varga - roman mortaria from salla

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61 (2010) 145–1840001-5210/$ 20.00 © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest

First published online 5 December, 2009

DOI: 10.1556/AArch.60.2009.2.6

ROMAN MORTARIA FROM SALLA

G. VARGA

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Mortaria were used in Pannonia in the entire Roman period, but they changed in form and material from time to time. Potter's stamps indicate that some of them were imported goods, but they were mostly local products. The article deals with mortaria found in ZalalOvo (ancient Salla) between 1973 and 2005 and tries to draw a picture of the chronology and the provenance of the different mortarium types.

Keywords: Roman pottery, mortarium, potter's stamp, Zalalovo

In recent years two major works dealt with mortaria found in Pannonia. l Both publications concentrated on potter's stamps, although they emphasized the importance of typology and the analysis of the material. E. Krekovic also raised again the old question of the function of these vessels.

In order to answer some problems we investigated all the mortaria sherds found in Salla. This study deals with stone mortaria, gritted ceramic bowls and ungritted forms identical to the gritted ones. The Samian ware forms of mortaria will only be mentioned here because they have already been published.

CATALOGUE

1. Stone mortaria

I. Shallow bowl with a small rectangular handle. The wall at the rim is thick, at the bottom it is thin. There were probably four handles. Rd.: 34 cm. Crystalline limestone. Id. no. 2000/2. (Fig. 1.1)

2. Same form and material as cat. no. 1. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. nos 2000/46, Ill. Date: AD 120- 1402 (Fig. 1.2) 3. Deep bowl, the upper part is missing. The wall is very thick. The inner surface is smooth, the outer one is roughly worked. Bd.:

21 cm. Quartz conglomerate. Id. no. 2005/89. (Fig. 1.3)

4. Small, shallow bowl. It probably had a handle because the larger fragment slightly broadens at the end. Rd.: 20 cm. Crystalline limestone. Id. nos 1986/35, 37. (Fig. 1.4)

Three of the four stone mortaria were made from crystalline limestone - the same material that was used for gravestones. Just like gravestones, mortaria were probably also made in Noricum where crystalline limestone was mined. The forth object (cat. no. 3) was made of quartz conglomerate: this stone material can be found in the nearby (e .g. in Hetes). Unfortunately the rim is broken but certainly it had a different shape, it was deeper than the other three pieces. It might have a different function as well.

The very few published Pannonian stone mortaria represent various types.3 Therefore I cannot classify the objects, I can only note that cat. nos 1 and 2 (Fig. 1.1- 2) are very similar.

1 KREKOVIC 2004, 93- 100 and MLADONICZKI 2007, 197- 218. 2 Dates are given on the basis of coins and Samian ware

found in the same archaeological context. The coins were identified by F. Redo, the Samian ware by D. Gabler.

3 Aquincum: SZILAGVI 1956, PI. VTT,2; Brigetio: BORHY 2006, 116, 173; Orvenyes: CSIR T. 43,3; Bahica: CSIR T. 43,5.

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61, 2010

G. VARGA146

2

) 3 4

5

6

7 8 -=-=-o ,=

Fig. I. Stone mortaria (1-4) and Samian ware (5-8). Scale 1:4


ROMAN MORTARIA FROM SALLA 147

Fig. 2. Stamped mortaria. Scale 1:6


G. VARGA148

11. Samian ware

5. Rim fragment of a shallow bowl, type Drag. 43. Rd. : ca. 40 cm. Rheinzabern . Date: 20' century AD. Ref. : GABLER 1989, 456. (Fig. 1.5)

6. Restored fragments of a bowl, type Drag. 45. Rd.: 19 cm, bd.: 8 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 2002/125, 152. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170-230. (Fig. 1.6)

7. Bottom fragment ofa bowl, type Drag 45. Bd.: 10 cm.lnv. no. Z.2006.l30.1.1. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170- 230. (Fig. 1.7) 8. Wall fragment of a bowl, type Drag. 45. Id. no. 1985/330. Rheinzabern, Date: AD 170-230. (Fig. 1.8) 9. Wall fragment with the collar ofa bowl, type Drag. 38. Central Gaul. Date: 20

' halfofthe 2e' century AD. Ref.: GABLER 1989, 456.

10. Rim fragment ofa martarium type Drag. 43.lnv. no. 4. Rheinzabern. Date: end of the 2ed century AD - first half of the 3" century AD. Ref.: RFiZ 1975, 239.

11. Rim fragment probably ofa martarium, type Drag. 43. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170- 230. Ref.: RFiZ 1978- 1979, 324.

D. Gabler published the Samian ware found in Salla. We cite here his definitions. Although Samian ware made in Rheinzabern scarcely occur in Salla, there are some mortaria that represent both main types.

The most important information we can learn from these vessels is a new custom at the turn ofthe 2nd and the 3rd centuries: a kitchen vessel became a table dish. Probably certain sauces were made in front of the guests' eyes. This custom could have appeared earlier: ungritted bowls were also used as mortaria (cat. no. 9).4

Ill. Coarse wares

Coarse wares can be grouped according to various aspects like fabric, typology, stamps, shape of the spout and shape of the vessel (which can be shallow or deep). Since we generally have to work with fragments, the last three categories cannot always be observed. The fabric was defined only by visible attributes without scientific investigations, which makes the grouping questionable. Because of typological overlapping, the categories of red slip and glazed wares are also mentioned here.

Fabric MI: Hard, coarse brown fabric with a pale orange slip. Occasional white (sand?) and moderate red inclusions. The grits are red. M2: Hard, fairly fine buff fabric. Moderate red and sparse white (sand?) inclusions. The grits are red and white. M3: Hard, fine pale brown fabric. Moderate black and sparse red inclusions. The grits are white. M4: Hard, fine pinkish-cream fabric with a pink slip? Occasional white (sand) and red inclusions. The grits are white. M5: Fine pink fabric . Occasional white (sand) and brown inclusions. The grits are white. M6: Hard, coarse dark brown fabric. Moderate black and sparse white (sand) inclusions are visible. The grits are white. M7: Fairly fine pink fabric with white slip. Sparse red and white inclusions. M8: Hard, fairly fine light red-orange to greyish brown fabric . Sparse white and much less red inclusions. The grits are white. M9: Hard, coarse yellow fabric. Occasional black inclusions. The grits are white . M1O: Hard, fine grey fabric. Moderate orange-brown inclusions. The grits are red. Ml1 : Hard, coarse red-orange to brown fabric. It is tempered with sand. The grits are white. Occasionally with white slip?

