vineyard pest management - the grape & wine institute · 2019-05-20 · • bitter rot – raisined...

Vineyard Pest ManagementBeginner Grape School

Columbia, Missouri

8 March 2019

Downy mildewPowdery mildew

Black rotPhomopsis

AnthracnoseBunch rots

Spotted wing drosophila

Brown marmorated stink bug

European Grape Berry moth

Silver Y moth

Light brown apple moth

Spotted Lanternfly

GVCV

Perspective - the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance

…In other words “keep an eye on the target but focus on the bullseye”

Black rot

Black rot• Needs free water for infection

• Berries highly susceptible first two weeks after bloom

• Fruit becomes resistant 5 to 6 weeks after bloom

• Prune out mummy berries

Phomopsis

Phomopsis• Needs free water for

infection

• Bud break to bloom

• Infection at bloom becomes latent

• Prune out infected canes

Anthracnose

Anthracnose• Vidal Blanc, Marquette,

Frontenac, La Crescent and Swenson cultivars –Edelweiss, Espirit, Brianna, St. Pepin, Swenson White

• Prune out infected canes and infected berries

• Needs free water• Prolonged wet warm (mid-

70’s to 80’s)• Mancozeb, captan, ziram

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew• Does not require free water

except initially• Overwinter as cleistothecia

on trunks and cordons• Colonies develop in shade• Berries susceptible

immediate pre-bloom through fruit set

• Berries become resistant 2 to 4 weeks postbloom

Downy mildew

Downy mildew

Valiant Brianna

• Needs free water• Overwinters leaf

debris• All green tissue

susceptible • Berries become

resistant 4 to 5 weeks after bloom

Making history: New threats, grape phylloxera and downy mildew interaction

(A) Adaxial(upper ) leaf surface of grape leaf

(B) Adaxial (upper) leaf surface of phylloxerainfected grape leaf

Nabity, Paul. et al. 2013. Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology. Online http://www.pnas.org/content/110/41/16663.full

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/41/16663.full

Downy mildew• Obligate

• Sporulation only occurs on plant surfaces that have stomata

• Strobilurins Group 11:Abound, QuadrisTop, Pristine, Reason

Europe 2002NY 2002 PM resistanceVA 2008 DM and PM

Suggest not using more than 2 applications per season

Anecdotal report of DM resistance to Pristine in MO 2015

Powdery M

ildew

Dow

ny Mildew

Rainfall and Fungicides

Rainfall amount

Residues of Ziramremoved

(inches) (%)0.1 250.5 301.0 652.0 75

MSU Annemiek Schilder

Rainfall and FungicidesRecommendations

• 2 inches or more of rainfall on recently applied protectant fungicide – then reapply

• Protectant fungicide ≥ 7 days old and 1 inch rainfall –then reapply

• Applied fungicides must dry before a rainfall event

Rots• Bitter rot – raisined soft berries, sooty residue when

handled

– Overwinters on leaves, berries, dead bark of 1 year old canes

– Infection when 6 to 12 hours of wetness (72 to 77° F optimum)

– Strobies, Captan, Topsin

• Black rot – raisined hard berries, no sooty residue

Sour Rot• Secondary invader – bird, insect, mechanical, powdery

mildew, botrytis damage

• Bacteria and various fungi including yeast

• Occurs often after rainy period (temps. High 70’s)

• Vinegar fruit flies and berry pedicel juncture

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukiiIdentifying CharacteristicsMales and Females• 2-3 mm length

• Rounded abdomens

• Males

– dark spot on wings

• Females

– Serrated ovipositor

Male SWD

Female SWD

Photo credits: Michigan State University

SWD No-Choice Bioassay

8 Grape Varietiesx 10 cups undamagedx 10 cups damaged

Control: Raspberry x 10 cups undamaged

1 cup = 8 fruits

Emma Pelton, Christelle Guédot and Claudio Gratton

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Eggs Laid

More eggs in damaged grapes No differences between varieties

012345678

Egg

s Lai

d pe

r Fr

uit

Damaged Undamaged

Larvae

More larvae in damaged grapes

ab a a ab a ab a ab b

Chart1

ConcordConcord1.13419085211.134190852100

FochFoch0.42728145810.427281458100

FrontenacFrontenac0.65410621330.65410621330.0250.025

La CrescentLa Crescent0.57257944620.572579446200

Leon MillotLeon Millot0.56525559610.565255596100

MarquetteMarquette0.78726848450.78726848450.10.1

St. CroixSt. Croix0.2739880370.27398803700

St. PepinSt. Pepin0.73734697090.737346970900

RaspberryRaspberry��1.18281277161.1828127716

Damaged

Undamaged

Larvae Per Fruit

4.35

0

1.225

0

1.7777777778

0.025

2.175

0

2.075

0

4.125

0.1

1.175

0

3.725

0

6.925

Summary

SummaryBy FruitSummaryBy Gram (weighted by # of fruit)SummaryBy Gram

TreatmentVarietyLarvae/FruitS.E. Larvae/Gram of FruitTreatmentVarietyLarvae/Gram of FruitS.E. Larvae/Gram of FruitTreatmentVarietyLarvae/Gram of FruitS.E. Larvae/Gram of Fruit

UndamagedLa Crescent0.0000.000UndamagedLa Crescent0.0000.000UndamagedLa Crescent0.0000.000

Marechal Foch0.0000.000Marechal Foch0.0000.000Marechal Foch0.0000.000

Leon Millot0.0000.000Leon Millot0.0000.000Leon Millot0.0000.000

St. Croix0.0000.000St. Croix0.0000.000St. Croix0.0000.000

Marquette0.1000.100Marquette0.0760.076Marquette0.0380.038

Frontenac0.0250.025Frontenac0.0180.018Frontenac0.0090.009

St. Pepin0.0000.000St. Pepin0.0000.000St. Pepin0.0000.000

Concord0.0000.000Concord0.0000.000Concord0.0000.000

DamagedLa Crescent2.1750.573DamagedLa Crescent1.5880.407DamagedLa Crescent0.7940.204

Marechal Foch1.2250.427Marechal Foch1.1460.353Marechal Foch0.5730.177

Leon Millot2.0750.565Leon Millot1.9530.520Leon Millot0.9760.260

St. Croix1.1750.274St. Croix0.5470.137St. Croix0.2740.068

Marquette4.1250.787Marquette3.0290.595Marquette1.5140.297

Frontenac1.7780.654Frontenac1.4000.552Frontenac0.7000.276

St. Pepin3.7250.737St. Pepin1.5340.292St. Pepin0.7670.146

Concord4.3501.134Concord1.3660.338Concord0.6830.169

UndamagedRaspberry6.9251.183UndamagedRaspberry1.5710.321UndamagedRaspberry0.7860.161

Welch's 2-sample t-testVarietyp-valueWelch's 2-sample t-testVarietyp-valueWelch's 2-sample t-testVarietyp-value

Damaged vs. UndamagedLa Crescent0.004226**0.01056Without D10Damaged vs. UndamagedLa Crescent0.003635**Damaged vs. UndamagedLa Crescent0.003635**0.009516Without D10

Marechal Foch0.01857*Marechal Foch0.01011*Marechal Foch0.01011*

Leon Millot0.005148**Leon Millot0.004531**Leon Millot0.004531**

St. Croix0.002025**St. Croix0.003088**St. Croix0.003088**

Marquette0.0006075***0.000535Without U10Marquette0.0007478***Marquette0.0007478***0.0006537Without U10

Frontenac0.02795*Frontenac0.03676*Frontenac0.03676*

St. Pepin0.000535***St. Pepin0.0005238***St. Pepin0.0005238***

Concord0.003995**Concord0.00293**Concord0.00293**

GLM w/ Poisson DistributionVarietyDifferenceGLM w/ Poisson DistributionVarietyDifference

Undamaged OnlyLa CrescentabUndamaged OnlyLa Crescenta

Marechal FochabMarechal Focha

Leon MillotabVERY LOW VARIATION IN GRAPESLeon MillotaVERY LOW VARIATION IN GRAPES

