vehicle technology

New Vehicle Technologies

Peter RobertsonGeneral Manager

Vehicle Safety Standards (VSS)(Administrator of Vehicle Standards)

Topics covered

• Evolution of safety technology

• New Vehicle Technologies– Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)– Alternative Control– Other Innovations

• Potential impact of technologies

The Evolution of Safety Technology

1950’s 1990’s


1924 – Safety glass standard on Cadillacs

1950’s -Toughened glass introduced1950 – Disc brakes available on Chryslers1951 – Crumple zones patented by Mercedes Benz1954 – Seatbelts optionally available on some US cars1959 – Three point seatbelts available on Volvos 1959 – Safety body with crumple zones produced by Mercedes Benz

1962 – Split service brake systems introduced1967 – Energy absorbing steering columns introduced1968 – Head restraints introduced


1971 – Three point inertia reel seatbelts introduced1974 – Airbags introduced

1983 – Airbags available on US cars1985 – Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) available on US cars

1991 – Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) airbags introduced by Volvo

1995 – Electronic Stability Control (ESC) introduced produced by Bosch

1995 – Seatbelts with tensioners and integrated force limiters introduced in Mercedes Benz

1996 – Brake Assist System (BAS) introduced in Mercedes Benz

New Technologies

• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – traction control, ABS, ESP, ESC, HUD

• Alternative control - steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake-by-wire, joysticks

• Other innovations – alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, wiperless windows, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors

New TechnologiesSystem Type

Traction EngineTransmissionFuel Running gear

Variable valve timing,Tiptronic transmission,Hybrids,Fuel cells,LPG/CNG,Traction control

Drive-by-wire,Emissions SCR,Run-flat tyres

Braking ServiceParking

ABS,EBFD, Traction control,Regenerative systems

Brake-by-wire

New Technologies

System Type

Chassis SuspensionSteering

ESCESP

Steer-by-wire,Tweels,Composite materials,Multiplexing


Driver/vehicle interface

HeadlampsCornering lampsFog lampsMirrorsDemisterWindscreen wipersSun visorsInstrumentsControls

Gas discharge headlamps,Advanced windscreens,Night vision,Collision avoidance,Lane Keep Support,SatNav, HUD,Pedestrian awareness,Cruise control,Joystick control.

Distributed light sources, LED lamps, See-by-wire (camera mirrors)


Conspicuity Position lampsStop lampsIndicatorsRegistration lamps

DSRC (toll, theft, collision reporting)

Distributed light sources, LED lamps

Occupant protection

SeatbeltsChild restraintsAirbagsHeadrests

Pre-tensioners,Side airbags,Curtain airbagsIntelligent airbags,Collision mitigation airbag controls

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

“On-board systems that utilise information that is received from direct sensing and/or telecommunications via the road infrastructure or other source” (WP.29)

ITS Research

• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Europe (ADASE)

• SAVE-IT (SAfety VEhicles using adaptive Interface Technologies) Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI)

• ASV – Advanced Safety Vehicles• Japan Automobile Manufactures Association

(JAMA)• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM)

ITS Research

• Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan (UTMS) - Infrastructure beacon warning systems

• Association of Radio Industries & Businesses (ARIB) (Japan) - Information systems

• Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration (AMIC) – Standardisation of mobile information & entertainment

ITS Industry

• Manufacturers:– Toyota, Ford (Volvo, LandRover, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda,

Aston-Martin), GM, Renault, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Volkswagen, Peugeot, Nissan, Subaru, Honda and others.

• Support Industries:– Bosch, TRW, Delphi & Continental Tevis– Delphi, IBM, Motorola, Siemens VDO Automotive and others.– Texas Instruments, Philips Semiconductors, and others.

