Biomolecules

Vocabulary Week #21. monomer- single unit of a macromolecule.2. polymer- large macromolecule comprised of many monomers.3. catalyst- something that speeds up a reaction.4. enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst.5. calibrate- to adjust precisely for a particular function.6. saccharide- sugar7. amino acid- monomer of a protein8. covalent bond- strongest bond type, electrons shared9. ionic bond- bond where electrons are transferred.Biological MoleculesWhy are we learning about inorganic molecules when Biology focuses on living organisms?2EOC Level 2

EOC Level 3

SEQUENCEPlace the steps of the scientific method in sequential order.

Hint: Sequential is the adj. for sequence.

Place post it on the yellow sheet with your first and last name.Bellringer 8-20-13Create a Bar graph for the following Poverty Guidelines for America 2013.

Number in HouseholdAnnual Income1$11,4902$15,5103$19,5304$23,5505$27,5796$31,5907$35,6108$39,630Levels of Organization7Similarities to BiologyWhile all organisms are different; all share some similiaritiesComposed of CellsLevels of OrganizationUse energyRespond to the Environment/ StimuliGrowth & DevelopmentReproductionAdapt to Environment-EvolveHomeostasisUniversal Genetic Code-DNA

8AtomsAtoms are the smallest unit of matter.Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

9Atomic CompositionProtons- positive charge, located in nucleus.Neutrons- neutral, located in nucleus.Electrons-negative charge, located in electron shells around the nucleus.

10Figure 2.2 The Periodic Table (Part 1)

11Terminology

Element- pure substance, made of only one kind of atom

Compound & Molecules- two or more elements held together by bonds

12Element Importance to Organisms98% of living organisms are composed of the following elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenPhosphorousSulfur

13Chemical BondsChemical bond is when atoms bond together to form a molecule.3 Types of Chemical Bonds:Covalent bondsIonic bondsHydrogen bonding14Bellringer 8-21-13

Covalent Bonds- atoms share electrons to form a molecule

16Ionic Bonds- electrons are transferred between atoms.Opposites attractCationsAnions

17Hydrogen Bonds- weak bonds between water molecules.

18Assignment refer to p. 36, 38, 41Draw the atomic structure of Carbon: Label protons, neutrons, electrons.

19AssignmentDraw lines on your notebook paper to make six boxes.

Write the name of the six major elements in organisms.

Diagram the atomic nucleus and surrounding electrons. Make sure the atom structure is accurate.Protons-greenNeutrons-blueElectrons-red20

EOC Lev. 2

Graphing PracticeGraph the following information using a line graph.

Bond Type (x axis)Bond Strength (y axis)Covalent Bond50Ionic Bond7Hydrogen Bond3Van der Waals1

22Vocab PracticeWhat is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

WaterHeld together by weak hydrogen bonds.

241. Cohesion1. Cohesion-waters ability to stick to other water molecules.

This causes: Surface tensionCapillary actionWalking on water

252. Adhesion2. Adhesion-the ability of water to stick to other substances.

This causes:Capillary actionWater moving up a trees vessels

263. PolarityPolarity= ability to dissolve= universal solvent

Think tea, KoolAid, sugar and salt water

274. Water DensityIce is less dense than liquid water= floats.

Aquatic organisms do not die in the winter.

285. High Specific HeatTakes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.

Water will moderate climate because of its high heat capacity.

296. High Heat of VaporizationTakes a lot of heat energy to change water from a liquid to a gas.

This causes:Evaporative cooling/sweating

30Anticipatory Set1. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

2. Which variable do you control: independent or dependent?Bellringer Graded Today- Week 1 1. ______- educated guess2. ______- variable given to the experimental group, controlled by scientist3. _____- measured by scientist, experiment outcome4. _____- group that receives no independent variable5. _____- group that receives independent variable 6. _____- explains how nature works, many hypotheses proven multiple times7. _____-explains what nature does under certain conditions, but does not explain why (math laws)8. _____- way scientists investigate Vocabulary Week #2 9. _____- single unit of a macromolecule.10._____- large macromolecule comprised of many monomers. 11._____- something that speeds up a reaction.12._____ protein that acts as a catalyst.13.- to adjust precisely for a particular function. 14._____- sugar15._____ monomer of a protein 16. _____- strongest bond type, electrons shared17._____- bond where electrons are transferred.Vocabulary Week #318. _____ compound that has carbon and hydrogen19._____- compound that is missing carbon or hydrogen.20. _____- atom that has a different number of neutrons. (C12, C14) 21. _____- two22. _____- many

TEST TOMORROWIT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.Vocabulary Week #31. organic- compound that has carbon and hydrogen2. inorganic- compound that is missing carbon or hydrogen.3. isotope- atom that has a different number of neutrons. (C12, C14) 4. di- two5. poly- many

TEST ON FRIDAYIT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.