St. CroixabSt. Croixa

MarquetteaMarquettea

FrontenacabFrontenaca

St. PepinabSt. Pepina

ConcordabConcorda

UndamagedRaspberrybUndamagedRaspberrya

Welch's 2-sample t-testp-valueWelch's 2-sample t-testp-value

Raspberry vs. Undamaged Grapes1.26E-05***Raspberry vs. Undamaged Grapes1.10E-04***

UndamagedRaspberryab

ANOVAVarietyDifferenceNo difference Without LaCrescent D10ANOVAVarietyDifference

Damaged OnlyLa CrescentabDamaged OnlyLa CrescentabANOVAVarietyDifferenceNo difference Without LaCrescent D10

Transformed Log10(x+1)Marechal FochaTransformed Log10(x+1)Marechal FochabDamaged OnlyLa Crescentab

Leon MillotaLeon MillotabTransformed Log10(x+10)Marechal Fochab

St. CroixaSt. CroixaLeon Millotab

MarquetteabMarquettebSt. Croixa

FrontenacaFrontenacabMarquetteb

St. PepinabSt. PepinabFrontenacab

ConcordabConcordabSt. Pepinab

UndamagedRaspberrybUndamagedRaspberryabConcordab

Welch's 2-sample t-testp-valueWelch's 2-sample t-testp-value

Raspberry vs. Damaged Grapes0.0020**Raspberry vs. Damaged Grapes0.9977ns

Graphs

by Fruit

TreatmentVarietyLarvae/FruitS.E. Larvae/Gram of FruitVarietyDamagedUndamagedS.E. DamagedS.E. Undamaged

UndamagedLa Crescent0.0000.000Concord4.3500.0001.1340.000

Marechal Foch0.0000.000Foch1.2250.0000.4270.000

Leon Millot0.0000.000Frontenac1.7780.0250.6540.025

St. Croix0.0000.000La Crescent2.1750.0000.5730.000

Marquette0.1000.100Leon Millot2.0750.0000.5650.000

Frontenac0.0250.025Marquette4.1250.1000.7870.100

St. Pepin0.0000.000St. Croix1.1750.0000.2740.000

Concord0.0000.000St. Pepin3.7250.0000.7370.000

DamagedLa Crescent2.1750.573Raspberry6.9251.183

Marechal Foch1.2250.427

Leon Millot2.0750.565

St. Croix1.1750.274

Marquette4.1250.787

Frontenac1.7780.654

St. Pepin3.7250.737

Concord4.3501.134

UndamagedRaspberry6.9251.183

Graphs

1.13419085211.134190852100

0.42728145810.427281458100

0.65410621330.65410621330.0250.025

0.57257944620.572579446200

0.56525559610.565255596100

0.78726848450.78726848450.10.1

0.2739880370.27398803700

0.73734697090.737346970900

��1.18281277161.1828127716

Damaged

Undamaged

Larvae per fruit

For_R_byFruit

Welch's two-sample t-test in RUndamaged OnlyUndamaged OnlyDamaged OnlyDamaged Only

ANOVAGLM w/ Poisson DistributionANOVAANOVA with Log10(x+1)

La CrescentTukey's HSD

LarvaeTreatmentLarvaeVarietyLarvaeVarietyLarvaeVariety

0Undamaged0LaCrescent> summary(glht(my.mod, mcp(Variety="Tukey")))2.5LaCrescent0.5440680444LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescent4.5LaCrescent0.7403626895LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescentSimultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypotheses5.5LaCrescent0.8129133566LaCrescent


0Undamaged0LaCrescentMultiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts0.25LaCrescent0.096910013LaCrescent



0Undamaged0LaCrescentFit: glm(formula = Larvae ~ Variety, family = poisson, data = DatasetLarvaeByFruitUndamaged)0.75LaCrescent0.2430380487LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescent0LaCrescent0LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescentLinear Hypotheses:2.75LaCrescent0.5740312677LaCrescent

2.5Damaged0FochEstimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)1.5Foch0.3979400087Foch

4.5Damaged0FochFoch - Concord == 0 -1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00002.25Foch0.511883361Foch

5.5Damaged0FochFrontenac - Concord == 0 1.561e+01 2.981e+03 0.005 1.00000.25Foch0.096910013Foch

2.25Damaged0FochLaCrescent - Concord == 0 -1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000Foch0Foch

0.25Damaged0FochMarquette - Concord == 0 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 1.00000.5Foch0.1760912591Foch

0.75Damaged0FochMillot - Concord == 0 -1.034e-14 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00001.5Foch0.3979400087Foch

2.5Damaged0FochRaspberry - Concord == 0 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 1.00001Foch0.3010299957Foch

0.75Damaged0FochSt.Croix - Concord == 0 -4.087e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.25Foch0.096910013Foch

0Damaged0FochSt.Pepin - Concord == 0 -4.081e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.5Foch0.1760912591Foch

2.75Damaged0FochFrontenac - Foch == 0 1.561e+01 2.981e+03 0.005 1.00004.5Foch0.7403626895Foch

0MillotLaCrescent - Foch == 0 -1.704e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00002Millot0.4771212547Millot

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0MillotMarquette - Foch == 0 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 1.00003.5Millot0.6532125138Millot

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0MillotMillot - Foch == 0 9.258e-14 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00005Millot0.7781512504Millot

0MillotRaspberry - Foch == 0 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 1.00002.75Millot0.5740312677Millot

Welch Two Sample t-test0MillotSt.Croix - Foch == 0 1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.25Millot0.096910013Millot

0MillotSt.Pepin - Foch == 0 1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.25Millot0.096910013Millot

data: Larvae by Treatment0MillotLaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.00004.5Millot0.7403626895Millot

t = 3.7986, df = 9, p-value = 0.0042260MillotMarquette - Frontenac == 0 1.386e+00 2.236e+00 0.620 0.99900.25Millot0.096910013Millot

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00MillotMillot - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.00001.25Millot0.3521825181Millot

95 percent confidence interval:0MillotRaspberry - Frontenac == 0 5.624e+00 2.002e+00 2.809 0.0778 .1Millot0.3010299957Millot

0.8797353 3.47026470St.CroixSt.Croix - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.00002.25St.Croix0.511883361St.Croix

sample estimates:0St.CroixSt.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.00001St.Croix0.3010299957St.Croix

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged0St.CroixMarquette - LaCrescent == 0 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 1.00001St.Croix0.3010299957St.Croix

2.175 0.0000St.CroixMillot - LaCrescent == 0 1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00001.25St.Croix0.3521825181St.Croix

0St.CroixRaspberry - LaCrescent == 0 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 1.00002St.Croix0.4771212547St.Croix

0St.CroixSt.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.25St.Croix0.096910013St.Croix

Foch0St.CroixSt.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00000.25St.Croix0.096910013St.Croix

LarvaeTreatment0St.CroixMillot - Marquette == 0 -1.700e+01 2.981e+03 -0.006 1.00000St.Croix0St.Croix

0Undamaged0St.CroixRaspberry - Marquette == 0 4.238e+00 1.004e+00 4.223 summary(my.mod)3.25Frontenac0.6283889301Frontenac

1.5Damaged0Frontenac1.5Frontenac0.3979400087Frontenac

1Damaged0FrontenacCall:2.25Frontenac0.511883361Frontenac

0.25Damaged0Frontenacglm(formula = Larvae ~ Variety, family = poisson, data = DatasetLarvaeByFruitUndamaged)0Frontenac0Frontenac

0.5Damaged0Frontenac0Frontenac0Frontenac

4.5Damaged0FrontenacDeviance Residuals:2.25Frontenac0.511883361Frontenac

0.25FrontenacMin 1Q Median 3Q Max0.25Frontenac0.096910013Frontenac

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0Frontenac-3.7216 -0.2236 -0.0001 -0.0001 4.42333.75St.Pepin0.6766936096St.Pepin

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0St.Pepin3.5St.Pepin0.6532125138St.Pepin