• Partnerships:– Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) – Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM)– Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA)– Telematics Valley

ITS Government

• UN ECE WP.29-ITS

• Working Group IHRA-ITS

• Intelligent Transport Systems Joint Programs Office (ITS-JPO), part of US-DOT (FHWA, NHTSA, FTA, FRA, FMCSA, MARAD)

ITS Categories

(WP.29)

Information Collection

Driving Assistance Information Support

Assistance for Control

Automatic Drive

ITS Information Collection

Systems that collect and/or distribute information, not relating to assisting the driver in controlling the vehicle

• Information & Entertainment:– Telematics – (Integration of internet / phone / PDA /

BlueTooth technology)

• Information for Infrastructure:– Probe information systems (Fleet management)– Real-time online diagnostics of vehicle– Electronic Toll Collection (eTag)– Automatic Roadside Assistance (eCall, OnStar)– Event Data Recorders (EDR)

AUTOMATIC CRASH NOTIFICATION100% fitment to GM in USA 2007 100% fitment in all marques in EU by 2009

Source: ITS AUSTRALIA

• 80 Black Box Manufacturers

• 3200 PROTOCOLS

• 6 CARRIERS• 12 OEMS• 60 PROTOCOLS

• 6 CARRIERS• 12 OEMS• 60 PROTOCOLS

Receive notification and contact driver and prepare to call 000 as each of 30 EMOs use different systems

Receive notification and contact driver and prepare to call 000 as each of 30 EMOs use different systems

• 6 Service Providers

• 5 TELCOs• 15 Over the Air

Protocols

Generate informationGenerate information TransmissionTransmission Quasi EmergencyService ProvidersQuasi EmergencyService Providers Process and displayProcess and display

Airbag sensor or accelerometer triggers alert

Airbag sensor or accelerometer triggers alert

Emergency Services answers phone and cannot see vehicle location or other data

Emergency Services answers phone and cannot see vehicle location or other data

CAR OBU and CAN protocols

CAR OBU and CAN protocols


ITS

Driving Assistance - Information Support

“…designed to assist part of the drivers recognition and decision-making … by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29)

• Collision Avoidance– Forward / Rear Collision Warning (FCW, RCW) (CMS,

FOREWARN, ADA)– Lane Keep Support (AFIL)– Side Obstacles Advisory System (ASV)– Intersection (beacon from infrastructure)– Low speed maneuverability (parking)

ITS


Lane Keep Support (Nissan)

ITS


www.seeingmachines.com

ITS


• Visibility Assistance– Advanced Frontline Systems (AFS) (DRL – GM)– Night Vision Systems (Night Vision – GM, Autoliv)– Advanced Windscreens– Head Up Display (HUD) (Eye Cue – GM)– Blind-spot visibility (Volvo – BLIS)

• Driver Awareness• Navigation Systems

– Direct driver to location– Crash / Traffic avoidance– Road Barcode Systems (Peugeot)

ITS


Night Vision Assistancehttp://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/avoid_crash/new_features/night_vision.html

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/avoid_crash/new_features/night_vision.html

ITS


Night Vision Assistancehttp://www.autoliv.com/

http://www.autoliv.com/



ITS


ITS

Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

“…designed to assist part of the drivers …control (automatically) by utilising advanced technologies” (WP.29)

Vehicle Positioning: Controls the position of the vehicle on the road

• Conventional cruise control• Active speed limit management• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) & ‘Stop and Go’ (AICC ALERT,

DISTRONIC, ADC)• Crash Mitigation (CMS braking)• Lane Keep Support (LKS)• Parking assistance (eg Toyota Prius)

ITS


Adaptive Cruise Control

ITS


ITS


• Assistance for Stopping:– Anti-lock braking (ABS)– Electronically distributed

braking (EBD)– Emergency braking assist

(EBA, SBC)

• Assistance for Traction:– Traction Control (TRAC)– Advanced traction control

(Terrain Response)

Vehicle Control:Assist in the performance of the vehicle through feedback

• Assistance for Steering:– ESC: Electronic Stability

Control (ESP, StabilTrak, AdvanceTrac, DSC, CSC, DSTC, VDIM, ICCS, AHCCS VSA, ASC)

• Assistance for Stability:– Roll Stability (RSC)

ITS


Electronic Stability Control

ITS


Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Research:• Page, Y. & Cuny, S. (2004) “Is ESP effective on French

Roads?” 1st International ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) Hannover, Germany - September 3-4.

