Barry Metz 03/29/15

The Sovereign Son of Man-- BetrayedJohn 13:18–38

In our passage this morning in John 13, Jesus calls himself the Son of Man for the last time in the book of John. Throughout the gospels, the Son of Man is Jesus’s favorite self-designation.1 Scholars speculate that this was so because as a phrase it didn’t carry as much baggage as The King of Israel or The King of the Jews or The Christ.2 If Jesus had let it get out that he was the “king” or the “Christ”…well he would have had to run for office.

Several weeks back I suggested that when we heard the phrase ‘son of man’ we should always think of Daniel 7:13-14. This morning is an appropriate time for us to be captured by the breathtaking and expansive description of the Son of Man given there….

What do we see in these verses? In verse 13, Daniel saw ‘one like a son of man’, one that was like a human being ( In fact in Daniel 8:17,one chapter over, Daniel is called the ‘son of man’ by the angel Gabriel). But verse 13 tells us that this “human-like being” was coming with the clouds of heaven, a pretty clear picture of divine authority.3 And he came to the Ancient of Days…. I think that’s someone over 55. Presumably it’s God the Father, right? And to the son of man, verse 14, was given dominion and glory and a kingdom. Was it a small kingdom or a large one? Verse 14 tells us all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him and his kingdom is one that shall not be destroyed.

So this is the Son of Man, one like a human (but one very different than a human), a king whose dominion would never go away. And this morning, in our passage he will show himself to be “The Sovereign Son of Man—Betrayed.”

1 ESV Study bible notes for Matthew 8:20 “(The term son of man) indicated the true meaning of his identity and ministry: 1) the humble servant who has come to forgive sinners (Matt. 9:6), 2) the suffering servant whose atoning death and resurrection will redeem his people (Matt. 16:13, 27-28) and 3) the glorious King and Judge 2 Carson makes this point, page 1643 Psalm 104:3; Isaiah 19:1

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If you have your bible, we’ll be picking up the story in verse 17 of John chapter 13…. verse 17 of John chapter 13.

If you were with us last week you remember that the disciples were gathered in the Upper Room with Jesus and Jesus washed their feet. The foot washing was pregnant with meaning. It simultaneously served to picture Jesus’ love for his disciples, it served as a symbol of the spiritual cleansing that the cross would achieve, and finally it served as an example for the disciples to give themselves away in humble service.

Follow with me as I pick up in verse 17….John 13:17…

17 If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them. 18 I am not speaking of all of you; I know whom I have chosen. But the Scripture will be fulfilled, ‘He who ate my bread has lifted his heel against me.’ 19 I am telling you this now, before it takes place, that when it does take place you may believe that I am he. 20 Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever receives the one I send receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me.”

Now look at verse 18. Jesus says “I am not speaking of all of you (I think he’s looking back to what he said in verse 17…. in other words not everyone will be blessed)… I am not speaking of all of you; I know whom I have chosen” and you and I, knowing who’s in the room, wonder out loud if Jesus means to add but doesn’t, “and Judas isn’t one of them”4 But no, Judas was knowingly chosen to be a disciple. Judas was written into the plan from the beginning. The betrayal had to happen so that the scripture would be fulfilled….‘He who ate my bread has lifted his heel against me.’

Now this quote--- he has lifted his heel against me, literally ‘he who had made his heel great against me’-- is from Psalm 41:9. It’s a psalm of David. The quotation brings out the “treacherous and faithless nature of Judas’ deed—Judas was about to betray the one whose bread he had eaten as a sign of intimate fellowship”.5 In fact in that culture, eating bread at the table of a superior amounted to a pledge of loyalty. (2 Sam. 9:7-13; 1 Kings 18:19; 2 Kings 25:29)6

