• How they are Obtained and Processed

• Chp 14 and 15

Vocabulary:Genetic MaterialsMineralsOresChemical processesCoreElectrochemical processesFloat glassMechanical processesPig ironPrimary processing

SeparationSmeltingSteelThermal processesBlast furnaceChargingBilletsBloomsGalvanized SteelTin PlateFloat GlassLehr

Three types of natural resources can become the inputs to production systems:

Genetic Materials – The major challenge to obtaining genetic material is to harvest the plant or animal at the proper stage of growth.

We obtain genetic materials through three activities:

Farming, fishing, and forestry.Grains, vegetable fibers, and animals or fish

are the more commonly used genetic materials.

All genetic materials go through birth or germination, maturity, and death.

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Fossil Fuel Materials• The three fossil fuel resources are:– Petroleum.

• Used to make liquids and gases like gasoline, propane, and plastic resins.

– Natural gas.• Used as fuel for homes, to make plastics, chemicals, and

fertilizers.– Coal.

• Used as an energy and heating source.Three types of coal:• Lignite coal is pressed peat and used in electrical generating plants.• Bituminous coal is used for power generation and heating or coal

gasification.• Anthracite coal burns without smoke and is used for heating and steel

making.

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Minerals – There are three techniques used to obtain minerals:

Evaporation, Open Pit, Fluid

• Minerals can be grouped into four different families based on their similar economic values:– Ores –have metal chemically combined with other

elements– Nonmetallic minerals-do not have metallic qualities

- sulfur– Ceramic minerals-fine-grained minerals – formable

when wet – become hard when dried– Gems-cut and polished stones

Processing Resources

Change natural resources in various ways:

CompressionShearingRun over screens and sorted by size

Smelting is part of changing iron into steel.Other thermal processes are used to make glass and cement.The melting of the products causes chemical reactions that change the products into new ones.

Used to produce synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other valuable products.

-The process of making aluminum is both chemical and electrochemical.The first stage chemically transforms BAUXITY into ALUMINA.

-The alumina is then converted into pure aluminum by electric currents.

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Wood Processing

Two processes used to change wood:– Cutting or shearing the wood into new shapes to make

lumber, plywood, and particleboard.– Chemical actions separate the cellulose fibers to make

hardboard, cardboard, and paper.

• Two types of lumber produced: softwood and hardwood

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Producing Plywood• Plywood is more stable

than lumber.• It is made of cross-

grained layers: two faces, two crossbands, and one core.

Three types of core:• Veneer core plywood• Lumber Core -usually

used for cabinetwork and furniture.

• Particle Board Core

Calculating Board Feet

BOARD FEET:"Board Feet" is a measurement of lumber volume. A board foot is equal to 144 cubic inches of wood. Actually it's easy to calculate using the following formula:

(Thickness x Width x Length) / 144 = Board Feet

Note: Lumber is specified by its rough size. This is why a 1"x 4" board is actually 3/4" thick and a 2"x 4" board is actually 1-1/2" thick.

When you are figuring up board feet, keep in mind a waste factor. If you purchase good clear material add about 15% for waste, if you elect to use lower grade material you will have to allow for defects and more wasted material -add about 30%. Take a few boards and run the measurements and you will see how easy this works.

PRODUCING STEEL

• Steel is an alloy – – manganese's– Silicon– Nickel– Chromium– Tungsten– molybedenum

(increases hardness)– Tungsten (increases

thermal resistance)

3 Steps for Production-1.Iron smelting - produces Pig Iron (a crude iron) which results from thermal and chemical reactions that occur in a blast furnace (Uses a continuous process with pig iron and other raw materials added every so often).2.Steel Making-Basic oxygen furnace – 3 steps: charging, refining, tapping3. Steel Finishing – Molten Steel is formed into sheets, plates, rods, beams, and bars.

Steel Terms

• Billets – square, long piece of steel used to produce bars and rods

• Blooms – short, rectangular pieces used to produce structural shapes and rails

• Galvanized Steel – zinc coated for automobile parts like fenders

• Tin Plate – tin coated steel for food cans

Making of Glass-show video

Producing GlassProcess for making glass:1. Ingredients are mixed

and weighed 2. Moved into a melting

furnace – 2880 ° F3. Secondary

Manufacturing Processes – jars, bottles, dishes, glasses, cookware using casting and forming

Comprised of:1. Silica (sand)2. Soda ash (sodium carbonate)3. Lime (from limestone)

GLASS TERMS

• Float Glass – a primary manufacturing output used for windows. Formed by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin

• Lehr – the name of the oven float glass moves to where temperatures are brought down.

Making of Glass-show video

Producing Glass Bottles

Producing (Refining) PetroleumProcessed using thermal actions.Refining – process used to

separate hydrocarbons3 processes:1) Separation- uses fractional

distillation to separate hydrocarbons

2) Conversion-changes the various hydrocarbon molecules into different sizes

3) Treating – adding or removing chemicals to change the properties

Components of petroleum: large number of different hydrocarbons

Chemical and Electrochemical Processes

• Produces:– Synthetic fibers– Pharmaceuticals– Plastics– Aluminum• First stage is the aluminum ore - bauxite