0St.PepinCoefficients:4.5St.Pepin0.7403626895St.Pepin

Welch Two Sample t-test0St.PepinEstimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)5.5St.Pepin0.8129133566St.Pepin

0St.Pepin(Intercept) -1.930e+01 2.981e+03 -0.006 0.9957.75St.Pepin0.942008053St.Pepin

data: Larvae by Treatment0St.PepinVariety[T.Foch] -1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0003.5St.Pepin0.6532125138St.Pepin

t = 2.867, df = 9, p-value = 0.018570St.PepinVariety[T.Frontenac] 1.561e+01 2.981e+03 0.005 0.9962.5St.Pepin0.5440680444St.Pepin

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00St.PepinVariety[T.LaCrescent] -1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000.5St.Pepin0.1760912591St.Pepin

95 percent confidence interval:0St.PepinVariety[T.Marquette] 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 0.9958.25St.Pepin0.9661417327St.Pepin

0.2584222 2.19157780St.PepinVariety[T.Millot] -1.034e-14 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0001.5St.Pepin0.3979400087St.Pepin

sample estimates:0St.PepinVariety[T.Raspberry] 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 0.9940.5Concord0.1760912591Concord

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged0ConcordVariety[T.St.Croix] -4.087e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0005.25Concord0.7958800173Concord

1.225 0.0000ConcordVariety[T.St.Pepin] -4.081e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.00012Concord1.1139433523Concord

0Concord3.75Concord0.6766936096Concord

0Concord(Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)4.5Concord0.7403626895Concord

Millot0Concord8.25Concord0.9661417327Concord

LarvaeTreatment0ConcordNull deviance: 524.587 on 99 degrees of freedom1Concord0.3010299957Concord

0Undamaged0ConcordResidual deviance: 88.548 on 91 degrees of freedom0.75Concord0.2430380487Concord

0Undamaged0ConcordAIC: Inf3Concord0.6020599913Concord

0Undamaged0Concord4.5Concord0.7403626895Concord

0Undamaged0ConcordNumber of Fisher Scoring iterations: 172.25Raspberry0.511883361Raspberry

0Undamaged2.25Raspberry21.5Raspberry1.3521825181Raspberry

0Undamaged21.5Raspberry6Raspberry0.84509804Raspberry

0Undamaged6Raspberry> with(DatasetLarvaeByFruitUndamaged, numSummary(Larvae, groups=Variety, statistics=c("mean", "sd")))0.5Raspberry0.1760912591Raspberry

0Undamaged0.5Raspberrymean sd data:n0Raspberry0Raspberry

0Undamaged0RaspberryConcord 0.000 0.00000000 100Raspberry0Raspberry

0Undamaged0RaspberryFoch 0.000 0.00000000 109.75Raspberry1.0314084643Raspberry

2Damaged9.75RaspberryFrontenac 0.025 0.07905694 106.5Raspberry0.8750612634Raspberry

3.5Damaged6.5RaspberryLaCrescent 0.000 0.00000000 104.75Raspberry0.7596678447Raspberry

5Damaged4.75RaspberryMarquette 0.100 0.31622777 108.75Raspberry0.9890046157Raspberry

2.75Damaged8.75RaspberryMillot 0.000 0.00000000 108.5Raspberry0.9777236053Raspberry

0.25Damaged8.5RaspberryRaspberry 6.925 5.28969952 205.5Raspberry0.8129133566Raspberry

0.25Damaged5.5RaspberrySt.Croix 0.000 0.00000000 106.25Raspberry0.8603380066Raspberry

4.5Damaged6.25RaspberrySt.Pepin 0.000 0.00000000 108.25Raspberry0.9661417327Raspberry

0.25Damaged8.25Raspberry13.5Raspberry1.1613680022Raspberry

1.25Damaged13.5Raspberry> local({9.75Raspberry1.0314084643Raspberry

1Damaged9.75Raspberry+ .Pairs t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,6.5Raspberry+ print(confint(.Pairs)) # confidence intervals2.5Raspberry0.5440680444Raspberry

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)2.5Raspberry+ print(cld(.Pairs)) # compact letter display3.5Raspberry0.6532125138Raspberry

3.5Raspberry+ old.oma bartlett.test(Larvae ~ Variety, data=Dataset)> bartlett.test(Larvae ~ Variety, data=Dataset)

0

data: Larvae by Treatment> bartlett.test(Larvae ~ Variety, data=Dataset)+ })Bartlett test of homogeneity of variancesBartlett test of homogeneity of variances

t = 3.6709, df = 9, p-value = 0.005148

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0Bartlett test of homogeneity of variancesSimultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypothesesdata: Larvae by Varietydata: Larvae by Variety

95 percent confidence interval:Bartlett's K-squared = 48.5115, df = 8, p-value = 7.887e-08Bartlett's K-squared = 7.5135, df = 8, p-value = 0.4824

0.796303 3.353697data: Larvae by VarietyMultiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts

sample estimates:Bartlett's K-squared = Inf, df = 8, p-value < 2.2e-16ISSUE OF NON-EQUAL VARIANCE> AnovaModel.14 summary(AnovaModel.14)

Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)

> AnovaModel.9 |z|)Residuals 90 7.336 0.0815

LarvaeTreatment> summary(AnovaModel.9)Foch - Concord == 0 -1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000---

0UndamagedDf Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)Frontenac - Concord == 0 1.561e+01 2.981e+03 0.005 1.0000Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

0UndamagedVariety 8 763.9 95.49 16.32 1e-14 ***LaCrescent - Concord == 0 -1.705e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000

0UndamagedResiduals 91 532.6 5.85Marquette - Concord == 0 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 1.0000> with(Dataset, numSummary(Larvae, groups=Variety, statistics=c("mean",

0Undamaged---Millot - Concord == 0 -1.034e-14 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000+ "sd")))

0UndamagedSignif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1Raspberry - Concord == 0 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 1.0000mean sd data:n

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Concord == 0 -4.087e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000Concord 0.6355603 0.3101459 10

0Undamaged> with(Dataset, numSummary(Larvae, groups=Variety, statistics=c("mean",St.Pepin - Concord == 0 -4.081e-21 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000Foch 0.2895159 0.2261018 10

0Undamaged+ "sd")))Frontenac - Foch == 0 1.561e+01 2.981e+03 0.005 1.0000Frontenac 0.3520217 0.2992898 9

0Undamagedmean sd data:nLaCrescent - Foch == 0 -1.704e-10 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000LaCrescent 0.4310313 0.2712458 10

0UndamagedConcord 0.000 0.00000000 10Marquette - Foch == 0 1.700e+01 2.981e+03 0.006 1.0000Marquette 0.6562644 0.2402791 10

2.25DamagedFoch 0.000 0.00000000 10Millot - Foch == 0 9.258e-14 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000Millot 0.4166822 0.2675165 10

1DamagedFrontenac 0.025 0.07905694 10Raspberry - Foch == 0 2.124e+01 2.981e+03 0.007 1.0000Raspberry 0.7802951 0.3723815 20

1DamagedLaCrescent 0.000 0.00000000 10St.Croix - Foch == 0 1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000St.Croix 0.3033318 0.1866857 10

1.25DamagedMarquette 0.100 0.31622777 10St.Pepin - Foch == 0 1.029e-13 4.216e+03 0.000 1.0000St.Pepin 0.6562644 0.2402791 10

2DamagedMillot 0.000 0.00000000 10LaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.0000

0.25DamagedRaspberry 6.925 5.28969952 20Marquette - Frontenac == 0 1.386e+00 2.236e+00 0.620 0.9990> local({

0.25DamagedSt.Croix 0.000 0.00000000 10Millot - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.0000+ .Pairs local({St.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 -1.561e+01 2.981e+03 -0.005 1.0000+ print(cld(.Pairs)) # compact letter display

+ .Pairs summary(glht(my.mod3, mcp(Variety="Tukey")))+ "sd")))

mean sd data:n

MarquetteSimultaneous Tests for General Linear HypothesesConcord 0.3346733 0.1954996 10

LarvaeTreatmentFoch 0.2815995 0.2171253 10

0UndamagedMultiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey ContrastsFrontenac 0.3023958 0.2683294 9