It’s anyone’s guess what the phrase “to lift one’s heal against me” means. Scholars are all over the board on that phrase--‘he has given me a great fall’, ‘he has taken cruel advantage of me’, ‘he has walked out on me’7 Some imagine ‘a horse preparing to kick’8 in the phrase. One writer suggests that showing the “bottom of one’s foot to someone in the Near East is a mark of 4 Carson, page 470 makes this point5 Ridderbos, page 4116 Kostenberger, page 4117 Carson, as quoted in Kostenberger, page 4118 Morris as quoted in Kostenberger, page 411

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contempt”.9 Still another writer suggests that it’s ‘the action of one who shakes the dust off his feet against another’10 Like I said the interpretations are all over the board. But there’s no doubt that one who eats bread with you (signaling intimacy and friendship) and then who lifts his heal against you (signaling personal contempt11) is betraying you.

19 I am telling you this now, verse 19, Jesus says before it takes place, that when it does take place you may believe that I am he.

Jesus like a prophet sees the future. I’m telling you this now before it takes place. The sovereign Son of Man—Betrayed.

It’s as if Jesus said to his disciples, “I’m aware of what’s coming down the pike. And I want you to know that I am aware of what’s coming down the pike so that you won’t be surprised when it does come down the pike. Because what’s coming down the pike could really rock your world-- that one of my chosen disciples, one that I chose personally to be with me, one that has walked with us for three years…it’s one of us who will betray me. I want to make sure that you know that I know that this was coming.” So that , look at the end of verse 19, you may believe that I am he….ego eimi… recognize that Greek phrase? It’s an “everyday phrase that could mean nothing (I am He) or it could call to mind the name of God, the I AM, the I AM WHAT I AM.”12 We can’t be dogmatic about what the disciples heard in Jesus’ words.

It’s interesting that Jesus will use this line—I’m telling you this now before it takes place—several times more in the Upper Room.

Let me show you that. Follow with me in your bible…

John 14:29--29 And now I have told you before it takes place, so that when it does take place you may believe.

John 16:1 “I have said all these things to you to keep you from falling away….And then verse 4…. 4 But I have said these things to you, that when their hour comes you may remember that I told them to you.

John 16:32–33 --32 Behold, the hour is coming, indeed it has come, when you will be scattered, each to his own home, and will leave me alone. Yet I am not alone, for the Father is with me.

9 Brown as quoted in Kostenberger, page 41110 Barrett as quoted in Kostenberger, page 41111 Burge, page 37212 Carson, page 471

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33 I have said these things to you, that in me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation. But take heart; I have overcome the world.”

“Jesus was not the deceived and helpless victim of unsuspected treachery, but the One sent by God to effect the divine purpose going forward calmly and unafraid”

You know when you think of all that will transpire in the next 24 hours for Jesus, it really would rock the disciples’ faith if they began to wonder, “Maybe Jesus isn’t all that he says he was”….”Maybe Jesus isn’t as knowing as I thought”… “Maybe Jesus isn’t as ‘in control’ as I thought he was.”

Jesus really did want his disciples to know that everything that happened to him was in God’s plan.

Well it seems that Jesus seeks to encourage the disciples in verse 20… 20 Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever receives the one I send receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me.”

“Don’t forget disciples, that no matter what happens, you’re emissaries of the great God of heaven….If people receive you, they receive me, and if they receive me, they receive the one who sent me, God the Father”

The verse buttresses other verses in the New Testament about ‘receiving Christ’ as an acceptable way to talk about salvation.13

“Can anything be more encouraging to (you and me) than knowing that (we) are the representatives in the world and bearers to the world of the Messiah and of his God?” 14

Follow with me as I read verses 21-30.