Typology Type A: Everted, more or less rounded rim with an internal ledge. The ledge is under or in the same height as the rim . Type B: Everted rim without a ledge. Type C: The everted, rounded rim has a ledge on the inner side, while the outer side is folded back. Type D: Like type A, but made with a different technology. Either the ledge or the rim - which forms a collar - applicated separately. The

ledge is usually above the rim. It belongs to the red slip and glazed wares.

SpoutS SI : The ledge runs along both sides of the spout at the end of it. S2: The ledge ends at the start of the spout. There are L- or V-shaped impressions on both sides of the spout. S3: Like S2, but with incised curves on both sides of the spout. S4: Like S2, without decoration. S5: The spout is formed by the ledge, which runs to the outer side of the rim. Tt belongs only to type D.

4 BIDDULPH 2008, 91- 100. Note also the form Consp. 43.1.3 with a spout.

5 All coarse ware spouts are identical to the Dramont D2 type mar/aria 's spouts. For SI and S2 see PALLECCHI 2002, Fig. 8 and 9. For S4 see VIKIC-BELANC J(': 1970, T. XI,3.



Ill.1. Stamped mortaria 12. Fabric M!. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd.: 37 cm, bd.: 17 cm, h.: 11.4 cm. Id. no. 1979111. (Fig. 2.12)

The stamp is two-lined: CNDOMI" TA"M / VALEA" T[-]' The reading can be Cn(aeus) Domit(i) Am(andi) or Am(oeni) / va/eat [qui f(ecit)}. Similar stamps are known on bricks and on a lid from Rome (see CIL XV 1098,2433 and 1100) dating AD 75-80 and AD 90. (Fig. 3.12)

13. Fabric M2. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd.: 48 cm. Id. no. 20031120. (Fig. 2.13) The stamp hardly touched the surface of the rim. Only a few letters are visible in the middle: [-]M[-] / [-]VI[-]. I do not know analogues to this stamp, but the shape ofthe letters is very similar to cat. no. 12. (Fig. 3.13)

14. Fabric M3 . Type B. Rd.: 49 cm. Id. no. 1982/10. Date: AD 138-211. (Fig. 2.14) The two-lined stamp is illiterate.6 (Fig. 3.14)

15. Fabric M3. Type B. Rd.: 52 cm. Id . no. 19781187. Date: AD 81-117. (Fig. 2.15) The stamp is broken, a possible reading can be LGELL CT? The first letter could also be an E, the second could be a c. (Fig. 3.15)

16. Fabric M5. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm, bd.: 20 cm, h.: 11 cm. Id. nos 1983/183,325, 349. (Fig. 2.16) Tt bears two stamps, a little cock and the inscription LVANO. Similar stamps are known from Gerulata and Savaria7 (Fig. 3.16)

17. Fabric M6. Type A. Rd.: 34.5 cm.lnv. no. 78.29.18. Ref.: RFiZ 1976, 425. (Fig. 2.17) The rim fragment bears two stamps, the upper one is a plant ornament, the other one is composed of the letters T·F·C between leaf ornaments. A similar stamp is known from Gorsium ' (Fig. 3.17)

18. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 76 cm. Id. no. 19811159. (Fig. 2.18) The stamp is an oblique leaf damaged in the middle. A similar leaf is known from Lentia.9 (Fig. 3.18)

19. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2003/490. (Fig. 4.19) The stamp is broken, only the rounded end of a leaf is visible. Analogues are known from Lentia, Rapis and Alberfalva. 1O (Fig. 3.19)

20. Fabric M7. Type A? Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2000/73. Date: AD 80-120. (Fig. 4.20) The same stamp is impressed three times in alternate orientations. The inscription is [ .. ]OFF[-] / [.]XOF[-] / [ ... ]FF[-]. Tt must be ex off(icina).l1 (Fig. 3.20)

21. Fabric M8. Type B. Spout type S2. Rd.: 40 cm. Ref.: RFiZ 1976,425. (Fig. 4.21) Tt bears two stamps, there is a plant ornament at the end of the second one: AGILlS·F / FLOS. 'F' undoubtedly stands for f(ecit). A stamp of this type is known from Savaria. 12 (Fig. 3.21)

22. Fabric M9. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9.8 cm. Id. no. 1982/47. (Fig. 4.22) Two stamps are visible, the second one is identical to cat. no. 21: QGTIM" BRI[ON-] / FLOS. The reading can be Q(- ) G(- ) Timbrio(ni:,).ll (Fig. 3.22)

23. Fabric M8. Type A? Spout type S2. Rd.: ca. 32 cm. Inv. no. 79.345.1. (Fig. 4.23) There are two stamps on the rim, the upper one is a plant ornament. The other one is an inscription but it is damaged. Only the first three letters can vaguely be seen, they might be either cOP[-] or COR[-]. Because of the identical plant ornament, this stamp must have been Coran(ius)f(ecit) CC. 14 (Fig. 3.23)

TIL2. Imported coarse wares 24. Fabric MIO. Type B. Rd.: 50 cm. Inv. no. 76.30.112. (Fig. 4.24) 25. Fabric MIO? Secondarily burnt. Type B. Rd.: 48 cm. Id. no. 1981/6. (Fig. 4.25) 26. Fabric MIO. Type B. Rd. : 54 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 4.26) 27. Fabric M2. Type B. The bowl was repaired with a lead wire. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 2003/58. (Fig. 4.27) 28. Fabric is like M8 but the grits are red. Type B. Spout is like type SI , although not a ledge but only incised decorations run along both

sides of the spout. The bowl is perforated, and there is another uncompleted bore hole on the outer surface of the bowl. Rd.: 22 cm. Id. no. 2003/136. (Fig. 4.28)

29. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/458. Date: AD 193-235. (Fig. 5.29) 30. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. nos 2001 /93, 2003/359. (Fig. 5.30) 31. Fabric M4. Secondarily burnt. Type A. Rd.: 42 cm. Id. no. 2005/266. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 5.31)

6 I think the mortarium stamp from Burgenae is also illiterate (BRUKNER 1981, PI. 60.11).

7 SNOPKO 1988, 154. MLADONICZKI 2007, 207 reads it as L(ucius) Van(niu:,) Q[- }.

s FiG 1977/78, 203. 9 RUPRECHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31,10-11. This leaf type

could widely be used: very similar ones are known from Aquincum, Poetovio (MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. 1.5; 11.49) and Gerulata (SNOPKO 1988, Fig. 66).

10 RUPRECHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31.7; CZYSZ-SOMMER 1983,25, Abb. 4.3; SZIRMAI 1993, Fig. 28.1.

11 The third stamp might also be [ .... ]FI[-]. I suppose the same can be read on a fragment from Tokod (KELEMEN 1981, 19 reads it as EXDFI). Since it is dated to the late Roman period, the two stamps could not be related.

