Vasculartissue

seeds

Flowersfruit

Leaves

The hyphae of some symbiotic fungi become specialized for penetrating the cells of the host. These hyphae are called haustoria.

Fungi have cell walls composed of chitin which is what insects, crayfish, and other arthropods exoskeletons are composed of.

Most fungi do not have flagella in any phase of their life cycle. They move toward food by growing toward it.In America, a single individual fungus, was found to cover 2,200 acres of land.

Both Plants and Fungi have VASCLAR SYSTEMS

A way to move water & nutrients throughout the body.

Phloem-conducts carbohydrates (sugars) from the leaves where they are made out to the rest of the plant.

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots out to the plant.

Hyphae may or may not have septa. The septa of many species have pores, which allows cytoplasm to flow freely from one cell to the next. Cytoplasmic movement within the hypha provides a means to transport of materials.

Inside Story The plant Page 628 of green text book

1. On the top half of the next page in your BIN, draw a plant

2. Label the meristems, leaves, stem, and roots.

3. Draw a monocot leaf and a dicot leaf.

4. Below your picture describe the functions of the 4 tissue types, Dermal, vascular, ground and meristem.

5. Answer the following questions…

1. What is special about the meristem?

2. How does food formed by photosynthesis in the leaves get to the rest of the plant? Be sure to state what vascular tissue transports the nutrients from the leaves.

Decomposers break down complex molecules into sugars or consume sugars found in environment

bread mold eat carbs in bread

shelf fungi on logs eat carbs in cell wall of wood

white button mushrooms in store eat sugars and cellulose in dung

Symbiotic fungi receive their energy directly from a plant or algal partner

Lichens contain algae Mycorrhizal fungi live on plant roots•Can turn inorganic phosphorus & nitrogen into forms usable by plants•Expand the surface area of the plants root system•The plant provides carbohydrates

•The fungi provide structure and retain water•The algae “leak” carbohydrates from their cells

Fungi get carbon from organic sources

Hyphal tips release enzymes

Enzymatic breakdown of substrate

Products diffuse back into hyphae

Product diffuses backinto hypha and is used

Nucleus hangs backand “directs”

Spores are reproductive cellsSexual

Asexual

Amanita fruiting body Penicillium hyphae

Rhixopus hyphae

Directly on hyphae

Fruiting bodies

germinatingspore

mycelium

Mycelium can be huge but usually escape notice because they are subterranean

Fig 31.12

Nuclear fusion in basidium

Meiosis

Hyphal fusion of haploid mycelia

haploid mycelium

young basidia - the only diploid cells

mycelium and fruiting body have 2 haploid nuclei

Release of haploid spores

1. Grasp the cap of the mushroom on the paper towel in front of you firmly with one hand and the stem with the other hand. Gently wiggle and/or twist the stem until it breaks away from the cap.

2. Pinch the stem between your fingers until it breaks into two or more long pieces. Gently pull the pieces apart. The thick, hair like filaments you will see where you split the stem are the hyphae. Place the stem section under the dissecting microscope & examine the hyphae.

Cap

Stem

3. Look at the underside of the cap to study the gills. Each gill is lined with thousands of small structures called basidia. Using your forceps, gently remove one gill from the cap. You will get better results if you GENTLY grasp the gill near where it attaches to the cap. Try to avoid touching the free edge, the one along the bottom of the gill with your forceps.

4. Place the gill on a microscope slide and wet with a drop or two of water.

5. Place the slide on the dissecting microscope and examine the gill under low power. Look at the edge of the gill that was not attached to the mushroom and look for the little finger like projections. Switch to high power. Look at the finger like projections under high power. These are the basidia. If your mushroom is mature the basidia may have spores attached to them.

6. After completing your observations, clean off your slide and microscope and place them back like you found them. Wrap your mushroom pieces in the paper towel and throw it in the large trash can in the back.

1. Color the pictures.

2. Label the Gills, basidiospores, hypha, the new mycelium, mating type + and mating type - on the picture. The Inside story on page 555 of the green textbook may help with labeling.