21 After saying these things, Jesus was troubled in his spirit, and testified, “Truly, truly, I say to you, one of you will betray me.” 22 The disciples looked at one another, uncertain of whom he spoke. 23 One of his disciples, whom Jesus loved, was reclining at table at Jesus’ side, 24 so Simon Peter motioned to him to ask Jesus of whom he was speaking. 25 So that disciple, leaning back against Jesus, said to him, “Lord, who is it?” 26 Jesus answered, “It is he to whom I will give this morsel of bread when I have dipped it.” So when he had dipped the morsel, he

13 ESV Study bible: “This and similar verses (eg John 20:22; Luke 18:17; Rom. 3:25) give the basis for using the language of ‘receiving Christ as Savior” in reference to hearing the gospel message and believing it.”14 Bruner, page 776

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gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot. 27 Then after he had taken the morsel, Satan entered into him. Jesus said to him, “What you are going to do, do quickly.” 28 Now no one at the table knew why he said this to him. 29 Some thought that, because Judas had the moneybag, Jesus was telling him, “Buy what we need for the feast,” or that he should give something to the poor. 30 So, after receiving the morsel of bread, he immediately went out. And it was night.

In verse 21 we run into the word ‘troubled’ again. This is the word’s third appearance in the book of John so far and it’s a strong word. It can signal anxiety, agitation, revulsion, and even horror.15 Jesus was troubled at the tomb of Lazarus (John 11:33). He was troubled as he contemplated the prospect of the cross (John 12:27)—in fact there, in John 12, we suggested that Jesus was having a ‘Gethsemane moment’. Well it’s happening again and it seems to happen whenever Jesus contemplates the horror of human death. 16

Jesus was troubled in his spirit, and testified, “Truly, truly, I say to you, one of you will betray me.”

Now this isn’t the first time Jesus has opened the window on the idea of a betrayer.

In John 617, Jesus said, “Did I not choose you the 12? And yet one of you is a devil.” (Do you wonder what the disciples did with that? I mean Andrew could have thought to himself, ‘Yes I was kind of mean yesterday”.)

And earlier in this chapter, John 13:10, Jesus said, “And you are clean, but not every one of you.” Again that’s not completely transparent. But here in verse 21 it’s not ambiguous at all, “One of you will betray me” How unsettling Jesus’ words would be! 18

Look at verse 22. You can imagine verse 22 being true, the disciples looking at each other wondering who it was.

15 Carson, page 44016 Kostenberger, page 41217 Verse 7018 Kostenberger, page 413

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And interestingly enough it’s this moment that Leonardo DaVinci sought to capture in his famous painting of the Last Supper 19-- the moment when all of the disciples were wondering who was the betrayer.

Let me point out a few things in Divinci’s painting. The disciples are depicted seated at a table. More on that in a minute. The disciples are gathered in threes. And it’s the second three from the left that holds the most interest for us. For Divinci, this was Judas, Peter and John.

John is swooning. “Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus, or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer.[8] He is also tipping over the salt (shaker). This may be related to the near-Eastern expression to "betray the salt" meaning to betray one's Master. He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting.”20

Well look at verse 23….23 One of his disciples, whom Jesus loved, was reclining at table at Jesus’ side…

19 Bartholomew, James, son of Alphaeus and Andrew form a group of three, all are surprised. Judas Iscariot, Peter and John form another group of three. Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus, or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer.[8] He is also tipping over the salt cellar. This may be related to the near-Eastern expression to "betray the salt" meaning to betray one's Master. He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting. Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ, perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus' arrest. The youngest apostle, John, appears to swoon. Jesus. Apostle Thomas, James the Greater and Philip are the next group of three. Thomas is clearly upset; the raised index finger foreshadows his Incredulity of the Resurrection. James the Greater looks stunned, with his arms in the air. Meanwhile, Philip appears to be requesting some explanation. Matthew, Jude Thaddeus and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three. Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon, perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions20 Wikipedia

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Now John doesn’t tell us which disciple was reclining at Jesus’ side. He just gives us a clue that it was the “disciple whom Jesus loved”. We’ll see this phrase several more times in the book of John. In fact the disciple whom Jesus loved will reappear at the cross (John 19:26-27), at the empty tomb (John 20:2-9) and by the Sea of Galilee when Jesus appeared to his seven disciples (John 21:1, 20-23). Finally he shows up in the final two verses of the book, John 21:24-25, where he is given credit for writing the book of John. Who is the “disciple whom Jesus loved”? Probably it’s John the Son of Zebedee who authored the book.21 Why did he give himself that name? We’ll save that for another time.