12 MLADONICZKI 2007,207. 13 On a similar stamp from Savaria it is QGTlM" BRIONIS /

FLOS (KARPATI 1894, 448). In a later publication the place of the MB ligature is misprinted (Bu6cz 1967,76). MLADONICZKI 2007, kat. no. 66 cites this misprinted version. Other stamps from Savaria (MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. III.65), Ovilava (T.E.NOR. 2666), Aquincum (NAGY 1937, 274) and Bedaium (PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 115) can be the product either of Agilis or Q. G. Timbrionis, because we only know the end of the second line FLOS with the plant ornament.

14 This stamp is known from Sarvar (GABLER 1991, Abb. 43) and 1 think the stamp from Carnuntum (GRUNEWALD 1983, Taf. 43.9) is not a retrograde COMV cc but a misread CORA"N F cc.


G. VARGA150

19

12

13

14

20

aoQGG JDG

~ '~~-?~g~~ , . - ~ ~~-

21

~~\ ~

er -luO

BD 18

l~1rD~'-l7g~~

l m>55»] ~

-.---.r-_. o 5cm

Fig. 3. Mortarium stamps. Scale 1:2

15

17

22

23



19

24

o 20

23

Fig. 4. Stamped (19-23) and other imported mortaria (24-28). Scale 1:5


G. VARGA152

Fig. 5. Imported (29-31) and provincial/local martaria: fabric M9 (32- 36). Scale 1:5



Fig. 6. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M9 (37-41) and imitations of imported mortaria (42-45). Scale 1:5


G. VARGA154

Ill.3. Provincial or local wares Il1.3.1. Fabric M9 32 . Fabric M9. Type A . Spout type S4. Rd.: 35 cm, bd.: 16.5 cm, h .: 9.5 cm. Id. nos 19S5/9, 292. Date: AD 75. (Fig. 5.32) 33. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 19S5/327. (Fig. 5.33) 34. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd. : 44 cm, bd.: 22.5 cm, h.: 13 cm . Td. nos 20001150, 163, lSS. (Fig. 5.34) 35. Fabric M9. Type A . Rd .: 36 cm, bd. : 17.5 cm, h .: S cm. Id. no. 2005/259. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 5.35) 36. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005170. (Fig. 5.36) 37. Fabric M9. Type B. Rd.: 3S cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 12.5 cm. Td. nos 19S5/S4, 103, lIS. (Fig. 6.37) 3S. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd .: 40 cm. Id . no. 2005/269. (Fig. 6.38) 39. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 2005/273. (Fig. 6.39) 40. Fabric M9. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. nos 7S.39.1, 7S.19.22. Date: after AD 120. (Fig. 6.40) 41. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/309. Date: AD 41-79. (Fig. 6.41)

Ill.3.2. Imitations of imported mortaria 42. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd .: 40 cm. Iny. no. 7S.l9.59. (Fig. 6.42) 43. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 44 cm. Tny. no. 79.144.2. (Fig. 6.43) 44. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Date: AD SO-l20. Tny. no. 7S.25.12 . (Fig. 6.44) 45. Fabric MS. Type A? Spout type S2. Rd. : 46 cm. Id. no. 19S0/299. (Fig. 6.45) 46. Fabric MS? Secondarily burnt. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd.: 32 cm, bd. : 13 cm, h.: 10 cm. Tny. no. 7S.57.13. (Fig. 7. 46) 47. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd. : 42 cm. Td . no. 19S5/91 . (Fig. 7.47) 4S. Fabric MS. Type A . Spout type S2. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1975/1S9. (Fig. 7.48) 49. Fabric MS. Fragment of a spout, type S2. Tny. no. 79.199.1.

Il1.3.3. Fabric M8 Il1.3.3.1. Spout type S3 50. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: 10.5 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 7.50) 51. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd. : 42 cm. Td. no. 19S21103. Date: AD 69-79. (Fig. 7.51) 52. Fabric MS. Type A . Spout type S3 . Rd.: 40 cm, bd. : 20 cm, h. : 11.5 cm . Td. no. 19S3/34S. (Fig. 7.52) 53. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd.: 40 cm, bd.: IS .5 cm, h. : 11.5 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 8.53)

III.3.3.2. Spout type S4 or unidentified spout 54. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32.5 cm, bd.: 16 cm, h .: 9 cm. lny. no. Z.94.1.7. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 8.54) 55. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34.5 cm, bd. : 16 cm, h.: 10 cm. Td. no. 1999/2S. (Fig. 8.55) 56. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm.lny. no. Z.94.1.10. (Fig. 8.56) 57. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 31.5 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9 cm.lny. no. Z.99.7.1. (Fig. 9.57) 5S. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: l3.5 cm, h.: 9 cm . Td. no. 19S5/271. (Fig. 9.58) 59. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 25 cm, bd. : 12.5 cm, h. : 7.5 cm.lny. no. Z.94.1.23. (Fig. 9.59) 60. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 19S3/200. Date: AD 9S-1S0. (Fig. 9.60) 61. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 42 cm. Td. no. 2005/3S1. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 9.61) 62. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2005/155. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 9.62) 63. Fabric MS. Type A . Rd. : 33 cm. Iny. no. 76.30.95.

64. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. no. 7S.14.4. 65. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm.lny. no. 7S.l9.56.

66. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Iny. no. 7S.54.1.

67. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Tny. no. 7S.57.9. 6S. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 32 cm. Iny. no. 7S.57.9.

69. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 32 cm. Iny. no. 79.76.1.

70. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. no. 79.S7.3. 71. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 2S cm. Iny. no. 79.SS.2.

72. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 31 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: S cm. Iny. no. 7S.25.7. Date: AD SO-l20. (Fig. 10.72) 73. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 29 cm. Tny. no. 79.S5.4. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 10.73) 74. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd .: 40 cm. Id. no. 1975/9S. (Fig. 10.74) 75. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 10 cm. Iny. no. 79.257.1. (Fig. 10.75) 76. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Td. no. 1975/265. (Fig. 10.76) 77. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. no. 1975/249. (Fig. 10.77) 7S. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 30.5 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 1975/460, 19S2/469. (Fig. 10.78) 79. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Td. no. 1975/223. Date: AD l3S-1S0. (Fig. 10. 79) SO. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 1979/0 . (Fig. 10.80) SI. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 19S2/14S. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 10.81) S2. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Td . no. 19S011. (Fig. 11.82) S3. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 37 cm. Id. no. 19S0/207. (Fig. 11.83)



84. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1981 /67. Date: AD 160-180. (Fig. I1.S4) 85. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1982/38. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 11.S5) 86. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 19811153. (Fig. 11.S6) 87. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 38 cm, bd .: 15 cm, h.: 12 cm. Id. no. 19811155. (Fig. II.S7) 88. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1982/29. Date: AD 98- 138. (Fig. 1l.SS) 89. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: >36 cm. Id. no. 1982/40. Date: AD 150-210. (Fig. 11.S9) 90. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1982/59. Date: AD 150-230. (Fig. 11.90) 91. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. no. 19821158. Date: AD 98- 138. (Fig. 1l.91) 92. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1982/135. (Fig. 12.92) 93. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Id. no. 19821275. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.93) 94. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1983/294. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 12.94) 95. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd .: 27 cm. Id. nos 2002/648, 2003/482. (Fig. 12.95) 96. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 31 cm. Id. nos 2005/296, 381. Date: AD 140-210. (Fig. 12.96) 97. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. nos 2005/293, 294. (Fig. 12.97) 98. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1982/343. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.9S) 99. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 43 cm. Id. no. 1982/412. Date: AD 138-180. (Fig. 12.99)

100. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 1983/81. (Fig. 12.100) 101. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 1983/84. Date: AD 117-180. (Fig. 12.101) 102. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd .: 28 cm. Id. no. 1983/158. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.102) 103. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 19831168. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 13.103) 104. Fabric M8. Type B. Rd.: >33 cm. Id. no. 1983/287. Date: AD 138-180. (Fig. 13.104) 105. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 1983/323. Date: AD 138-180. (Fig. 13.105) 106. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1983/340. (Fig. 13.106) 107. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1983/354. Date: AD 81-117. (Fig. 13.107) 108. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1983/371. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 13.10S) 109. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 42 cm. Id. no. 1983/369. (Fig. 13.109) 110. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 36 cm. Id. no. 1983/370. (Fig. 13.110) 111. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. no. 1984/62. (Fig. 13.111) 112. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1984/209. (Fig. 13.112) 113. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 28 cm. Id. no. 1985/121. (Fig. 14.113) 114. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1985/208. (Fig. 14.114) 115. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1985/244. (Fig. 14.115) 116. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 1986/12. (Fig. 14.116) 117. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1986/48. (Fig. 14.117) 118. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1986112. (Fig. 14.11S) 119. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 28 cm, bd.: 12 cm, h.: CG. 7.5 cm. Id. no. 1986/50. (Fig. 14.119) 120. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4? Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1986/65. (Fig. 14.120) 121. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 28 cm, bd. : 15 cm, h.: 7.5 cm. Id. nos 1986/66,92. (Fig. 14.121) 122. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. nos 1986/102, 131. (Fig. 14.122) 123. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. nos 1986/98, 99. (Fig. 15.123) 124. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1986/103. (Fig. 15.124) 125. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1987/19. (Fig. 15.125) 126. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13 cm, h. : 9 cm. Id. no. 1987/48. (Fig. 15.126) 127. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 38 cm. Id. no. 1987129. (Fig. 15.127) 128. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1987/119. (Fig. 15.12S) 129. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Id. no. 1988/18. (Fig. 15.129) 130. Fabric M8 . Type A. Rd.: 38 cm. Id. no. 1989/88. (Fig. 15.130) 131. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. nos 2000/16, 105. Date: AD 100-170. (Fig. 16.131) 132. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 37 cm, bd.: 19 cm, h.: 10.5 cm. Id. no. 2000/83. (Fig. 16.132) 133. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 200119. (Fig. 16.133) 134. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm, bd.: 17.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Id. no. 2001189. (Fig. 16.134) 135. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Id. no. 2001 /89. (Fig. 16.135) 136. Fabric M8 . Type A. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 20011183 . (Fig. 16.136) 137. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 40 cm. Id. no. 2002/92. Date: AD 117-170. (Fig. 16.137) 138. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2002/221. Date: AD 140- 235. (Fig. 16.13S) 139. Fabric M8 . Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2002/410. (Fig. 16.139) 140. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2002/429. (Fig. 16.140) 141. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/269. (Fig. 17.141) 142. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/589. (Fig. 17.142) 143. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4? Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 2002/589. (Fig. 17.143) 144. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2003/453. (Fig. 17. 144)


G. VARGA156

48

Fig. 7. Provincial/local mortaria: imitations of imported mortaria (46-4S) and fabric MS, spout type S3 (49-52). Scale 1:5



Fig. 8. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S3 (53) and spout type S4 (54-56). Scale 1:5


G. VARGA158

Fig. 9. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5



80

81

Fig. ID. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA160

145. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 2003/500. (Fig. 17.145) 146. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/32. Date: AD 140- 170. (Fig. 17.146) 147. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 43 cm. Id. no. 2005/32. Date: AD 140-170. (Fig. 17.147) 148. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 20051112. (Fig. 17.148) 149. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/200. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 17.149)

TIT.3.3.3. Type C 150. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. no. 76.30.28. 151. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 35 cm. Iny. no. 78.56.3. 152. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd. : 40 cm. Id. no. 1979/411. (Fig. 17.152) 153. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 18.153) 154. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 18.154) 155. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 19811148. (Fig. 18.155) 156. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 29 cm. Id. no. 19851146. (Fig. 18.156) 157. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1986/26. (Fig. 18.157) 158. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 38 cm. Id. no. 1986/35. (Fig. 18.158) 159. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 27 cm, bd.: 10 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1986/37. (Fig. 18.159) 160. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1986/42. (Fig. 18.160) 161. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 38 cm, bd.: 18 cm, h.: 13 cm. Id. nos 19861113, 123. (Fig. 18.161) 162. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1986/148. (Fig. 18.162) 163. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 19861112. (Fig. 19.163) 164. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 28 cm, bd.: 11.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. no. 19861117. (Fig. 19./64) 165. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 35 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h. : 10 cm. Id. no. 1986/148. (Fig. 19.165) 166. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005/210. Date: AD 200-230. (Fig. 19.166) 167. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd .: 36 cm. Id. no. 19861117. (Fig. 19./67) 168. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1987/22. (Fig. 19.168) 169. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/590. Date: AD 160-170. (Fig. 19.169) 170. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd .: 39 cm. Id. no. 20051233. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 19.170) 171. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/262. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 19.171) 172. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1982/295. (Fig. 19.172) 173. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 29 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 1987/43,99. (Fig. 20.173) 174. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 29 cm. Id. nos 1988/30, 1989/3. (Fig. 20.174) 175. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 42 cm. Id. no. 1988/52. (Fig. 20.175) 176. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1989/4. (Fig. 20.176) 177. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 2002/573. Date: AD 140- 170. (Fig. 20.177) 178. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/387. Date: AD 140-235. (Fig. 20.178) 179. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1989/47. (Fig. 20.179) 180. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 31 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 10 cm. Id. no. 20011226. Date: AD 117- 170. (Fig. 20.180) 181. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h. : 8 cm. Id. nos 2005/65, 88, 89, 268. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 20.181) 182. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd. : 35 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 2005/72, 258. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 20.182) 183. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20021113 . Date: AD 351- 361. (Fig. 21.183) 184. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/266. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 21.184) 185. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/266. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 21.185) 186. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: >38 cm. Id. no. 2005/303. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 21.186)