• Tingvall, C., Krafft, M., Kullgren, A. & Lie, A. (2004) “The Effectiveness Of ESP (Electronic Stability Programme) in Reducing Real Life Accidents”, Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 37-41.

• Farmer, C. (2004) “Effect of Electronic Stability Control on Automobile Crash Risk” Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 317-25.

• Dang, J.N. (2004) “Preliminary Results Analyzing the Effectiveness Of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems”, US-DOT NHTSA, Evaluation Note DOT HS 809 790, September 2004.

ITS


Vehicle Configuration: Alters vehicle configuration to change performance

• Suspension– Adjustable suspension (AIRMATIC, Terrain Control,

AMVAR) – Active suspension (Mercedes-Benz ABC, Delphi

MagneRide)

• Adaptive Head Restraint Systems (AHR)• 2nd Generation Airbags (Intelligent Deployment)• Pedestrian safety (Active Hoods)

ITS Automatic Drive

Automatically control vehicle without direct driver responsibility, using a combination of ITS technologies

• Automatic Drive

• Convoy Pilot Systems – US Army TARDECE research on

autonomous ground vehicle navigation

ITS Automatic Drive

Alternative Control

steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake by-wire, joysticks

Alternative ControlTypes

Electrical/electronic systems in place of traditional mechanical systems

• Steer by Wire (Hy-Wire & AUTOnomy)• Throttle (By-Wire Chassis Technology including

Throttle-by-wire, Quadrasteer)• Braking (Delphi hybrid hydraulic/electric)

Alternative ControlTypes

Other Innovations

alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, advanced windscreens, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors

Other InnovationsTypes

New designs in place of traditional designs

• Non-Conventional Tyres (Run-flat, Tweel)• Alternative Fuel Systems (Fuel cells, Hydrogen ICE,

Hybrid-Electric, Clean Diesel, Biofuels, Natural Gas, Propane)

• Alternative Seatbelts (Volvo four-point seatbelts)


Michelin Tweel


Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuel cell vehicle schematic


Toyota Prius Hybrid


Volvo X4 and V4 four-point seatbelts

Impact of New Technologies

Is operation likely to lead to, or reduce, injury, theft or emissions (machine factors)?

• Protection of occupants• Ability to stop and manoeuvre (includes reliability and failure mode)• Compatibility with other vehicles/infrastructure.• Resistance to theft• Quantity and/or type of emissions

Is Human Machine Interface likely to lead to, or reduce, injury (human factors)?

• Ability of driver to operate effectively (operation, distraction)• Clarity of operation between different systems

Improved Performance – Technology that improves the performance of a vehicular system with new features or better outputs. Typical examples are traction control or intelligent airbags

• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a major grouping of technologies of this type

Improved Design – Technology that serves essentially the same purpose but operates in a very different way (eg mechanical systems replaced by electrical/electronic systems). Typical examples are steer-by-wire or LED lamps

Impact of New Technologies

WP.29 (ITS)

• Recognise the challenge to identify an appropriate regulatory response

• Need for global systems• Identify that ITS is not just about vehicle engineering

with a need to consider the interaction between the driver and the technology through Human Machine Interface (HMI) factors


Positives Negatives Issues

•Assists driver with information / entertainment•Provide information to support infrastructure•Passive safety devices

•Potential for driver distraction (visual and cognitive)•Issues of remote location of vehicles (privacy & control)

•Format of information collection•Electromagnetic Compatibility•Link between vehicles and infrastructure (eg. protocols)


Existing Regulations/Standards:

• Visual Display Units– ADR 42 and ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines

• Electro-magnetic Compatibility (EMC)– ECE 10

• On Board Diagnostics– ADR 79/.. and 80/..