EOC Lev. 2

Scientific Method PracticeA hunter wants to attract the largest buck to his food plot. He has heard of several ways of doing this, and wants to design an experiment to try out a method other than just planting corn. For our purposes he has 1000 acres with one water source through the whole property.Propose Hypothesis:Experimental Group:Control Group:Dependent variable:Independent variable:pH ScaleWater molecules have a strong affinity for one another, but can break apart.H2O H+ + OH-water hydrogen hydroxideion ion

More H = acidMore OH = base

38pH Scale

Each number represents a jump in ten.

Buffers can be added to maintain homeostasis.39pH is a Log scale

pH PracticepH 1-2:___pH 4-8: ___pH 3-7: ___pH 5-10: ___Calculate pH differences in H concentrationpH 2- pH 5

pH 1- pH 2

pH 3- pH 8

pH 7 pH 10

pH 1- pH 14pH 1- pH 3

pH 10- pH 14

pH 3- pH 7

pH 5 pH 10

pH 1- pH 11

Inquiry Lab #2: pHCreate a table as shown below to record substance & pH.

Create a pH scale, and record your substances. Must have 10 substances on scale.

Answer the following:1. Why do most of the food substances measured have a pH close to 7.2. Label acids, Bases, Neutral, 3. What does pH measure?4. Compare acidic and basic solutions in terms of their H+ and OH- ion concentrations.SubstancepHBellringer 8-28-13SUMMARIZE the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

SUMMARIZE the difference between an acid and a base.

Name the property of water responsible for:Evaporative cooling (sweating)=Climate moderation=EOC Level 3 & 3

EOC Level 3 & Level 2

EOC Level 2

Elements present in your body ...... If carbon is present then the compound is considered ___________.

48Four Classes of Organic BiomoleculesCarbohydratesLipids or fatsProteinsNucleic Acids

49CarbohydratesContain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio.Function:provide energy in plants and animalscell support in plants.Carbohydrates are the most readily available energy source when ingested. Main energy supply.

50CarbohydratesWhen carbs are broken down, energy is released as ATP.

If the energy is unneeded, then the glucose is stored:Glycogen: in the liver or muscles.Cellulose and starch: in plants.51Carbohydrate Structure1 carbohydrate = ______________Glucose- most important, plant sugarFructose- fruit sugarGalactose-milk sugarWhen two monosaccharides combine they create a_______________sucrose table sugar = glucose + fructose lactose milk sugar = glucose + galactose maltose malt sugar = glucose + glucoseMany monosaccharides = ________________

52After ingesting carbohydrates, where do they go?Carbohydrate Digestion Animation

53Carbohydrate StructureCarbohydrates can be isomers: same chemical formula, but different structural formula.

54Figure 3.15 Disaccharides Are Formed by Glycosidic Linkages (Part 2)

ThiThis is cellobiose, a subunit of cellulose, humans dont have the enzymes to break this down, but cows do. To us it is merely roughage.

Cellulose is a very stable glucose polymer, and is the principle component of cell walls.55Dehydration Synthesis aka PolymerizationProcess by which complex carbohydrates are made.From the name it can be inferred that water is removed, resulting in a glycosidic bond.Examples of polysaccharides:Starch-stored excess plant sugarsCellulose-plant cell wall formationGlycogen-stored excess animal sugar.To break apart carbohydrates hydrolysis must occur, i.e. the addition of water.http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html56LipidsLipid monomer: glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules .Contain C, H, OLong term energyFats, oils, wax, steroids cholesterolNonpolar= do not dissolve

57Figure 3.18 Synthesis of a Triglyceride

58Energy and CaloriesCalorie is a unit of energy.

To sustain life: women 60cal/hr = 1440cal/day men 70cal/hr = 1680cal/day

Carbs have 4cal/gFats have 9cal/gNeed to eat from all groups to stay healthy.59Inquiry Lab #2: Calculating Food CaloriesUse the food labels around the room to gather calorie information.