111.3.4. Fabric Mll 187. Fabric MI1. Type A. Rd.: 37 cm. Id. nos 2005/266, 280. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 21.187) 188. Fabric Mll. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 2002/235. (Fig. 21.188) 189. Fabric M11 with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1984/63. (Fig. 21.189) 190. Fabric MI1. Type A. Spout type S3 or imitation of SI. Rd. : 30 cm, bd.: 11.5 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1982/530. (Fig. 21.190) 191. Fabric M11. Type A. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. nos 2005/51, 57. (Fig. 21.191) 192. Fabric M11. Type A. Rd. : 37 cm. Id. no. 1983/374. Date: AD 81 - 117. (Fig. 21.192) 193. Fabric Mll with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13.5 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1982/439. (Fig. 21.193) 194. Fabric Mll with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1984/286. (Fig. 21.194)

III.3.5. Misfired fragments 195. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: ca. 25 cm. Inv. no. Z.2004.100.l571.1. (Fig. 22.195) 196. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : ca. 26 cm. Iny. no. 78.37.1. (Fig. 22.196) 197. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: ca. 30 cm. Id. nos 2002/442, 445, 453, 2003/62, 290. Date: AD 69- 170. (Fig. 22.197) 198. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: ca. 50 cm. Id. nos 20011113 , 2002/588. (Fig. 22.198) 199. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: >41.5 cm, bd.: 22.5 cm, h.: 12 cm. Id . no. 20011142. (Fig. 22.199)



88

, , ~_v-~ .. :--.- .. "

