989). The percentage of AMF colonization was identified by method of Giovanetti and Mosse (1980).

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Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of Karaburun series soils used in experiments

P2O5 K2O Fe Zn Cu Mn pH CaCO3 Texture Soil Depth kg∙ha-1 mg∙kg-1 % (0-30) 26.0 630.0 3.02 0.38 0.57 3.21 7.41 23.2 SiCL Mycorrhizal Dependency (MD) After harvest, the total dry weight of the seedlings was recorded and inoculation effectiveness of the seedlings by AMF was calculated using the following formula by Ortas (2012a): TDW (+M) - TDW (-M) (MD) = ........................................ x100 TDW (+M) TDW= total dry weight; +M, inoculated plant; -M, non-inoculated plant Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses (Tukey test and correlation) were performed using the SPSS 22.0 for Windows computer program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Effects of different Zn doses and mycorrhiza inoculation on shoot (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) production of horse bean were investigated and results are presented in Table 2. Present findings revealed that mycorrhiza inoculations significantly increased both shoot and root dry matter production. While shoot dry matter production was 7.62 g pot-1 and 7.44 g pot-1 in unsterilized and sterilized control treatment respectively (Table 2). With 5 mg kg-1Zn and mycorrhiza treatments, SDW was 8.36 g pot-1 under sterilized and 8.08 g pot-1

under the sterilized soil conditions. The greatest shoot dry matter production was observed as 9.18 g pot-1 in mycorrhiza-inoculated and non-Zn-treated sterilized control soil. Similar findings were also observed in root dry matter productions. Mycorrhiza had positive impacts on plant growth and development under both sterilized and unsterilized soil conditions. Considering the general averages, it was observed that the greatest shoot dry matter production of horse bean plants in unsterilized soils was 8.21 g pot-1, the greatest root dry matter production was observed as 7.63 g pot-1 in sterilized soils. Similarly, Akpinar (2011) also reported that AM inoculations significantly increased dry matter production of horse bean plants. Also Ortas (2012a) showed that during 1997 to 1999 mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased the horse bean yield under field conditions. Following the soil sterilization, since the other microorganisms, existing in soil and competing with plant roots for nutrients, were removed from the soil, mycorrhiza fungi had much more impacts on plant growth and development. Indigenous mycorrhiza also exists in unsterilized soils to some extend and thus had positive impacts on plant growth and development also in unsterilized soils (Ortas, 2003).

Table 2. Effects of different zinc doses and mycorrhiza inoculation on shoot and root dry matter production of horse bean plants grown in sterilized and unsterilized soils

Shoot Dry Weight Root Dry Weight g pot-1

(-) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 7.62 ±0.5b 6.94 ±0.0ab (5 mg kg-1Zn) 7.68 ±0.1ab 5.71 ±0.6b

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 9.18 ±0.9a 7.61 ±0.2ab (5 mg kg-1Zn) 8.36 ±0.0ab 9.56 ±1.3ab

General Average 8.21A 7.45A

(+) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 7.44 ±0.2b 7.36 ±0.1ab (5 mg kg-1Zn) 7.81 ±0.4ab 6.27 ±0.1ab

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 8.69 ±0.0ab 9.88 ±2.5ab (5 mg kg-1Zn) 8.08 ±0.1ab 7.02 ±0.1a

General Average 8.00B 7.63A ± Standard error, P

24

The greatest root infection was observed as 65% in 5 mg kg-1 Zn-treated and mycorrhiza-inoculated sterilized soils (Table 3). The reason of that high infection rate was considered as absence of other organisms to compete with mycorrhiza. The mycorrhizal inoculum increased the root colonization of horse bean plants compared with the non-inoculated treatments (Ortas, 2012a). Similar with the present findings, previous researchers also reported that Zn fertilization did not influence mycorrhiza infections (Ortas et al., 2002; Subramanian et al., 2009). Mycorrhizae dependency (MD) was calculated after harvest. As can be seen in the table, MD increased with non-sterile soil. At non sterile soil was 19.31 %, and sterile soil was 13.50 % as calculated (Table 3). This means that mycorrhiza inoculation at the sterile soil was

not sufficient. Also, mycorrhizal dependency was found higher in Zn applications as 25.29 %. Ortas (2012a) found that horse bean showed the highest mycorrhizal dependency in all 3 years, especially in P0 plots under field conditions. Tawaraya (2003) reported that mean MD values of 44% for field crops (37 species). When the present findings were assessed for root infection and mycorrhizal dependence, root infections were observed in control treatments of sterilized soils even at quite low levels because of the existence of indigenous mycorrhiza. Since non-sterile soils have indigenous mycorrhizae which may significantly increase plant growth. As can be seen in Table 2, there is small differences in dry weight in between sterile and non-sterile soil treatments.