0UndamagedLaCrescent 0.3594970 0.2339138 10

0UndamagedMarquette 0.5566390 0.2267901 10

0UndamagedFit: glm(formula = Larvae ~ Variety, family = poisson, data = DatasetLarvaeWeightedUndamaged)Millot 0.4046081 0.2572680 10

0UndamagedRaspberry 0.3587107 0.2129151 20

0UndamagedLinear Hypotheses:St.Croix 0.1744765 0.1209453 10

0UndamagedEstimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)St.Pepin 0.3734267 0.1801567 10

0UndamagedFoch - Concord == 0 5.359e-14 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000

0UndamagedFrontenac - Concord == 0 1.730e+01 8.103e+03 0.002 1.000> local({

0.7604562738UndamagedLaCrescent - Concord == 0 5.184e-11 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000+ .Pairs |t|)

t = 4.9224, df = 9.294, p-value = 0.0007478St.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 -1.730e+01 8.103e+03 -0.002 1.000Foch - Concord == 0 -0.0530738 0.0963833 -0.551 0.99977

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0Marquette - LaCrescent == 0 1.873e+01 8.103e+03 0.002 1.000Frontenac - Concord == 0 -0.0322775 0.0990244 -0.326 1.00000

95 percent confidence interval:Millot - LaCrescent == 0 -5.167e-11 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000LaCrescent - Concord == 0 0.0248237 0.0963833 0.258 1.00000

1.602147 4.302871Raspberry - LaCrescent == 0 2.175e+01 8.103e+03 0.003 1.000Marquette - Concord == 0 0.2219657 0.0963833 2.303 0.34851

sample estimates:St.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 -5.184e-11 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000Millot - Concord == 0 0.0699348 0.0963833 0.726 0.99826

mean in group Damaged mean in group UndamagedSt.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 -5.184e-11 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000Raspberry - Concord == 0 0.0240374 0.0834704 0.288 1.00000

3.02855462 0.07604563Millot - Marquette == 0 -1.873e+01 8.103e+03 -0.002 1.000St.Croix - Concord == 0 -0.1601968 0.0963833 -1.662 0.76490

Raspberry - Marquette == 0 3.028e+00 1.161e+00 2.609 0.131St.Pepin - Concord == 0 0.0387535 0.0963833 0.402 0.99998

St.Croix - Marquette == 0 -1.873e+01 8.103e+03 -0.002 1.000Frontenac - Foch == 0 0.0207963 0.0990244 0.210 1.00000

FochSt.Pepin - Marquette == 0 -1.873e+01 8.103e+03 -0.002 1.000LaCrescent - Foch == 0 0.0778975 0.0963833 0.808 0.99629

LarvaeTreatmentRaspberry - Millot == 0 2.175e+01 8.103e+03 0.003 1.000Marquette - Foch == 0 0.2750395 0.0963833 2.854 0.11309

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Millot == 0 -1.687e-13 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000Millot - Foch == 0 0.1230086 0.0963833 1.276 0.93477

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Millot == 0 -1.687e-13 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000Raspberry - Foch == 0 0.0771112 0.0834704 0.924 0.99086

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Raspberry == 0 -2.175e+01 8.103e+03 -0.003 1.000St.Croix - Foch == 0 -0.1071230 0.0963833 -1.111 0.97059

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Raspberry == 0 -2.175e+01 8.103e+03 -0.003 1.000St.Pepin - Foch == 0 0.0918273 0.0963833 0.953 0.98882

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - St.Croix == 0 -3.211e-24 1.146e+04 0.000 1.000LaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 0.0571012 0.0990244 0.577 0.99967

0Undamaged(Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method)Marquette - Frontenac == 0 0.2542431 0.0990244 2.567 0.21278

0UndamagedMillot - Frontenac == 0 0.1022123 0.0990244 1.032 0.98134

0UndamagedRaspberry - Frontenac == 0 0.0563149 0.0865067 0.651 0.99920

0Undamaged> with(DatasetLarvaeWeightedUndamaged, numSummary(Larvae, groups=Variety, statistics=c("mean", "sd")))St.Croix - Frontenac == 0 -0.1279193 0.0990244 -1.292 0.93031

0Undamagedmean sd data:nSt.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 0.0710309 0.0990244 0.717 0.99839

1.7391304348DamagedConcord 0.00000000 0.00000000 10Marquette - LaCrescent == 0 0.1971419 0.0963833 2.045 0.51358

2.3841059603DamagedFoch 0.00000000 0.00000000 10Millot - LaCrescent == 0 0.0451111 0.0963833 0.468 0.99993

0.2247191011DamagedFrontenac 0.01818182 0.05749596 10Raspberry - LaCrescent == 0 -0.0007863 0.0834704 -0.009 1.00000

0DamagedLaCrescent 0.00000000 0.00000000 10St.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 -0.1850205 0.0963833 -1.920 0.59903

0.4784688995DamagedMarquette 0.07604563 0.24047739 10St.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 0.0139297 0.0963833 0.145 1.00000

1.5170670038DamagedMillot 0.00000000 0.00000000 10Millot - Marquette == 0 -0.1520309 0.0963833 -1.577 0.81234

1.1412268188DamagedRaspberry 1.57128287 1.43589006 20Raspberry - Marquette == 0 -0.1979283 0.0834704 -2.371 0.30976

0.2232142857DamagedSt.Croix 0.00000000 0.00000000 10St.Croix - Marquette == 0 -0.3821624 0.0963833 -3.965 0.00456 **

0.3427592117DamagedSt.Pepin 0.00000000 0.00000000 10St.Pepin - Marquette == 0 -0.1832122 0.0963833 -1.901 0.61170

3.4058656575DamagedRaspberry - Millot == 0 -0.0458974 0.0834704 -0.550 0.99977

> .Pairs t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,St.Pepin - Millot == 0 -0.0311814 0.0963833 -0.324 1.00000

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)> print(cld(.Pairs)) # compact letter displaySt.Croix - Raspberry == 0 -0.1842342 0.0834704 -2.207 0.40735

Concord Foch Frontenac LaCrescent Marquette Millot RaspberrySt.Pepin - Raspberry == 0 0.0147161 0.0834704 0.176 1.00000

Welch Two Sample t-test"a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a"St.Pepin - St.Croix == 0 0.1989502 0.0963833 2.064 0.50115

St.Croix St.Pepin---

data: Larvae by Treatment"a" "a"Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

t = 3.2427, df = 9, p-value = 0.01011(Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method)

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0

95 percent confidence interval:

0.3464379 1.9448736Simultaneous Confidence Intervals

sample estimates:

mean in group Damaged mean in group UndamagedMultiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts

1.145656 0.000000

Fit: aov(formula = Larvae ~ Variety, data = Dataset)

St.Pepin

LarvaeTreatmentQuantile = 3.1738

0Undamaged95% family-wise confidence level

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0UndamagedLinear Hypotheses:

0UndamagedEstimate lwr upr

0UndamagedFoch - Concord == 0 -0.0530738 -0.3589744 0.2528268

0UndamagedFrontenac - Concord == 0 -0.0322775 -0.3465605 0.2820055

0UndamagedLaCrescent - Concord == 0 0.0248237 -0.2810769 0.3307244

0UndamagedMarquette - Concord == 0 0.2219657 -0.0839349 0.5278663

0UndamagedMillot - Concord == 0 0.0699348 -0.2359658 0.3758354

1.1507479862DamagedRaspberry - Concord == 0 0.0240374 -0.2408803 0.2889551

0.5202913632DamagedSt.Croix - Concord == 0 -0.1601968 -0.4660974 0.1457039

0.9771986971DamagedSt.Pepin - Concord == 0 0.0387535 -0.2671472 0.3446541

1.6553067186DamagedFrontenac - Foch == 0 0.0207963 -0.2934867 0.3350793

3.2174364297DamagedLaCrescent - Foch == 0 0.0778975 -0.2280031 0.3837982

2.1560574949DamagedMarquette - Foch == 0 0.2750395 -0.0308611 0.5809401

0DamagedMillot - Foch == 0 0.1230086 -0.1828920 0.4289092

2.2211938917DamagedRaspberry - Foch == 0 0.0771112 -0.1878065 0.3420289

1.8765432099DamagedSt.Croix - Foch == 0 -0.1071230 -0.4130236 0.1987777

1.5615615616DamagedSt.Pepin - Foch == 0 0.0918273 -0.2140733 0.3977279

LaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 0.0571012 -0.2571818 0.3713842