Now it’s believed that Jews in the first century ate important meals like the Passover, reclining.22 Maybe they used the formal triclinium table, a low three-side table shaped like a U.23 Let me put up an artist’s rendition of the triclinium on the screen:

This is an artist’s rendition of the triclinium table—Tri (three) cline (a type of couch). Notice the three couches in a U-shape. Notice the diners resting on their left elbows and free to eat with their right hands. And notice the feet extending away from the table. Servers would bring the food to the middle of the U-shaped arrangement.

It’s easier for me to imagine that the disciples were on the floor with pillows like these Letourneau University disciples.

21 See Carson page 472-3 for justification for this conclusion. 22 Jeremias, in Burge, page 372, says this was tradition. 23 Burge, page 372

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Again notice they are reclining, leaning on their left elbows and free to eat with their right hand and their feet extend behind them. And notice I’ve labeled them John, Jesus, and Judas as they appear to be positioned in our passage. (I’ll try to justify that as we go along)

With the picture up there, look again at verse 23… 23 One of his disciples, whom Jesus loved and we said that was probably John… was reclining at table at Jesus’ side. Literally John was reclining in Jesus’ lap or bosom. In other words his head was at Jesus’ chest. “(You and I) as Westerners recoil at a picture like that. But in many parts of the world (for example the Philippines and the Arab world) men walk down the street holding hands”24

And with the picture up there, we should make another point. If Jesus was the host, and he was in the middle as we’ve shown in the picture, where were the places of honor? Well the right side and the left side of the host both were places of honor. But where was the position of greatest honor? The first guest of honor sat to the host’s left. Who would that be? Judas. (I realize I haven’t justified why Judas is on Jesus’ left. That justification is coming) And the second guest of honor sat to the right of the host.25

There’s one final interesting connection we should point out in verse 23. As John is to Jesus in the picture, so Jesus was to the Father up in heaven. Let’s compare John 13:23 and John 1:18 on the screen.

24 Carson, page 47425 Kostenberger, page 415

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So just as Jesus was in the bosom of the Father and therefore the perfect candidate to reveal the Father to us so John will be the perfect candidate to tell us about Jesus because of his closeness to Jesus.

Well verse 24 tells us that Peter motioned to John (who was next to Jesus) to ask Jesus of whom he was speaking. So John leaned back against Jesus, verse 25 and asked “Lord who is it?”

And Jesus answered, in verse 26 “It is he to whom I will give this morsel of bread when I have dipped it.” So when he had dipped the morsel, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot.

(It’s kind of haunting that Judas’ father is mentioned there in verse 26. The same thing occurs back in verse 2)

In verse 26 we’ve come to the reason that we think that Judas was next to Jesus at the table. Jesus dipped a morsel of bread, or meat in the wine or maybe even the ‘bitter herbs that at a certain part of the Passover meal were dipped in the charoseth sauce’26 and gave it to Judas. Wouldn’t Judas have to be close? But It was a final gesture of love. Judas received the morsel, but not the love. 27 After he had taken the morsel, vs. 27, Satan entered into him. And Jesus said to him, “What you are going to do, do quickly.”

The term “enter” there in verse 27, is used in Mark and Luke to describe demon possession.28 However, in the present passage it’s not demons but Satan himself who is said to enter Judas29 Back in verse 2 we learned that Satan had put the desire to betray Christ into Judas’ heart and now here Judas completely possesses Judas.

26 Ridderbos, page 47027 Carson, page 47428 Mark 5:12; Luke 8:30; 11:2629 Kostenberger, page 416-7

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(Apparently Jesus spoke in hushed tones in these verses because the other disciples didn’t know why Judas ended up leaving. Some thought Judas left with the money bag, verse 29, to buy more provisions for the feast30. Others thought he was being sent out to give alms to the poor31.)