Calculate cal./g cal./100g

Complete bar graph with the food type and calories per serving. Remember TALKS!LipidsThere are three types of fatty acids:Saturated fatty acid- all C-C are single, max number of H atoms, solid at room temp., ex. butter and meat fat Unsaturated fatty acid-C-C are double or triple, usually liquid at room temp., ex. Peanut, corn, and olive oilsPolyunsaturated fatty acid- many C-C double or triple bonds, ex. Canola and vegetable oil.

61Bellringer 9-3-13Create a pie graph using the following questions.

graph state your favorite kind of vehicle graph state your favorite type of pizza topping1/8 graph state your least favorite school lunch1/8 state your favorite color1/8 state your ideal job1/8 state your favorite season Level 3

Level 2

Carbohydrate & Lipid ReviewCarbohydratesLipidsElements present: _________Function: ________________Source: __________________Examples: ________________Elements Present: _________Function: ________________Source: __________________Examples:________________Exit Slip 9-3-12Create a model of a carbohydrate and a lipid as shown on your sheet. Make sure that it is initialed for credit.

Bellringer 9-4-13GENERALIZE the similarities between carbohydrates and lipids. GENERALIZE their differences.

1. Complete your carbohydrate model.2. Complete your lipid molecule.3. Exit Slip due today.4. Grade Conferences Today5. Homework Due Tomorrow.ProteinsContain: C, H, O, N, P, and SMonomers of proteins are amino acids.Amino acids link by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.Proteins must fold to be functional.

68Essential Amino AcidsOver 20 amino acids11 non-essential9 essential

These 9 are essential because they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplemented.Phenyalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Leucine Lysine Histidine69ProteinsFunction of Proteins: antibodies (immunity) enzymescell structureenergy storage.

Can be found in meats/muscle, collagen (in cells), keratin (hair and nails).

70Vocabulary List #41. Monosaccharide- one sugar2. Disaccharide- two sugars3. Polysaccharide- many sugars4. Lipid- made of many units of glycerol + 3 fatty acids5. Enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst6. Metabolism- all chemical reactions in the body7. Catabolism- metabolism that involves breaking down e.g. food8. Anabolism- metabolism that involved building up e.g. steroidsLevel 2

EnzymesEnzymes are proteins that are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells.ase= enzymesEnzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex , and speed up catabolic processes.Enzyme Animation

73MetabolismMetabolism = chemical reactions in your body

Catabolism= breakdownAnabolism= building upThe energy it takes to get a chemical reaction started is called the activation energy.Some reactions take a long time; therefore, need a catalyst.Catalyst-substance that speeds up the reactionCatabolic Anabolic

74AnimationsBody Tract AnimationADAM Animation40s Food DigestionEnzymes SketchTitle the Page: Types of Metabolism, and divide sheet in 1/2Draw Anabolism and CatabolismBe sure to include these terms on both drawings: SubstrateProductActive siteEnzymeEnzyme-substrate complex

76Exit Slip 9-9-13

A

Vocabulary List #41. ___________- one sugar2. ___________- two sugars3. ___________- many sugars4. ___________- made of many units of glycerol + 3 fatty acids5. ___________- protein that acts as a catalyst6. ___________- all chemical reactions in the body7. ___________- metabolism that involves breaking down e.g. food8. ___________- metabolism that involved building up e.g. steroidsQuiz Tomorrow ReviewElements in a carbohydrate: ____________Elements in a lipid: ____________Function of a Carbohydrate: _____________Function of a lipid: _______________Monomer of a Carbohydrate: _________________Monomer of a lipid: ___________________________Carbohydrates are polar/nonpolarLipids are polar/nonpolarEnergy and CaloriesCalorie is a unit of energy.

To sustain life: women 60cal/hr = 1440cal/day men 70cal/hr = 1680cal/day

Carbs have 4cal/gFats have 9cal/gNeed to eat from all groups to stay healthy.81So which exercise is good for you?Activity100 #150#200#Biking 6mph160240312Biking 12mph270410534Jumping Rope (10 min.)500750100Running 5.5mph440660962Running 7 mph6109201230Running 10mph85012801664Swimming 25yd./min.185275358Swimming 50 yd./min.325500650Tennis Singles265400535Walking 2mph160240312Walking 3mph210320416Walking 4.5mph29544057282After you SwallowWhere does it go?Digestion AnimationLipid Metabolism

83Nucleic AcidsContain: C, H, O, N, PMonomer : nucleotide which consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.Two Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNAdeoxyribose=sugar DNAribose=sugar RNACodes for genetic information

84Question of the DayWhat are the four classes of biomolecules?

What are you planning on doing over Thanksgiving break?

Do your plans relate to your aspirations you wrote down on the first day?

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