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,Marquette - Frontenac == 0 0.2542431 -0.0600399 0.5685262

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)Millot - Frontenac == 0 0.1022123 -0.2120707 0.4164953

Raspberry - Frontenac == 0 0.0563149 -0.2182393 0.3308691

Welch Two Sample t-testSt.Croix - Frontenac == 0 -0.1279193 -0.4422023 0.1863637

St.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 0.0710309 -0.2432521 0.3853139

data: Larvae by TreatmentMarquette - LaCrescent == 0 0.1971419 -0.1087587 0.5030425

t = 5.2556, df = 9, p-value = 0.0005238Millot - LaCrescent == 0 0.0451111 -0.2607895 0.3510117

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0Raspberry - LaCrescent == 0 -0.0007863 -0.2657040 0.2641314

95 percent confidence interval:St.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 -0.1850205 -0.4909211 0.1208801

0.873520 2.193747St.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 0.0139297 -0.2919709 0.3198303

sample estimates:Millot - Marquette == 0 -0.1520309 -0.4579315 0.1538698

mean in group Damaged mean in group UndamagedRaspberry - Marquette == 0 -0.1979283 -0.4628460 0.0669894

1.533634 0.000000St.Croix - Marquette == 0 -0.3821624 -0.6880630 -0.0762618

St.Pepin - Marquette == 0 -0.1832122 -0.4891128 0.1226884

Raspberry - Millot == 0 -0.0458974 -0.3108151 0.2190203

FrontenacSt.Croix - Millot == 0 -0.2301316 -0.5360322 0.0757690

LarvaeTreatmentSt.Pepin - Millot == 0 -0.0311814 -0.3370820 0.2747193

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Raspberry == 0 -0.1842342 -0.4491519 0.0806835

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Raspberry == 0 0.0147161 -0.2502016 0.2796338

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - St.Croix == 0 0.1989502 -0.1069504 0.5048508

0Undamaged

0UndamagedConcord Foch Frontenac LaCrescent Marquette Millot Raspberry

0Undamaged"ab" "ab" "ab" "ab" "b" "ab" "ab"

0UndamagedSt.Croix St.Pepin

0Undamaged"a" "ab"

0.1818181818Undamaged

0Undamaged

5.1891891892Damaged

0.4Damaged

2.4644549763Damaged

1.213346815Damaged

1.450443191Damaged

0Damaged

0Damaged

1.6728624535Damaged

0.2103049422Damaged

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)

Welch Two Sample t-test

data: Larvae by Treatment

t = 2.5021, df = 8.017, p-value = 0.03676



0.1087735 2.6549965

sample estimates:

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged

1.40006684 0.01818182

Concord

LarvaeTreatment

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0.1744439599Damaged

1.7543859649Damaged

3.4871049764Damaged

1.2279983627Damaged

1.6385980883Damaged

2.6294820717Damaged

0.3253355022Damaged

0.2544529262Damaged

0.9248554913Damaged

1.2418075198Damaged


+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)



t = 4.0398, df = 9, p-value = 0.00293



0.6010118 2.1306812

sample estimates:


1.365846 0.000000

RaspVs.Grape

By FruitBy Gram (Weighted by # Fruit)By FruitBy Gram (Weighted by # Fruit)

Undamaged OnlyUndamaged OnlyDamaged OnlyDamaged Only

LarvaeCategoryVarietyLarvaeCategoryVarietyLarvaeCategoryVarietyLarvaeCategoryVariety

0GrapeLaCrescent0GrapeLaCrescent2.5GrapeLaCrescent1.8656716418GrapeLaCrescent








0GrapeLaCrescent0GrapeLaCrescent0GrapeLaCrescent0GrapeLaCrescent


0GrapeFoch0GrapeFoch1.5GrapeFoch1.7391304348GrapeFoch



0GrapeFoch0GrapeFoch0GrapeFoch0GrapeFoch



0GrapeFoch0GrapeFoch1GrapeFoch1.1412268188GrapeFoch




0GrapeMillot0GrapeMillot2GrapeMillot1.7897091723GrapeMillot

0GrapeMillot0GrapeMillot3.5GrapeMillot3.1746031746GrapeMillot









0GrapeSt.Croix0GrapeSt.Croix2.25GrapeSt.Croix0.9928295643GrapeSt.Croix

0GrapeSt.Croix0GrapeSt.Croix1GrapeSt.Croix0.5115089514GrapeSt.Croix






0GrapeSt.Croix0GrapeSt.Croix0GrapeSt.Croix0GrapeSt.Croix



0GrapeMarquette0GrapeMarquette3.75GrapeMarquette2.7881040892GrapeMarquette









1GrapeMarquette0.7604562738GrapeMarquette1.5GrapeMarquette0.9852216749GrapeMarquette

0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac6GrapeFrontenac5.1891891892GrapeFrontenac

0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac0.5GrapeFrontenac0.4GrapeFrontenac




0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac

0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac


0.25GrapeFrontenac0.1818181818GrapeFrontenac0.25GrapeFrontenac0.2103049422GrapeFrontenac

0GrapeFrontenac0GrapeFrontenac3.75GrapeSt.Pepin1.1507479862GrapeSt.Pepin

0GrapeSt.Pepin0GrapeSt.Pepin3.5GrapeSt.Pepin0.5202913632GrapeSt.Pepin





0GrapeSt.Pepin0GrapeSt.Pepin2.5GrapeSt.Pepin0GrapeSt.Pepin




0GrapeSt.Pepin0GrapeSt.Pepin0.5GrapeConcord0.1744439599GrapeConcord

0GrapeConcord0GrapeConcord5.25GrapeConcord1.7543859649GrapeConcord

0GrapeConcord0GrapeConcord12GrapeConcord3.4871049764GrapeConcord








0GrapeConcord0GrapeConcord2.25RaspberryRaspberry0.5466140298RaspberryRaspberry

2.25RaspberryRaspberry0.5466140298RaspberryRaspberry21.5RaspberryRaspberry6.5900383142RaspberryRaspberry

21.5RaspberryRaspberry6.5900383142RaspberryRaspberry6RaspberryRaspberry1.6287750254RaspberryRaspberry

6RaspberryRaspberry1.6287750254RaspberryRaspberry0.5RaspberryRaspberry0.1387925052RaspberryRaspberry

0.5RaspberryRaspberry0.1387925052RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry

0RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry

0RaspberryRaspberry0RaspberryRaspberry9.75RaspberryRaspberry2.4036979969RaspberryRaspberry














3.5RaspberryRaspberry0.7303077726RaspberryRaspberry

> t.test(Larvae~Category, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,> t.test(Larvae~Category, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,> t.test(Larvae~Category, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,> t.test(Larvae~Category, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)

Welch Two Sample t-testWelch Two Sample t-testWelch Two Sample t-testWelch Two Sample t-test

data: Larvae by Categorydata: Larvae by Categorydata: Larvae by Categorydata: Larvae by Category

t = -5.8411, df = 19.004, p-value = 1.259e-05t = -4.8549, df = 19.035, p-value = 0.0001095t = -3.5291, df = 21.097, p-value = 0.00198t = 0.0029, df = 29.299, p-value = 0.9977

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0

95 percent confidence interval:95 percent confidence interval:95 percent confidence interval:95 percent confidence interval:

-9.385137 -4.433613-2.2317475 -0.8872614-6.810520 -1.760999-0.7331968 0.7352872

sample estimates:sample estimates:sample estimates:sample estimates:

mean in group Grape mean in group Raspberrymean in group Grape mean in group Raspberrymean in group Grape mean in group Raspberrymean in group Grape mean in group Raspberry