Table 3. Effects of different zinc doses and mycorrhiza inoculation on root infection and mycorrhizal dependence of horse bean plants grown in sterilized and unsterilized soils

Root Infection Mycorrhizal Dependency

% %

(-) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 10 ±0,0c (5 mg kg-1Zn) 5 ±7.1c

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 15 ±7.1c 13.33 (5 mg kg-1Zn) 15 ±7.1c 25.29

General Average 11.3B 19.31

(+) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 0 ±0.0c (5 mg kg-1Zn) 0 ±0.0c

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 40 ±0.0b 20.30 (5 mg kg-1Zn) 65 ±7.1a 6.71

General Average 26.3A 13.50 ± Standard error, P

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significantly increased the horse bean P and Zn concentrations in three years under field conditions. With regard to general averages,

the plants grown in unsterilized soils had higher nutrient concentrations than the plants grown in sterilized soils.

Table 4. Effects of different zinc doses and mycorrhiza inoculation on P, K, Fe and Zn concentration of horse bean plants grown in sterilized and unsterilized soils

P K Fe Zn

% mg kg-1

(-) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 0.17 ±0.1a 2.5 ±0.4a 147.3 ±16.5bc 36.0 ±0.0cd (5 mg kg-1Zn) 0.22 ±0.0a 3.1 ±0.0a 292.8 ±4.2a 35.7 ±2.2cd

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 0.28 ±0.1a 3.3 ±0.4a 307.8 ±12.7a 46.7 ±3.3ab (5 mg kg-1Zn) 0.23 ±0.1a 3.9 ±0.9a 308.4 ±62.6a 41.0 ±3.0ac

General Average 0.23A 3.20A 264.1A 39.9A

(+) Sterile

(–M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 0.15 ±0.0a 2.6 ±0.2a 153.7 ±57.7bc 26.7 ±1.2d (5 mg kg-1Zn) 0.13 ±0.0a 3.3 ±0.3a 255.3 ±6.7ab 33.5 ±1.5cd

(+M)

(0 mg kg-1Zn) 0.19 ±0.0a 3.1 ±0.3a 254.2 ±18.6ab 41.9 ±3.6a-c (5 mg kg-1Zn) 0.25 ±0.0a 3.7 ±0.1a 118.9 ±1.6c 52.1 ±4.7a

General Average 0.18B 3.18A 195.6B 38.6A ± Standard error, P

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CHISEL PLOW TILLAGE DEPTH EFFECT

ON SOIL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION

Ghassan AL-AZZAWI, Davut AKBOLAT

Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering Department, 32260, Isparta, TURKEY

Corresponding author mail: davutakbolat@sdu.edu.tr

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different soil tillage depth using chisel plow on soil CO2 emission and some soil physical properties. The experiment was carried out using chisel plow at three depths of 15 (A), 25 (B), 35 (C) cm and control (D) treatment and three replications. According to the obtained results, carbon dioxide emissions are determined for A, B, C and D treatment as: 0.148, 0.172, 0221 and 0.165 g m-2 h-1 respectively. The highest carbon dioxide emissions were obtained for C treatment and it is statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01). Soil bulk density for A, B, C and D treatment are 1.33, 1.32, 1.24, and 1.39 g cm-3 respectively. The differences between soil bulk density, also porosity between treatments were not significant in statistical considerations (p ≤ 0.01). Soil penetration resistance for A, B, C and D treatment found as 1.13, 1.12, 1.1, and 1.19 MPa respectively. The soil particle size also increased as the soil tillage depth increased. Soil evaporation for A, B, C, and D treatment found to be 4.51, 5.27, 5.76 and 5.26 g m-2 h-1 respectively. Key words: chisel plow, soil carbon dioxide emission, tillage depth. INTRODUCTION Soil contributes in global warming by producing main greenhouse gases like (CO2, CH4 and N2O) and emitting these gases to the atmosphere (Batjes, 1996). In term of CO2 emissions related to land use, soil management such as tillage and fertilization affect carbon build up in soil or the amount of atmospheric CO2 (Nyakatawa et al., 2012). Soil mixing intensity has an effect on the amount of carbon (C) that disappears from the soil in the form of CO2. Also, increasing aeration in the soil usually increases soil CO2 emissions due to decomposition (Dao, 1998). In another hand, zero-tillage system (which considered alternative to conventional or reduced tillage) may enhance soil carbon in shallow soil surface but not in deeper layers (Luo et al., 2010). Furthermore, deep tillage improves soil physical properties and increases crops productivity (Qin et al., 2008; Sornpoon and Jayasuriya, 2013; Cai et al., 2014; Guan et al., 2014), as well, conventional tillage is reducing soil compaction more than no-tillage (Ferreras et al., 2000). Using tillage implements in

