Vertebrate tissues; human skeleton

Lab 9

Levels of organization within the body

Tissue• Groups of cells that have the similar structural

characteristics and perform the similar functions • Four major types of tissue:• Epithelial tissue• Connective tissue • Muscular tissue • Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue

• Epithelial cells cover the exterior of an organism, line the gut and other cavities and line the coelomic cavity.

• Epithelial cells (1) protect underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage, (2) provide a selectively permeable barrier that facilitates or impedes passage of materials, (3) provide sensory surfaces, and (4) secrete fluids.

• Two descriptive terms —shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar —layer: simple, stratified

Simple squamous Epithelium

• Structure: Thin, Flat, many-sided, a central nucleus

• Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis

• Location: Walls of capillaries, lining of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs, lining of internal cavities

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Structure: Cube-shaped • Function: Secretion, absorption • Location: Surface of ovaries,

linings of ducts and glands, lining of kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Structure: Column like—tall, cylindrical cells, nucleus at base

• Function: Protection, secretion, absorption

• Location: Lining of uterus, tubes of digestive tract

Stratified Squamous Epithelium• Structure: Innermost layers

are cuboidal or columnar; outermost layers are flattened

• Function: Protection, repel water

• Location: Skin, linings of mouth, throat, anal canal, vagina

Esophagus

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

• Structure: Looks layered but is not; ciliated

• Function: Protection, secretion, movement of mucus

• Location: Linings of respiratory passages

Trachea

Glandular Epithelium

• Highly modified epithelial cells• More active metabolically than simple epithelium• Secretion (liver cell)

Connective tissue

• Connective tissues support and defend the body and store food.

• Cells of connective tissues are not tightly

packed and are typically suspended in an extracellular matrix of fibers.

Connective tissue

• Connective tissue proper:

• Loose connective tissue• Dense connective tissue• Adipose tissue

• Special connective tissues:

• Blood• Cartilage• Bone

Loose fibrous connective tissue

• Structure: Fibers are widely separated

• Function : Binds organs together

• Location: Between the muscles; beneath the skin; beneath most epithelial layers

Dense fibrous connective tissue

• Structure: Fibers are closely packed

• Function: Binds organs together, binds muscle to bones, binds bone to bone

• Location: Tendons, ligaments

Adipose tissue

• Structure: Large cell with fat-filled vacuole; nucleus pushed to one side

• Function : Insulation, fat storage, cushioning, and protection

• Location: Beneath the skin; around the kidney and heart; in breast

Blood

• Structure: Red and white cells floating in plasma

• Function : RBCs carry oxygen and hemoglobin for respiration; WBCs fight infection

• Location: Blood vessels

Cartilage

• Structure: Cells (chondrocytes) in lacunae

• Function: Support, protection

• Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in walls of respiratory passages; between ribs and sternum

Bone

• Structure: Concentric circles

• Function : Support, protection

• Location: Bones of skeleton

Muscle tissue

• Muscular tissue is composed of cells called muscle fibers.

• Skeletal muscle• Cardiac muscle• Smooth muscle

Muscle tissue

Type Striations Branching Conscious Control (yes/no) (yes/no) (yes/no)

• Skeletal Yes No Yes• Smooth No No No• Cardiac Yes Yes No

Nervous tissue

• Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.

• Neurons: transmitting messages• Neuroglia: supporting and nourishing the

neurons

Nervous tissue

The Human Skeletal System

• The Appendicular SkeletonShoulderArmLeg

• Axial Skeleton

Joints

Patterns of joint movement

Observe prepared slides and identify different tissues

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