Fig. I!. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA162

~~~;J~===============r=';)=7

Fig. 12. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5



108

Fig. 13. Provincial/local martaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA164

Fig. 14. Provincial/local martaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5



1l1.3.6. Uncommon forms 200. Fabric M8. The rim is everted but very short, it looks unfinished. Rd.: 32 cm. Inv. no. 78.23.17. (Fig. 22.200) 201. Fabric M11. The rim is nearly vertical straight, the bowl has a collar. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 2001191. (Fig. 22.201) 202. Fabric MII. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20011114. Date: AD 140- 170. (Fig. 22.202) 203. Fabric M11. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1982/238. (Fig. 22.203) 204. Fabric M11 with orange slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd.: 26 cm. Id. no. 1987/119. (Fig. 22.204) 205. Fabric M11. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: 38 cm. Id. no. 2000/37. Date: AD 80- 200. (Fig. 22.205)

IV. Red slip ware

206. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type A. Rd. : 37 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.206) 207. Fabric M8. The slip is red. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm . Id. no. 2005/94. (Fig. 23.207) 208. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type D. Rd. : 31 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.208) 209. Fabric M8. Red bands are painted on the surface of the rim. Type D. Rd. : 29 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.209) 210. Fabric M8. The slip is red. Type D. Rd.: 26 cm. Id. no. 2005/229. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 23.210) 211. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type D. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 2003/61. (Fig. 23.211) 212. Fabric M8. The slip and the painted bands on the rim are red. Type D. Rd.: >32 cm. Id. no. 1989178. (Fig. 23.212) 213. Fabric M8. The slip is worn but it must have been red. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd. : 33 cm. Id. no. 2005/54. (Fig. 23.213) 214. Fabric M8. The slip was either red or orange, because the fragment is secondarily burnt. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: >38 cm. Id. no.

2005/142. (Fig. 23.214)

V. Glazed ware

215. Fabric MII. Green glazed with dark orange slip. Type D. Rd.: cm. Id. no. 1988/ 104. (Fig. 24.215) 216. Fabric M11. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 29 cm. Id. no. 1980/46. (Fig. 24.216) 217. Fabric M11. Green glazed with dark orange-red slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 24.217) 218. Fabric MII. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: >24 cm. Id. no. 19821246. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 24.218) 219. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 45 cm. Id. no. 2005/51. (Fig. 24.219) 220. Fabric M11. Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. There are burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id . no. 2005/ 191.

Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 24.220) 221. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 19781261. (Fig. 24.221) 222. Fabric M8 or Ml1? Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 19781155. (Fig. 24.222) 223. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2005170. (Fig. 25.223) 224. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with brown slip. There are burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id . no. 1986/52. (Fig.

25.224) 225. Fabric Mll? Green glazed with red slip. There is a reddish-brown marbled decoration on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1978/218.

(Fig. 25.225) 226. Fabric MII? Green glazed with red slip. There is a reddish-brown marbled decoration on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 51 cm. Id. no. 1986/91.

(Fig. 25.226) 227. Fabric MIl. Secondarily burnt, the glaze is missing, the slip is brown. The painted bands on the rim can vaguely be seen. There are

burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1986/100. (Fig. 25.227) 228. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed with brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20051122. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 25.228) 229. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 25.229) 230. Fabric MII. Brown glazed with vague traces of red slip. Ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. nos 2005/222, 236. Date: AD 140-170. (Fig.

25.230) 231. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with possible brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 29 cm, bd.: 7.5 cm, h.: ca. II cm. Stray find. (Fig. 25.231) 232. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Bottom fragment. Bd.: 8.5 cm. Id. nos 2005/68, 319. (Fig. 25.232) 233. Fabric M8? Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 43 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 25.233) 234. Fabric MII. Green glazed with painted orange bands on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm . Inv. no. 78.20.5. 235. Fabric M8. Brown glazed with red slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Inv. nos 78.16.6; 78.39.29. 236. Fabric Mll. Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. no. 78.15.1. 237. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type C. Rd.: 82 cm. Id. no. 20051290. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 26.237) 238. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type C. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 2002/321. (Fig. 26.238) 239. Fabric Mll. The glaze is worn, it was either green or brown. Type A. Rd.: 51 cm. Id. no. 2002/217. Date: AD 140-235. (Fig. 26.239) 240. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. nr. 78.15.1. (Fig. 26.240) 241. Fabric MII. Possibly green glazed and ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 31 cm. Id. nr. 1981198. (Fig. 26.241) 242. Fabric MIl. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 31 cm. Id. no. 1983/344. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 26.242) 243. Fabric MII. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 2005/101. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 26.243) 244. Fabric M8. Dark brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. nos 1979/68; 19811162. (Fig. 26.244)


G. VARGA166

245. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed, secondarily burnt. Type D. Rd.: 22 cm. Id. no. 2002/479. (Fig. 26.245) 246. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 26.246) 247. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/46. (Fig. 26.247) 248. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005162. (Fig. 26.248) 249. Fabric M8? Dark brown glazed, ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm.lny. no. 78.20.11. 250. Fabric MI1. Dark brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Iny. no. 78.23.8. 251. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Iny. no. 79.426.1.

CHRONOLOGY

The Romans inhabited Salla in the end of the reign of TiberiusY Unfortunately, none of the fragments can be dated from the 1st phase of the military camp (AD 20-50). However, the first mortatia must have arrived with the Roman army. This vessel form was unknown among the preceding Celtic pottery forms.'6

Imported and also local mortaria appeared between the middle of the pt century and the beginning of the 2nd century. The imported mortaria mostly came from Central Italy as the stamp of Cn. Domitius Amandus proves it (cat. no. 12). Supposedly, a few other items were also imported from Italy (cat. nos 13, 15, 24-28), but these specimens still attested to occasional importation.

All the provincial/local wares imitate the imported Dramont D2 form. One of them also bears a potter's stamp (cat. no. 20). On the basis of the rims and the spouts, imitations of imported mortaria (cat. nos 42-49) were also produced at that time. The S3 spout type (cat. nos 50-53) and some specimens of fabric M9 (cat. nos 32,41) could be either local or Pannonian products.

The widest range of the sherds are dated from the time of the municipality (AD 120-230). In the first half of this period, imported mortaria probably from Italy are still present (cat. nos 14, 17). Some stamped fragments cannot be dated but their analogues from Savaria and Sarvar are dated from this period (cat. nos 16, 21-23). These were probably produced in Savaria.

Fabric M9 was also continuously used (cat. no. 40). Most ofthe sherds belong to fabric M8 (spout type S4), which must have been a local product. This type was produced from AD 80 to AD 235. As fabric M8 is identical to the stamped fragments from Savaria (cat. nos 16, 21, 23) and M9 to cat. no. 22, both fabric should be more precisely classified by scientific analyses, which could define the differences between the products of Savaria and those of Salla. The local production offabric M8 and M9 in Salla is proven by misfired pieces (cat. nos 195-199).