0.015625 6.9250000.01177843 1.571282872.639241 6.9250001.572328 1.571283

For_R_byGram

Welch's two-sample t-test in RUndamaged OnlyWelch's 2-sample t-testDamaged OnlyTransformed Damaged Only

ANOVAUndamaged vs. RaspberryANOVAANOVA with Log10(x+1)

La CrescentWith RaspberryWith RaspberryWith Raspberry

LarvaeTreatmentLaCrescent/Foch/Millot/St.Croix/St.Pepin/Concord vs. Rasp

0UndamagedLarvaeVariety> t.test(Larvae~Variety, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,LarvaeVarietyLarvaeVariety

0Undamaged0LaCrescent+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0.9328358209LaCrescent0.2861949657LaCrescent


0Undamaged0LaCrescentWelch Two Sample t-test1.8644067797LaCrescent0.457034693LaCrescent


0Undamaged0LaCrescentdata: Larvae by Variety0.0996015936LaCrescent0.0412353606LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescentt = -4.8938, df = 19, p-value = 0.00010080.2664298401LaCrescent0.102581135LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescentalternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00.8865248227LaCrescent0.275662524LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescent95 percent confidence interval:0.2493765586LaCrescent0.0966933532LaCrescent

0Undamaged0LaCrescent-1.1216500 -0.44963280LaCrescent0LaCrescent

0.9328358209Damaged0LaCrescentsample estimates:1.07421875LaCrescent0.3168545558LaCrescent

1.6806722689Damaged0Fochmean in group LaCrescent mean in group Raspberry0.8695652174Foch0.2717406196Foch

1.8644067797Damaged0Foch0.0000000 0.78564141.1920529801Foch0.3408510465Foch

0.884086444Damaged0Foch0.1123595506Foch0.046245188Foch

0.0996015936Damaged0Foch0Foch0Foch

0.2664298401Damaged0FochMarquette vs. Rasp0.2392344498Foch0.093153478Foch

0.8865248227Damaged0Foch> t.test(Larvae~Variety, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0.7585335019Foch0.2451506465Foch

0.2493765586Damaged0Foch+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0.5706134094Foch0.196069301Foch

0Damaged0Foch0.1116071429Foch0.0459513288Foch

1.07421875Damaged0FochWelch Two Sample t-test0.1713796058Foch0.0686976585Foch

0Foch1.7029328288Foch0.4318352531Foch

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0Millotdata: Larvae by Variety0.8948545861Millot0.2775758872Millot

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0Millott = -4.5316, df = 21.052, p-value = 0.00018131.5873015873Millot0.412847055Millot

0Millotalternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 01.9379844961Millot0.4680494997Millot

Welch Two Sample t-test0Millot95 percent confidence interval:1.368159204Millot0.3744108953Millot

0Millot-1.0906595 -0.40457770.1457725948Millot0.0590984303Millot

data: Larvae by Treatment0Millotsample estimates:0.1225490196Millot0.0502053149Millot

t = 3.8972, df = 9, p-value = 0.0036350Millotmean in group Marquette mean in group Raspberry2.4193548387Millot0.5339441714Millot

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00Millot0.03802281 0.785641430.1044932079Millot0.0431630495Millot

95 percent confidence interval:0Millot0.7824726135Millot0.2510228659Millot

0.3330404 1.25459020Millot0.4Millot0.1461280357Millot

sample estimates:0St.CroixFrontenac vs. Rasp0.4964147821St.Croix0.1750519897St.Croix

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged0St.Croix> t.test(Larvae~Variety, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0.2557544757St.Croix0.0989047347St.Croix

0.7938153 0.00000000St.Croix+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Dataset)0.1973359645St.Croix0.0782160276St.Croix

0St.Croix0.2788622421St.Croix0.1068237652St.Croix

0St.CroixWelch Two Sample t-test0.4491858506St.Croix0.1611240851St.Croix

Foch0St.Croix0.0523286238St.Croix0.0221513835St.Croix

LarvaeTreatment0St.Croixdata: Larvae by Variety0.0515463918St.Croix0.0218284375St.Croix

0Undamaged0St.Croixt = -4.8295, df = 19.122, p-value = 0.00011450St.Croix0St.Croix

0Undamaged0St.Croixalternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00.2813731007St.Croix0.1076756028St.Croix

0Undamaged0St.Croix95 percent confidence interval:0.6743088334St.Croix0.2238355685St.Croix

0Undamaged0Marquette-1.1129526 -0.44014841.3940520446Marquette0.3791335874Marquette

0Undamaged0Marquettesample estimates:1.1608623549Marquette0.3346271036Marquette

0Undamaged0Marquettemean in group Frontenac mean in group Raspberry1.7424975799Marquette0.438146253Marquette

0Undamaged0Marquette0.009090909 0.7856414332.1215043394Marquette0.494363943Marquette

0Undamaged0Marquette3.0511811024Marquette0.6075816581Marquette



0.8695652174Damaged0Marquette0.163132137Marquette0.0656290553Marquette

1.1920529801Damaged0Marquette2.8350515464Marquette0.5837712056Marquette

0.1123595506Damaged0.3802281369Marquette0.4926108374Marquette0.1739465906Marquette

0Damaged0Frontenac2.5945945946Frontenac0.5556499169Frontenac







0Frontenac0.8364312268Frontenac0.2639746689Frontenac

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,0.0909090909Frontenac0.1051524711Frontenac0.0434221991Frontenac

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_Foch)0Frontenac0.5753739931St.Pepin0.1973836717St.Pepin

0St.Pepin0.2601456816St.Pepin0.1004207555St.Pepin

Welch Two Sample t-test0St.Pepin0.4885993485St.Pepin0.1727778246St.Pepin

0St.Pepin0.8276533593St.Pepin0.261893829St.Pepin

data: Larvae by Treatment0St.Pepin1.6087182148St.Pepin0.4164271706St.Pepin

t = 3.2427, df = 9, p-value = 0.010110St.Pepin1.0780287474St.Pepin0.3176515513St.Pepin

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 00St.Pepin0St.Pepin0St.Pepin

95 percent confidence interval:0St.Pepin1.1105969459St.Pepin0.3244053054St.Pepin

0.1732189 0.97243680St.Pepin0.9382716049St.Pepin0.2874146335St.Pepin

sample estimates:0St.Pepin0.7807807808St.Pepin0.2506104599St.Pepin

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged0St.Pepin0.0872219799Concord0.0363182238Concord

0.5728279 0.00000000Concord0.8771929825Concord0.273508922Concord



Millot0Concord0.8192990442Concord0.2599040913Concord

LarvaeTreatment0Concord1.3147410359Concord0.3645024109Concord





0Undamaged0Concord0.2733070149Raspberry0.1049331317Raspberry




0Undamaged0.0693962526Raspberry0Raspberry0Raspberry

0Undamaged0Raspberry0Raspberry0Raspberry

0.8948545861Damaged0Raspberry1.2018489985Raspberry0.342787532Raspberry










0.8329773601Raspberry1.338028169Raspberry0.3688497393Raspberry

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,1.338028169Raspberry0.6097560976Raspberry0.2067600788Raspberry

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_Millot)0.6097560976Raspberry0.2312673451Raspberry0.0903523615Raspberry

0.2312673451Raspberry0.3651538863Raspberry0.1351816098Raspberry

Welch Two Sample t-test0.3651538863Raspberry

> bartlett.test(Larvae ~ Variety, data=Dataset)> bartlett.test(Larvae ~ Variety, data=Dataset)

data: Larvae by TreatmentALMOST ALL 0's ISSUE SO CAN'T DO ANOVA

t = 3.7534, df = 9, p-value = 0.004531Bartlett test of homogeneity of variancesBartlett test of homogeneity of variances


