OAS ICH-PROBLEM IN DER MOTIVATION 253

of the characteristic types of defensive behavior and the individual's early developmental experiences. A large proportion of the hypothesis con- cerning the relationship between developmental experiences and choice of defensive behavior were confirmed ar levels of confidence varying from .05 to .001.

Tbe results of the study indicated that the greatest variation in develop- mental experiences existed between intellectualizers and repressors. Fur- ther, the projective and denial group shared more factors in common with the repressive group than they did with the intealectualizers. At the same time there were enough unique characteristics within each of these two groups to warrant their continued separation as different defensive oper- ations.

VOi. ITION: A VIEW POINT IN INDLg.N P S Y C H O L O G Y

L. A. SINGFI Gorakhpur (India)

Psychology in India is as old as her religion or science of life. As it was limited to the study of human beings, the subjective phenomena were explored with appropriate subjective tools (while the present day psychology attempts to study subjective experiences by objective criteria). Many a time the 'objective exploration' is no more than a socialized subjectivity supported on technical or statistical jargons. Psychology is suffering much from technical or quasi-technical inflation and in this vein, it is regarded that subjective or individual approach is negation of scien- tific approach. Volition, the dynamic higher mental process, has been studied by precise subjective methods. The author attempts to elucidate the Indian view point and in that light extends Koffka's "central ego" construct.

1. The subjective (individual) approach is the better tool to study higher mental functions like volition (But only properly trained men (Supatra) were to be permitted to pursue such study in India).

2. Human psychology has to develop its own model for explaining different processes rather than adopting physical, biological or mathema- tical models.

3. Volition is a dynamic higher mental process affecting most of the

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psychopbysiological functions. It is (a) the potential energy of 'chitta' ('chitta' can be taken much akin to "central ego" of.Koffka for scientific explanation). (b) It is a goal-oriented energy. (c) It is an inborn person- ality trait which is affected by environmental conditions.

4. The 'ehitta' is the contaminated pure ego or self under the stress of given environment. This "working ego" (the 'central ego') develops proximity with different sub-systems. The more the multiplicity of sub- systems and their relation to 'central ego', the more are tensions having an inverse relationship to strength of 'central ego'. The charge of the 'eentr~ ego' can be measured experimentally by volitional force of an individual.

5. The 'central ego' becomes purer and concentric with less affecta- tions of sub-systems, the tensions are decreased, better mental equilibrium is maintained (self-control a persevering nature) and the conservation of energy leads to better performance.

6. The negative volitional force leads to disequilibrium in external or internal behaviour.

7. The better volitional capacities can be acquired by Valr~gya i.e. non-attachment (ego de-evhanccment from sub-systems) and by constant practice (conditioning).

g. The concentric central ego or purer ego becomes able to have para- normal perception.

The author suggests that effects of suggestion, concentration and ego de-enhancement on volitional aspects and its physiological concommitants can be experimentally studied (report of a few pilot experiments in original paper).

Z U R P S Y C H O L O G I E D E R W E R T U N G

W. BLUMENFELD Lima (Peru)

Es handelt sich fiJr reich nicht nm Wert-Theorien (Scheler, Hartmann, K6hler, Spranger, etc.), aueh nicht um die Frage, welehe psychischen Funktionen (intellektuelle, emotionale, vofitive) bei der Wertung inter-