In the second half of this period, the import came from the western provinces, probably from Raetia (cat. nos 18-19, 29-31) or Noricum, from where the stone mortars (cat. nos 1-3) originate. Besides the self-coloured mortaria, which were still produced in this period, new techniques also appeared: red slip and glazing were usually applied on mortaria.17 Beside a few probably imported ones (cat. nos 207-209, 226, 237), most of the specimens were produced in Salla. Fabric Mll is a common material for local pottery, it was tempered with sand just like grey coarse pottery. We also found a misfired sherd (cat. no. 232), a drop of glaze burnt on a fracture surface proves that this sherd had already broken in the kiln.

After AD 230 Salla was a dead town. Only the ditches of the Amber Road contain finds from this period. The settlement revived from AD 310 to the end of the 4th century. Unfortunately, none of the mortaria fragments can be dated from this period. Because of the high number of stray finds in glazed ware, it is certain that some of them were found in the corresponding layers ofSalla. '8 As mortaria were introduced in Pannonia by the Romans, these vessels disappeared from the archaeological finds after the Romans had left. '9

15 On the history of Sail a see REDO 2003,196-212. 16 BAATZ 1977, 155. 17 The red slip ware in Salla has the same dating as that

of Acs-Vaspuszta (GABLER et al. 1989, 477) but glazed mortaria were earlier produced than expected on the base of the dating of Pan nonian specimens (BONIS 1990,28-29), although BJELAJAC 1992-93, 146 suggests a somewhat earl ier date (second half of the 3,d century).

18 It must be true mainly for the burnished ones: cat. nos 220, 227 (OTTOMANYI 1991, 17, Fig. 14.73). The colour of the

glaze does not indicate any chronological difference. The colour can change by the thickness of the glaze, e.g. on cat. nos 223 and 225 the glaze is yellow in the inner side of the rim and it becomes green under it.

19 It should be emphasized if mortaria indicate the leyel of Romanisation in the early Roman period (BAATz 1977, 155), it also indicates whether the population of a settlement was still Roman after the abandonment of Pannonia.



Fig. IS. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA168

Fig. 16. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5



FORM AND FUNCTION

Mortarium was a dish originally made of stone and used all over the Mediterraneum. The production of clay mortaria certainly started at a very early date because of the need of standardized production. Since pottery was not hard enough to use a pestle for crushing anything in it, the inner surfaces of the bowls were covered with grits. These grits are usually referred to as trituration grits, but it is a mistake: neither stone nor glazed mortaria have rough surfaces. Although pestles were not found in Salla, the worn traces of cat. nos 59 (it is a restored bowl, but it is not broken, only there is a rounded hole in middle of the bottom) and 129 prove that probably a wooden pestle was used with the mortars. Also, the grits are usually missing in the centres of the bottom fragments. 2o

This means that mortaria were used for crushing spices and herbs for making sauces - a combination of a cutting board and a mixing bowl-, as it has been known for a long time.21 T only want to add that mortaria were used neither for corn grinding22 nor for cheese preparation .23 For these purposes, mill-stones and cheese-forms were used.

T also think glazed mortaria served the same purpose as coarse ware mortaria, and the function did not change because of the glazing.24 Although these bowls have smaller rim diameters and wall-thicknesses, the grits did not roughen but strengthened the surface, as it has already been mentioned. Glazing might make cleaning easier, but the technology of glazing was not widely used in earlier times.25 It is also worth mentioning that mortaria are part of not only the kitchenware but also the tableware, as it has already been mentioned at the discussion of Samian ware. The red slip and glazed mortaria could also belong to tablewares.

Mortaria were also used in pharmacy, painting and cosmetics. The grinding of medicaments and raw materials of dyes and make-ups cannot be proven in the mortaria of Salla, only cat. no. 4 could serve such a purpose because of the stone material and its small size.

IMPORTS

The low number of imported mortaria in Salla suggests that individual personal goods were taken to Salla without an organised commerce. But proofs of trade can be found among the stamped mortaria in Pannonia and in the neighbouring provinces.

The stamp of L(ucius) Bruttidius Augustalis was found in Novae and also in Gallia,26 that of L(ucius) Lurius Verecundus in Salzburg and Kempten,27 of Fortunatus Domitiorum in Carnuntum and in Hispania,28 of Cn(aeus) Domitius Arignotus in Poetovio, Kalsdorf, Gilnzburg and in Hispania29 again. All of these workshops worked in Rome in the second half ofthe 1 si century and a few ofthem also at the beginning ofthe 2nd century. The last two ones belonged to the same family, the Domitii, as the stamp from Salla (cat. no. 12).

20 Ancient illustrations prove the usage of pestles. The kitchen interior in the Golini Tomb, Orvieto (PALLECCHI2002, Fig. 2) shows a servant who works with two pestles in a martarium standing on wooden legs . A mosaic found in Spain (FURGER 1985, Abb. 26) probably shows a martarium with a pestle. Unfortunately, the pestle is not visible on the kitchen scene of the Igel monument (PALLECCHI2002, Fig. 3). BAATZ 1977, 151 mentions a wooden pestle from Saalburg.

21 BAATZ 1977, 148-154; BJELAJAC 1992-93, 139. MLAOON ICZKI 2007, 197- 198 and PALLECCHI 2002, 277- 291 have already collected the ancient sources on the usage of martaria, so fortunately there is no need to repeat it. KREKOVIC 2004, 93 thinks the question of function should be raised again, but the martaria found in Salla do not justify it.

22 Stone mart aria could derive from prehistoric grinding stones, which were undoubtedly used for grinding corn, but in the Roman Age mill-stones were widely used so clay martaria must have had a different function.

23 ROTTLANOER 1972- 73, 136- 139 divides the martaria into the typological groups of real martaria and those that could be used as cheese-forms, but he did not deal with the vessels defined as cheese-forms. See e.g. FURGER 1985, Abb. 3 and from Pannonia : GALLlNA et al. 2007, 216- 2l7.

24 OTTOMANYI 1991, 17. 25 The cleaning of gritted bowls could be difficult be

cause of the uneven surface. Today's sets are composed ofa mortar,

a pestle and a scrubber (see e.g. Japanese suribachi and Mexican molcajete).

26 PALLECCHI 2002 , cat. no. 9.1- 2. 27 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 25.7-9. " PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 18.24- 26. On the stamp from

Carnuntum (MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. U8), there is an AM ligature very similar to the one on cat. na. 12. Both sherds might belong to the samefiglina.

29 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. l8.39-45; MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. 11040; PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 39.


G. VARGA170

Fig. 17. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown (141- 149) and rim type C (152). Scale 1:5



Fig. 18. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA172

Fig. 19. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5



Fig. 20. Provincialllocal mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5


G. VARGA174

~ I 183

Fig. 21. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C (183-186) and fabric Mll (187-194). Scale 1:5



Q. Marcius Adiutor worked perhaps in Italy somewhat earlier in the first half of the 1 s( century and he also exported his products to Hispania and to the Magdalensberg.30 I also have to mention Alexander Domitianus,31 the Virillioni,32 Marcius Communis, a fragmentary stamp of ]S'PG[33 and T"F'C (cat. no. 17) with cat. nos 13-15 from Salla who all could work in Italy although the Italian counterparts of their stamps are still unknown.

The imitation of original Italian stamps can also prove trade. Such imitations are known from Dacia and Moesia. The workshop that is referred to CI(audius) Domitius Evarestus in the Romanian literature copied the mortaria ofCn(aeus) Domitius Evarestus although it was a local workshop.34 I can once again mention the form of the Pannonian mortaria that corresponds to the Dramont D2 form. This must be the proof of copying of imported mortaria. (For the distribution of Italian mortaria and their imitations see Fig. 27.2.)

In the middle of the 3rd century, we can find some mortaria imported probably from Raetia and/or Noricum (cat. nos 18, 207-209, 226, 237-238).35 They contain coarse, red slip and glazed wares. Red slip ware mortaria were first produced probably in the workshop of Rapis, especially the ones with a marbled decoration on the rim but they were widely imitated in Pannonia as well. Mortaria with collars (cat. no. 201) were also produced in this workshop.36 The local potters very soon combined red slip with glazing, which replaced the imported goods in the market.