30 So, after receiving the morsel of bread, he immediately went out. And it was night.

Even though the ‘paschal moon was shining to the full’, Judas was swallowed up by the most awful darkness, indeed by outer darkness. (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30)

Physically and symbolically it was night. Last week we said that the structure of the book of John is like the arc of a swinging pendulum. This verse, verse 30, is at the bottom of the arc.

In the verses that we’ve just read, verses 21-30, I can’t help but see Jesus as a kind of symphony conductor. I was reading some account where an author said something like this—“These things were in place and it was time to begin…” and the picture of a symphony came to mind. See if you can follow what I’m saying here.

In a symphony, the members of the symphony are there to follow the conductor and so it was with everyone gathered in the Upper Room that night. The disciples were there ready to play their part. Satan himself was even there ready to play his part. And Jesus as conductor was fully in control. And every turn in the music came from his initiative. In verse 21, the conductor was ready to begin. Everything was in place. The musicians were ready. It was time for Judas to be exposed and expelled and sent off to do what he was supposed to do. So Jesus, knowing fully who the betrayer was, but being fully in control, announced, “One of you will betray me” and the redemption symphony began. The music turned dissonant, “Who is it?,” the disciples wondered. Jesus, the conductor was asked through one of the musicians who the betrayer was. Jesus, the conductor, answered that it was the one who got the morsel of bread dipped in wine. I can see Jesus just continuing to lead the music right then and he just keeps leading. Beautiful notes of redemption fill the room. Finally Jesus the conductor dipped the bread and handed it ceremoniously to Judas. Satan was there in the room and that was his cue. He recognized that it was time for him to play his part. It was his turn. So he entered Judas. (In Luke’s version of this special time, Jesus tells Peter that Satan wants him too.) The conductor gave permission for Judas to leave, What you are going to do, do quickly! Again the music was dissonant. The musicians didn’t know what was happening. Judas grabbed his moneybag, left the room, and went out into the night. Movement 1 of the redemption

30 The 7 day feast of Unleavened Bread that followed the Passover. 31 Burge, page 374 comments that nighttime alms giving was a Passover tradition

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symphony was over. Jesus the conductor was in charge the whole time. The Sovereign Son of Man—Betrayed.

“Ironically, even in his act of betrayal, Judas does what Jesus has told him to do. The ‘quickly’ of the command (vs. 27) is matched by the ‘immediately’ of its execution (vs. 30) Jesus is Lord over Satan and over Satan’s minions.”32

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The church father Augustine wrote this… Jesus said, “What thou doest, do quickly” “He did not command the crime, but foretold evil to Judas, and good to us. For what could be worse for Judas, or what could be better for us, than the delivering up of Christ—a deed done by him to his own destruction, but done, apart from him, in our behalf?.... Judas delivered up Christ, Christ delivered Himself up; the former (Judas) transacted the business of his own selling of his Master, the latter (Jesus) the business of our redemption.”33

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31 When he (Judas) had gone out, Jesus said, “Now is the Son of Man glorified…here is that final reference to the Son of Man in the book of John that I mentioned at the beginning of the message… “Now is the Son of Man glorified and God is glorified in him. Notice the past tense verbs….Jesus speaks as if the cross is behind him. He speaks as if he has received much glory through the cross and God has received much glory through it also.

And then in verse 32, Jesus looks “beyond the cross to His exaltation at the Father’s right hand.”34 32 If God is glorified in him, God will also glorify him in himself, and glorify him at once. Again it seems that verse 32 talks about the glory of Jesus’ ascension and return to the Father.

33 Little children… in John’s gospel this phrase is used only here….clearly Jesus is emotionally attached to his disciples.. “My dear children”35...would be another way of saying it yet a little while I am with you. You will seek me, and just as I said to the Jews, so now I also say to you, ‘Where I am going you cannot come.’

32 Lincoln, as quoted by Bruner, page 78433 Augustine as quoted by Bruner, page 77734 MacArthur, page 8835 Carson, page 483 “This is not an overtranslation”

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What is Jesus saying in verse 33? He’s preparing his disciples for his departure. He doesn’t want them to be surprised when he leaves. “I’m just going to be with you a little while longer” he says, “And then I’m leaving and you won’t be able to follow me.”