• Electronic Identification– ISO CD 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -

Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles• Adaptive Cruise Control

– ADR 65 and ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes)• Lane Keep Support

– ECE 79 (Draft) – Control of driver and safety mode

ITS

Driving Assistance - Information SupportPositives Negatives Issues

•Provides useful navigation information to the driver

•Enhances the quality of information to the driver (i.e. visual)

•Warn the driver of potentially dangerous situations to allow the driver to avoid/mitigate

•Avoiding high-risk areas (toll-booths, crash etc)

•Better response in crash

•Driver distraction through increased demand on attention or information overload

•Driver over-confidence on warning systems altering safe driving behaviour

•Reduced situation awareness from consistent false-alarms/too sensitive systems

•“Command effect”

•Warning devices for when system non-operational/impaired

•Reliability of systems

•Control safeguards for driver to wrest control

•Infrastructure/vehicle compatibility

•Effect on other drivers

•Format of warnings (visual/audio)

ITS



• Visibility Assistance:– ECE 48 Lighting

• Navigation Systems:– ADR 42 – Visual display units – ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines– ISO/TC22/SC13/WG8 – Human Machine Interface

• Lane Change Systems– ISO/CD 17387 Intelligent Transport Systems - Lane Change Decision Aid

Systems: Performance requirements and tests procedure

ITS

Driving Assistance - Assistance for ControlPositives Negatives Issues

•Improves driver comfort through automatic control of driving functions (eg. ACC)

•Increased safety through reduced number of accidents (ESC research)

•Reduction in probability/severity of injury in crash

•Driver over-trust/over-confidence altering from normal safe driving patterns

•Driver confusion when emergency control taken

•Liability

•System causing excessive brake wearing

•Ability/reliability/ease of driver to over-ride automatic control

•Discrimination of a potential crash (worst-case)


•Reliability of automatic control (e.g. LKS in the rain, 2nd gen. airbags)

•Failure mode

ITS



• Electronic Stability Control and Emergency Brake Assist– ECE 13H (Annex 8) – Complex Electronic Controls

• Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) – ADR 31/01 (ECE 13H Annex 6) – Tests for ABS– ECE 13 (Annex 13) – Warning systems for ABS

• Adaptive Cruise Control– ADR 65 & ECE 89 – Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes)

• Lane Keep Support– ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety mode

ITS Automatic Drive


•Increase efficiency of route selection, engine management, emissions, etc.

•Legal Responsibility of the driver is replaced by the automatic drive system

•Currently specifically excluded in regulation•Warning devices for when system non-operational/impaired


•Failure mode

ITS

Automatic Drive


• ECE 79 (draft) – Control of driver and safety mode – specifically excludes systems in which control of the vehicle

is taken away from the driver

Alternative Control


•Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, cost•Allows for greater system integration•Dramatic change to interior design possibilities

•Driver unfamiliarity•Perceived risk of transferring from a direct mechanical linkage



•Failure mode

Alternative ControlExisting Regulations/Standards:

• Alternative Steering Mechanisms:– ECE 35 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of

Vehicles With Regard To The Arrangement Of Foot Controls

• Steer-by-wire:– ECE 79 (draft)

• Brake-by-wire:– ECE 13H

Other Innovations


•Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, efficiency, cost

•Driver unfamiliarity (where applicable)

•Performance



•Failure mode

Other Innovations Existing Regulations/Standards:

• Alternative Fuel Systems:– FMVSS 305 Electric-Powered Vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage

and Electrical Shock Protection

– ADR 31/01 and ECE 13H – Provision for electrical regenerative braking

Summary

• Evolution of safety technology• New technologies:

– Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)– Alternative Control– Other Innovations

• Impact of new technologies• WP.29• Positives, negatives, issues and existing regulation

Discussion

UK Monaro Review – Jeremy Clarkson’s Top Gear

vehicle technology

Documents

onboard systems

information collectionsystems

airbags available

regenerative systems

traction control abs

split service brake

safety body

cruise control