95 percent confidence interval:data: Larvae by Varietydata: Larvae by Variety

0.3878841 1.5647044Bartlett's K-squared = 19.3947, df = 8, p-value = 0.01289Bartlett's K-squared = 8.8193, df = 8, p-value = 0.3578

sample estimates:ISSUE OF NON-EQUAL VARIANCE

mean in group Damaged mean in group Undamaged> AnovaModel.12 summary(AnovaModel.12)

Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)

St.CroixVariety 8 0.4237 0.05297 2.37 0.0231 *

LarvaeTreatmentResiduals 90 2.0113 0.02235

0Undamaged---

0UndamagedSignif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

0Undamaged

0Undamaged> with(Dataset, numSummary(Larvae, groups=Variety, statistics=c("mean",

0Undamaged+ "sd")))

0Undamagedmean sd data:n

0UndamagedConcord 0.20727487 0.13353699 10

0UndamagedFoch 0.17396945 0.14531172 10

0UndamagedFrontenac 0.19263766 0.18463524 9

0UndamagedLaCrescent 0.22796011 0.15922129 10

0.4964147821DamagedMarquette 0.37143727 0.17094042 10

0.2557544757DamagedMillot 0.26164452 0.18242346 10

0.1973359645DamagedRaspberry 0.22561520 0.14865614 20

0.2788622421DamagedSt.Croix 0.09956116 0.07261366 10

0.4491858506DamagedSt.Pepin 0.23289852 0.12020060 10

0.0523286238Damaged

0.0515463918Damaged> local({

0Damaged+ .Pairs t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,+ old.oma |t|)

Foch - Concord == 0 -0.033305 0.066854 -0.498 0.99989

MarquetteFrontenac - Concord == 0 -0.014637 0.068686 -0.213 1.00000

LarvaeTreatmentLaCrescent - Concord == 0 0.020685 0.066854 0.309 1.00000

0UndamagedMarquette - Concord == 0 0.164162 0.066854 2.456 0.26564

0UndamagedMillot - Concord == 0 0.054370 0.066854 0.813 0.99613

0UndamagedRaspberry - Concord == 0 0.018340 0.057897 0.317 1.00000

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Concord == 0 -0.107714 0.066854 -1.611 0.79396

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Concord == 0 0.025624 0.066854 0.383 0.99999

0UndamagedFrontenac - Foch == 0 0.018668 0.068686 0.272 1.00000

0UndamagedLaCrescent - Foch == 0 0.053991 0.066854 0.808 0.99631

0UndamagedMarquette - Foch == 0 0.197468 0.066854 2.954 0.08926 .

0UndamagedMillot - Foch == 0 0.087675 0.066854 1.311 0.92441

0.3802281369UndamagedRaspberry - Foch == 0 0.051646 0.057897 0.892 0.99276

1.3940520446DamagedSt.Croix - Foch == 0 -0.074408 0.066854 -1.113 0.97035

1.1608623549DamagedSt.Pepin - Foch == 0 0.058929 0.066854 0.881 0.99331

1.7424975799DamagedLaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 0.035322 0.068686 0.514 0.99986

2.1215043394DamagedMarquette - Frontenac == 0 0.178800 0.068686 2.603 0.19801

3.0511811024DamagedMillot - Frontenac == 0 0.069007 0.068686 1.005 0.98429

1.2785388128DamagedRaspberry - Frontenac == 0 0.032978 0.060003 0.550 0.99977

0.9033423668DamagedSt.Croix - Frontenac == 0 -0.093077 0.068686 -1.355 0.90996

0.163132137DamagedSt.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 0.040261 0.068686 0.586 0.99963

2.8350515464DamagedMarquette - LaCrescent == 0 0.143477 0.066854 2.146 0.44668

0.4926108374DamagedMillot - LaCrescent == 0 0.033684 0.066854 0.504 0.99988

Raspberry - LaCrescent == 0 -0.002345 0.057897 -0.041 1.00000

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,St.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 -0.128399 0.066854 -1.921 0.59891

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_Marquette)St.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 0.004938 0.066854 0.074 1.00000

Millot - Marquette == 0 -0.109793 0.066854 -1.642 0.77653

Welch Two Sample t-testRaspberry - Marquette == 0 -0.145822 0.057897 -2.519 0.23507

St.Croix - Marquette == 0 -0.271876 0.066854 -4.067 0.00305 **

data: Larvae by TreatmentSt.Pepin - Marquette == 0 -0.138539 0.066854 -2.072 0.49519

t = 4.9224, df = 9.294, p-value = 0.0007478Raspberry - Millot == 0 -0.036029 0.057897 -0.622 0.99942

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0St.Croix - Millot == 0 -0.162083 0.066854 -2.424 0.28149

95 percent confidence interval:St.Pepin - Millot == 0 -0.028746 0.066854 -0.430 0.99996

0.8010736 2.1514354St.Croix - Raspberry == 0 -0.126054 0.057897 -2.177 0.42652

sample estimates:St.Pepin - Raspberry == 0 0.007283 0.057897 0.126 1.00000

mean in group Damaged mean in group UndamagedSt.Pepin - St.Croix == 0 0.133337 0.066854 1.994 0.54824

1.51427731 0.03802281---

Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

(Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method)

Frontenac

LarvaeTreatment

0UndamagedSimultaneous Confidence Intervals

0Undamaged

0UndamagedMultiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0UndamagedFit: aov(formula = Larvae ~ Variety, data = Dataset)

0Undamaged

0UndamagedQuantile = 3.1748

0.0909090909Undamaged95% family-wise confidence level

0Undamaged

2.5945945946Damaged

0.2DamagedLinear Hypotheses:

1.2322274882DamagedEstimate lwr upr

0.6066734075DamagedFoch - Concord == 0 -0.033305 -0.245557 0.178946

0.7252215955DamagedFrontenac - Concord == 0 -0.014637 -0.232705 0.203431

0DamagedLaCrescent - Concord == 0 0.020685 -0.191566 0.232937

0DamagedMarquette - Concord == 0 0.164162 -0.048089 0.376414

0.8364312268DamagedMillot - Concord == 0 0.054370 -0.157882 0.266621

0.1051524711DamagedRaspberry - Concord == 0 0.018340 -0.165475 0.202156

St.Croix - Concord == 0 -0.107714 -0.319965 0.104538

> t.test(Larvae~Treatment, alternative='two.sided', conf.level=.95,St.Pepin - Concord == 0 0.025624 -0.186628 0.237875

+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_Frontenac)Frontenac - Foch == 0 0.018668 -0.199400 0.236736

LaCrescent - Foch == 0 0.053991 -0.158261 0.266242

Welch Two Sample t-testMarquette - Foch == 0 0.197468 -0.014784 0.409719

Millot - Foch == 0 0.087675 -0.124577 0.299927

data: Larvae by TreatmentRaspberry - Foch == 0 0.051646 -0.132170 0.235461

t = 2.5021, df = 8.017, p-value = 0.03676St.Croix - Foch == 0 -0.074408 -0.286660 0.137843

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0St.Pepin - Foch == 0 0.058929 -0.153323 0.271181

95 percent confidence interval:LaCrescent - Frontenac == 0 0.035322 -0.182745 0.253390

0.05438676 1.32749826Marquette - Frontenac == 0 0.178800 -0.039268 0.396867

sample estimates:Millot - Frontenac == 0 0.069007 -0.149061 0.287075

mean in group Damaged mean in group UndamagedRaspberry - Frontenac == 0 0.032978 -0.157524 0.223479

0.700033420 0.009090909St.Croix - Frontenac == 0 -0.093077 -0.311144 0.124991

St.Pepin - Frontenac == 0 0.040261 -0.177807 0.258329

Marquette - LaCrescent == 0 0.143477 -0.068774 0.355729

St.PepinMillot - LaCrescent == 0 0.033684 -0.178567 0.245936

LarvaeTreatmentRaspberry - LaCrescent == 0 -0.002345 -0.186160 0.181470

0UndamagedSt.Croix - LaCrescent == 0 -0.128399 -0.340651 0.083853

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - LaCrescent == 0 0.004938 -0.207313 0.217190

0UndamagedMillot - Marquette == 0 -0.109793 -0.322044 0.102459

0UndamagedRaspberry - Marquette == 0 -0.145822 -0.329637 0.037993

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Marquette == 0 -0.271876 -0.484128 -0.059625