3. Using a red pencil, circle the point(s) where the mushroom is haploid.

4. Using a purple pencil, circle the point(s) where the mushroom is diploid having 2 haploid nuclei in each cell.

5. Using a blue pencil circle the point(s) when the mushroom is diploid.

6. Glue both pictures on the odd numbered page opposite the fungi micro viewer lab in your BIN.

7. Answer the questions pertaining to the mushroom mini lab next to the mushroom life cycle picture in your BIN.

8. Answer the questions pertaining to mushroom metabolism next to the picture in your BIN

BIN on the odd numbered page opposite of the fungus Microviewer lab

Use the following terms to fill in the concept map below. Mosses, gymnosperms, vascular, lilies & grasses, seeded, ferns, dicot.

Mosses

gymnosperms

vascular

lilies & grasses

seeded

ferns

dicot

The life cycle of most plants alternates between two stages or generations

Sporophyte generation •produces diploid spores

•all cell of this plant are diploid

•spores are produced by meiosis

Gametophyte generation •produces haploid spores •all cells of this plant are

haploid meiosis

2n

2n

n n

nn

Fertilization

zygote

zygote

spores

spores

nn

Fertilization

meiosisspores

GametophyteHaploid reproductive phaseFemale or male plant

SporophyteDiploid reproductive phaseProduces spore thru meiosisGrow low to the ground in damp

places because they need water so that the sperm can swim to the egg.

Sorus (sori)Cluster of sporangia (spore making organ where meiosis occurs)Found on back of leaflet

ZygoteDiploid organism produced with fertilization

MegasporeFemale spore that becomes the female gametophyte or egg

MicrosporeMale spore that

becomes the male

gametophyte or pollen grain

Zygote develops into embryo inside the ovule as the seed matures

Wind can also disperse the seeds

Some animals will break cone open and eat the seeds

When female cone matures it opens and releases seeds

Fruits: animals eat

them and disperse seeds

Seeds: protective

covering & contain food for the developing embryo

Flowers: attract

pollinators with bright colors, scent, and/or nectar

Inside Story The Parts of a Flower Page 665 Draw a flower and label the petals, stigma, style, ovary/ovule, filament, anther, pollen grains, and sepals –

Use a pink pencil to color all parts of the female reproductive system in your drawing.

Use a blue pencil to color all parts of the male reproductive system in your drawing.

Answer the following questions below your drawing.

• What is the female reproductive system called?

• What is the male reproductive sytem called?

• Why is the stigma sticky?

• Which part of the flower becomes the fruit?

• How are different flower shapes, colors, and scents important to the plant’s survival?

• Is the flower you drew from a monocot or dicot? How do know? Hint it has to do with the number of petals.

Your flower self pollinates. Use a black pencil to trace the path of a pollen grain.

1. Using the straw GENTLY blow one lung full of air into the test tube containing bromthymol blue.

2. Put approximately 3cm sprig of elodea into the test tube.

3. Place the test tube in the test tube rack under the light.

4. Turn the light on. If necessary, adjust the lamp so that it is shining directly on the test tube.

In this laboratory investigation, you will use bromthymol blue to observe the effects of photosynthesis.

In water, carbon dioxide dissolves to form a weak acid. As a result, an acid-base indicator such as bromothymol blue can be used to

indicate the presence of carbon dioxide.

How does the BTB indicate CO2 is present in the water?

How is the glucose made by plants used by plants and animals as a source of energy?

Can photosynthesis occur without sunlight?

Explain the following statement:• Sunlight is to a plant like

gasoline is to a car.

What happens when the sun goes down?

In your BIN:1.Below your hypothesis write background information (learned in this class discussion) that explains photosynthesis.

2.Next, examine your test tubes.

3.Write down your observations. Has there been in change? Be descriptive.

4.Finally, write a conclusion which briefly explains what was done in this experiment, what the results are and why these results occurred. Finish your conclusion with what you might expect to happen in your test tube if it were left in the dark over night. Explain your prediction.