minimal can reduce soil CO2 emission by reducing the volume of disturbed soil. Also, reducing tillage depth will reduce influenced vertical soil section. This will reduce microbial potential to generate CO2 when consuming soil organic matter (Beare et al., 1994), and will not increase exposing of soil surface to exchange more gases with atmosphere. Soil also emits water vapor, which considered important greenhouse gas. Similar to CO2, tillage had the ability to mitigate soil H2O evaporation, by reducing soil compaction, which means more root expansion and utilization of soil water instead of transformation to vapor, by improving soil aggregates to holding water, and by increasing water to penetrate deeper in soil. Most of researches that were conducted to investigate the effects of soil tillage on CO2 emissions referred to the fact that the differing in tillage methods, systems or intensively will raise up CO2 emissions. Researches supports this theory; La Scala et al. (2001) by comparing different tillage systems with non-tilled and Akbolat et al. (2009) by studying the effect of intensive tillage on soil CO2, all found that the

Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LXI, No. 1, 2018ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785

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no tillage emit less than any used tillage systems in their experiments. But some other studies like Tóth et al. (2009) reported that ploughing will decrease CO2 effluxes comparing to non-tilled soil. Also, Akbolat and Kucukalbay, (2014) stated that the direct seeding lead to more CO2 emission than chiseling. The amount of soil CO2 emissions depends on soil moisture and temperature regime, soil type, land usage and production method as well as the amount of soil organic carbon and even crop type (Johnson et al., 2007; Wright et al., 2007; Chianese et al., 2009; Shrestha et al., 2009; Feiziene et al., 2010). Thus, dispute in results for above mentioned studies can be attributed to previous circumstances. Besides that, soil cover like crop residue affect soil CO2 emissions. According to Reicosky and Lindstrom (1993) report, more CO2 emissions occurred when the wastes were mixed with the soil than when left on the soil surface. In addition, Akbolat and Ekinci (2017) had found similar results. Another research done by Silva-Olaya et al. (2013) and reached to that among all used tillage systems the deepest tillage with subsoiler (45 cm in depth) led to more CO2 emissions in their experiment. In term of effect of soil tillage depths Reicosky and Archer (2007) reached to that there is a significant difference in CO2 emission when tillage by moldboard plow at different tillage depths CO2 emissions were increased with the increasing of tillage depth. As it can be seen from previous researches, it was not possible to find a study of soil tillage at different tillage depths with chisel plow. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of soil tillage depth with the chisel plow on soil carbon dioxide emission. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was carried out in Süleyman Demirel University (37°47′N; 30°30′E), Isparta province of Turkey. The soil of study area composed of 33.9% sand, 43.8% silt, 22.3% clay, and organic matter content of C 1.7% at the depth of 0-30 cm with pH 7.87 (Karatepe 2000). The area was planted with wheat crop and the preparations for experiment implementation

began in the day after harvest which was done in 19 July 2017. The average weight of crop residue and length of stubble that covered soil surface was about 6720 kg ha-2 and 12 cm, respectively. After the wheat crop harvested, the trial area was irrigated by sprinklers at six hours a day for two consecutive days, then it was left to reach the suitable moisture content for tillage. Based on tillage depths, the experiment had three treatments with three replications for each treatment, thus the total of plots was 12, each plot with dimensions of 3 × 40 m distributed according to randomize block design method. Tractor with 90 HP was used for power requirement for tilling and chisel plow consists of 5 shanks, distance between front shanks is 50 cm and 25 in rear. The tillage depth was adjusted on the chisel plow