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Marquette == 0 -0.138539 -0.350790 0.073713

0UndamagedRaspberry - Millot == 0 -0.036029 -0.219845 0.147786

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Millot == 0 -0.162083 -0.374335 0.050168

0UndamagedSt.Pepin - Millot == 0 -0.028746 -0.240998 0.183506

0UndamagedSt.Croix - Raspberry == 0 -0.126054 -0.309869 0.057761

0.5753739931DamagedSt.Pepin - Raspberry == 0 0.007283 -0.176532 0.191099

0.2601456816DamagedSt.Pepin - St.Croix == 0 0.133337 -0.078914 0.345589

0.4885993485Damaged

0.8276533593DamagedConcord Foch Frontenac LaCrescent Marquette Millot Raspberry

1.6087182148Damaged"ab" "ab" "ab" "ab" "b" "ab" "ab"

1.0780287474DamagedSt.Croix St.Pepin

0Damaged"a" "ab"

1.1105969459Damaged

0.9382716049Damaged

0.7807807808Damaged


+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_St.Pepin)



t = 5.2556, df = 9, p-value = 0.0005238



0.436760 1.096874

sample estimates:


0.7668169 0.0000000

Concord

LarvaeTreatment

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0Undamaged

0.0872219799Damaged

0.8771929825Damaged

1.7435524882Damaged

0.6139991813Damaged

0.8192990442Damaged

1.3147410359Damaged

0.1626677511Damaged

0.1272264631Damaged

0.4624277457Damaged

0.6209037599Damaged


+ var.equal=FALSE, data=Larvae_Concord)



t = 4.0398, df = 9, p-value = 0.00293



0.3005059 1.0653406

sample estimates:


0.6829232 0.0000000

Grape Berry Moth• First generation can be controlled with 10-day post

bloom pesticide application

• Scout or pheromone trap monitor vineyard perimeters, especially next to wooded areas

• GBM second and third generations most destructive

GBM Model – MSU • Record date of wild grape bloom = biofix

• 810 GDD (base 47° F) egg laying second generation

• 1620 GDD (base 47° F) egg laying third generation

• Management

– Apply growth regulating pesticides (Intrepid) at egg laying

– Apply broad spectrum pesticides at 1000 and 1800 GDD

GBM-Signs

JB Pest Potential • Grapevine Problem

• Can Attract Other Pests, GJB

• Grapevine Establishment Problem

• Potential Wine Contamination Problem

JB and the green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitida

• JB injury to intact grape berries

• JB-associated yeasts– Elicit fermentation volatiles

• Volatiles attract GJB• GJB elicit fermentation• GJB Aggregation

Green June Beetle Cotinisnitida. Photo credit: Donna Brunet https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/green-june-beetle

Hammons, D.L., S. K. Kurtural, M. C. Newman, and D. A. Potter. 2009. Invasive Japanese beetles facilitate aggregation and injury by a ntive scarab pest of ripening fruit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A. 106:3686 -3691.

https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/green-june-beetle

Light Brown Apple Moth• Mo provides suitable

habitat• Native to Australia• Confirmed CA 2007• CA exempted

commercially produced wine grapes from LBAM quarantine 8.14.2015

Adult male light brown apple moth Epiphyaspostvittana. Photo credit: R. Anson Eaglin, USDA-APHIS

Adult female light brown apple moth Epiphyaspostvittana. Photo Credit:Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania Archive, Bugwood.org

Spotted Lanternfly• Native to China

• First detection –Pennsylvania 9.2014

• Grapes, tree fruits, trees

Adult Spotted Lanternfly Photo credit: Holly Raguza, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture

Immature Spotted Lanternfly Photo credit: itchydogimages

Silver-Y-Moth• Not present in US

• Often encountered at ports of entry on cut flowers

• Midwestern States at risk: MN, WI, MI, IN, OH, KY, TN, MO, IL, IA

Silver Y Moth Autographa gammaPhoto credit: Julieta Brambila, USDA

European Grape Berry Moth synonymous European grapevine moth

• Present 6 counties in CA

• Damage similar to American grapevine moth

European Grape Berry Moth Eupoeciliaambiguella Photo credit: Photozou

Pierce’s Disease• Limited reports in MO

in 2015

• One positive Elisa

• Remove infected vines

Grapevine Vein Clearing Virus

Illinois

IndianaMissouri

Arkansas

Boone, MO Chardonel

Augusta, MOChardonnay Cab. Sauv.

Altus, ARVidal blanc

Adams, IL Chardonel

Pike, ILChardonel

Jackson, IL Chardonel

Knox, INCabernet Franc Riesling

James Schoelz, University of Missouri and Wenping Qiu, Missouri State University

Cultivars Responding to GVCVChambourcin ResistantNorton TolerantVignoles TolerantTraminette TolerantCayuta White TolerantVidal Blanc Susceptible Chardonel Susceptible Chardonnay Susceptible Cabernet Sauvignon Susceptible Valvin Muscat Susceptible Vignette Susceptible

Pestalotiopsis• Norton 2015

• Vine defoliated quickly in late June

• Leaves had botrytis and phomopsis

• Bleached spur covered with pycnidia

Pestalotiopsis sp. Fruit Rot

30 June 2015

Pesticide History

2 June 21054 lb Penncozeb 75DF4 oz TebuStar 45 WSP

16 June 20157 oz Revus Top

30 June 201512.5 oz Pristine

Pestalotiopsis sp. trunk disease • Pestalotiopsis sp. and

Pestalotiopsis uvicola

• Pathogenic in: Vignoles, Chambourcin, Norton, and Traminette

(Urbez-Torres et al. 2012)


30 June 2015

Pesticide History

2 June 21054 lb Penncozeb 75DF4 oz TebuStar 45 WSP

16 June 20157 oz Revus Top

30 June 201512.5 oz Pristine 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Rai

nfal

l (in

ches

)

June 2015

Summary• Your past year disease pressure will define your

upcoming disease management plan

• Sanitation will be important during dormant pruning this winter/spring

• Keep an eye on the target but focus on the big 5 to 6 disease pathogens

Resources• Label database http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database

• Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide 2016 https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?item_number=ID-465-W#.VrEdLVLQdC1

• ViNews weekly IPM updates during the growing season – email me your contact information

http://www.cdms.net/Label-Databasehttps://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?item_number=ID-465-W#.VrEdLVLQdC1

Thanks to my colleagues at the Grape and Wine Institute

Misha Kwasniewski – Enology Research LeaderMegan Hall– Viticulture Research Leader

Dean VolenbergUniversity of Missouri Grape and Wine Institute214 Waters HallColumbia, MO 65211

[email protected]

Vineyard Pest ManagementSlide Number 2Perspective - the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importanceBlack rotBlack rotPhomopsisPhomopsisAnthracnoseAnthracnosePowdery mildewPowdery mildewDowny mildewDowny mildewMaking history: New threats, grape phylloxera and downy mildew interaction Downy mildewSlide Number 16Rainfall and FungicidesRainfall and FungicidesRotsSour RotSpotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukiiSWD No-Choice Bioassay Eggs Laid LarvaeGrape Berry MothGBM Model – MSU GBM-SignsJB Pest Potential JB and the green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitidaLight Brown Apple MothSpotted LanternflySilver-Y-MothEuropean Grape Berry Moth �synonymous European grapevine mothPierce’s DiseaseGrapevine Vein Clearing VirusSlide Number 36Slide Number 37PestalotiopsisPestalotiopsis sp. Fruit RotPestalotiopsis sp. Fruit RotPestalotiopsis sp. trunk disease Pestalotiopsis sp. Fruit RotPestalotiopsis sp. Fruit RotSlide Number 44SummaryResources��Thanks to my colleagues at the Grape and Wine Institute��Misha Kwasniewski – Enology Research Leader�Megan Hall– Viticulture Research Leader�

vineyard pest management - the grape & wine institute · 2019-05-20 · • bitter rot – raisined...

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