Twice before in John—in John chapter 736 and in John chapter 837—Jesus had told the Jews that he was departing and that they would be unable to find Him. Jesus’ point to the Jews was that they needed to believe before He went away. He was warning them. But here Jesus is not warning his disciples, He is just trying to prepare them for what’s ahead…. Yet a little while I am with you. …but… ‘Where I am going you cannot come.’

34 A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another. 35 By this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.”

Now at first glance these verses seem to intrude out of nowhere. But when we think about what Jesus has been saying, Jesus’ words in verses 34-35 make sense. He announced his departure. He insisted that his disciples couldn’t depart with him. So in verse 34 he begins to lay out what he expects of them while he is away. He expects them to love one another. He expects them to be a loving community. And he expects that their love for each other will signal the watching world that they are his disciples.

But what does Jesus mean when he calls the commandment to love one another a new commandment? Wasn’t there a commandment to love one’s neighbor in the Old Testament? Yes there was… Leviticus 19:18

What then makes Jesus’s commandment new? Let me suggest three possibilities.

●The commandment is new because it has a new standard—‘as I have loved you’38 Because of God’s love for us in the giving of his son, love is now most profoundly and clearly expressed by the laying down of one’s life for others like Jesus laid down his life for his people. There’s no doubt now what profound love looks like. And that’s a new standard of love. John 15:13 Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends.

●The commandment is also new because thru the Spirit there is a new enablement to fulfill it.39 Listen to Romans 8:2–4 …2 For the law of the Spirit of life has set you free in Christ Jesus

36 Verse 33-3437 Verse 2138 MacArthur, page 89, Kostenberger page 423, Carson, page 484, Burge, page 37639 Ridderbos, page 476-7

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from the law of sin and death. 3 For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, 4 in order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. With the Spirit we can fulfill the righteous requirements of the law. The command is new because there is a new enablement to fulfill it.

Finally, ●The commandment is new because of the “new order it….exemplifies”40. It’s New Covenant Love. It’s a love that reflects the love that the Father has for the Son. And it’s a love that will characterize life with the Messiah in his kingdom.

Well you remember that Jesus said in verse 33….that where he was going his disciples couldn’t come….It’s pretty clear that Jesus couldn’t get that out of his mind.

36 Simon Peter said to him, “Lord, where are you going?” Jesus answered him, “Where I am going you cannot follow me now, but you will follow afterward.”

Peter couldn’t follow Jesus then because it was not his time to die. And Peter couldn’t follow Jesus then because Jesus was headed to the cross to deal with the world’s sins. And only Jesus can deal with the world’s sins.

37 Peter said to him, “Lord, why can I not follow you now? I will lay down my life for you.” “Will you lay down your life for me? What irony! Truly, truly, I say to you, the rooster will not crow till you have denied me three times.

(Pondering…Jesus’s sovereignty over animal life….paid taxes with the first fish caught and caused discouraged disciples to fish at the wrong time and catch a bonanza of fish. Was it Jesus who gave the signal to the rooster to crow?)

The Sovereign Son of God—Betrayed.

In our passage this morning we’ve seen Jesus’ sovereignty on display.

In our passage we’ve seen Sovereign Jesus is like a prophet who saw the future clearly. And sovereign Jesus is also like a symphony conductor who directed the activities of many musicians to make beautiful redemption music.

Jesus knew in advance he would be betrayed.

40 Carson, page 484

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He knew who his betrayer was to be.And he knew how he was to signal to the disciples who the betrayer wasHe knew that Peter would deny him three times. And he knew that Peter’s denials would all come before a cock crowed.

Before we sing, let read some about Jesus in our Christology handout.

(Read these three sections)Who is Jesus Christ?How do we know that Jesus was completely human?How do we know that Jesus was completely divine?

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