I also classify some coarse ware mortaria in this group (cat. nos 19, 29-31). Two other ones stamped by Severus37 known from Vindobona and Carnuntum. Other stamps known from Vindobona, Carnuntum and Savaria can only uncertainly be defined as imports from the western provinces.38

PROVINCIAL PRODUCTION

Among the mortaria found in Salla, the most interesting sherds are the stamped Pannonian products. Agilis, Q. G. Timbrionis, L. Vannius Q. and Coran(ius) probably worked in Savaria. The material ofthe mortaria stamped by L. Vannius Q., Coran(ius) and Agilis are very similar. Although their materials completely differ, the second stamp of Q. G. Timbrionis is identical to that of Agilis, so this mortarium also belongs to this Savarian group. Similarly, the stamps of pine-branches connect Agilis and Coran(ius).

On the stamps of Coran(ius) from Sarvar and the stamp of Agilis from Savaria, the ccs abbreviation was read as C(olonia) C(laudia) S(avaria).39 I doubt that this is correct and although I do not know the correct reading, I consider it to be a tria nomina. On the stamp of Agilis found in Savaria, the interpunctuation is missing between f(ecit) and C(olonia) although it appears everywhere where it is necessary. S(avaria) cannot be read on any stamp ofCoran(ius). Moreover, only a few mortarium stamps bear place names.40

I also have to mention Q. G. Timbrio who - because of his tria nomina - must have been a Roman citizen, which makes doubtful that he worked as a potter. Also his name is probably in genitive without the word 'fecit'. The word 'jios' can be read on his and Agilis' second stamp. The same word on dipinti refers to the content of the amphora41 but we do not know of any goods sold with mortaria. We also know Flos as a name.42

30 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 26.1-2. 31 His stamps are known from Apulum and Durostorum

(the mention of Ampelum seems to be a misprint: BALUTA-SERDAN 1979, 204, note 10) and Oescus (PETOLESCU 1984, 72).

32 MLAOON1CZKl 2007, 204, kat. no. 21, 71; PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 84, 112.

33 MLADON1CZKI 2007, Fig. 111.61; Fig. IV.70. 34 See BJELAJAC 1992-93,143-145 with further literature

and PALLECCHl 2002, cat. no. 18.46. 35 Surprisingly, imports from Poetovio are not known

from Salla so there is a chance that cat. nos 18, 237-238 came not from Raetia but from Poetovio.

36 CZYSZ-SOMMER 1983, T. 27-30. 37 Severus worked in either Ovilava or Lentia (RUPRECH

TSIJERGER 1992, 47- 48) alternatively in Rapis (PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 7, 20).

38 MLADONICZKl 2007, Fig 111.57; V.90; V.92; IV.n; 1,21; kat. no. 19.

39 E. Mar6ti borrowed this idea from A. M6csy without checking any other possibilities (RFiZ 1976, 425, note 61). GABLER 1991, 74 cites this assumption, but he considers another solution as well. The name of the officinator could appear in these abbrevia-tions.

40 PFAHL 2002, 91-98 published a mortarium stamp with the name of Kanabis Bon(nensibus), which can be considered as a legionary stamp, and he also collected the mortarium stamps with place names. He found only four other specimens.

41 BEZECZKY 1993, 241- 250. 42 SCHNURBEIN 1986, 45-59.


G. VARGA176

195

~-l..\) 204

201

~ 202 205 7

Fig. 22. Misfired (195-199) and uncommon (200-205) fragments . Scale 1:5



Fig. 23. Red slip ware. Scale 1:4


G. VARGA178

---Fig. 24. Glazed ware: green glaze with red slip. Scale 1:4



230

Fig. 25. Glazed ware: green glaze with red slip (223-226), brown glaze with red slip (228-230) and green glaze without slip (231- 233). Scale 1:5


G. VARGA180

................ . . . . ,. ,.",. ,. " ~ , /

240

Fig. 26. Glazed ware: green glaze (237-241) and brown glaze (242-248). Scale 1:5


Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

Fig. 27. 1. Distribution of mortaria of Iustinianus and the Savarian workshops. 2. Distribution of Italian mortaria and their imitations



• mortaria stamped by the Poetovian officina Iustiniani

• mortaria stamped by the Savarian officinae ~ ~ ~ ~~(~ ~-;-;:-;"""'"'" ~©:.~ 1[QlS~4 lVIil "'i! O I

• Italian mortaria in the Danubian provinces :' . Iil.li'~l ~nM. }2.':. ... /; 7~il\il\ : ~o~o® ' I 7@~ (\-_. --owe ~

Z J e

INF.

• imitations of stamped mortaria of Cn. Domitius Evarestus

~~ ~ W8(;1!hl'i! ~0J -F 0 d () I fa I h

Iu avum •

INF.

1.

Olbia.

2.


G. VARGA182

lfwe accept this latter possibility, there are three names on the stamp of Agilis found in Savaria. It makes difficult to interpret these stamps. Two potters can certainly be identified: Agilis and Coran(ius). Probably, there are two Roman citizens as well, C. C. S. and Q. G. Timbrio.l think Flos could be the officinator or the institor and C. C. S. and Q. G. Timbrio were the owners of the land (dominus) or thefiglina. This could also mean that Flos changed his working-place. A hypothetic relative chronology of these stamps can be drawn: the earliest mortaria were made under the name of Q. G. Timbrio, then Agilis and finally Coran(ius) started to produce mortaria. Coran(ius) worked after Flos had stopped working and the letters of his stamp were also simpler, however, the earlier stamps copied the letter shapes of Italian stamps.

Certain mortarium stamps can be connected to those of lamps. Among the mortarium stamps found in Salla, only the name of Agilis appears on lamps, but other names indicated on Pannonian mortarium stamps, like Crescens, Favoris, Fortis, lustinianus and Ursulus, can also be found on lamps. All of them were Italian potters43

whose lamps were either produced in branch workshops organized by institores or imitated by local workshops, but spreaded widely and numerously in the Roman Empire.

The workshop of lustininanus is thought to be worked in this institor-system.44 The workshops in Savaria that used the FLos-stamp, could also work within this system and the mortaria stamped by Agilis and Q. G. Timbrionis could be the products of two branch-workshops, while the mortaria of Coran(ius) might be the products of a third one. L. Vannius Q. could have another workshop judged from the different types of the stamps bearing his name.45

But this question has to be carefully considered because the potters had very common names in the Roman Empire. The best example is Adiutor: at least three different potters stamped mortaria with this name in Italy, Bavay and Halder.46

lustinianus' mortaria were transported along the Drava river and further in the Lower-Danube region from the turn of the 1st and the 2nd centuries until the 41h century.47 The products of the Savarian workshops are found along the Amber Road from Salla to Gerulata and Carnuntum, and also in Noricum48 (Fig. 27.1). These workshops probably worked only in the second half of the 1 si century and in the 2nd century until the Marcomannic wars.

Both Poetovio and Savaria were deducted veteran colonies so the organisation of pottery production seems common to have been identical to that in Italy. In Pannonia Inferior workshops organised by institores are unknown. It could be the result of incomplete research but it is more likely that local workshops were more successful. Also in Pannonia Superior these local workshops superseded the bigger workshops - which were organised by institores and which tried to sell their products in a wider area - in the 2nd century the latest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have to express my thanks to S. Pallecchi (Department of Archaeology and Art History ofthe University of Siena), who kindly informed me via email about her opinion on the correct reading of the stamp on cat. no. 12 and the known similar stamps. I am very grateful to M. Balla (Institute of Nuclear Techniques of the Budapest University of Technology) and to P. Harshegyi (Aquincum Museum of the Budapest History Museum) who took scientific investigations but unfortunately their results should be omitted because this article is published in a reduced extent. I also owe thanks to T. Horvath (Archaeological Institute ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences) who identified the raw materials of the stone mortars.

43 SCHNEIDER 1994, 127-142. 44 BON IS 1990,29. 45 1 also consider two other institares in Pannonia and

Dacia. One could be FIRMI FAVORIS known from Ovilava and Lentia (T.E.NOR. 2675, 2691, 3636; RUPREcHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31.1- 2), Viminacium (BJELAJAC 1992- 93, 140; PI. 1.4.) Savaria, Chur (M LADONICZKI 2007, Fig. III,63-64) and Giinzburg (PFAHL 2004, Kat.Nr. 40). This could have been the branch-workshop of either C(ai) Calp(etani) Favoris (PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 11.7- 11) or rather of Cn(aei) Damiti Favoris (PALLECCHI 2002, 18.39-48) both working in Rome in the second half of the I" century. The other one is rep-

resented by Marcus Aretia and Filemon Aretia in Dacia and Moesia (see BJELAJAC 1992- 93, 143 and AVRA M 1986, 163 with further lit-erature).

46 Italy: PALLECCHI 2002, 195; Bavay: TERRISSE 1960, 159; Fig. 1.1 - 3; RaIder: WILLEMS 1977, 121 ; Fig. 10. Perhaps a fourth one is known from Savaria: MLADONICZKI 2007, kat. no. 57.

47 For dating see BONIS 1990, 29. For sites where Iustinianus' martaria were found see MLADONICZKI 2007, 201 , kat. nos 17, 33- 36, 41- 46.

48 See notes 7, 12 and 13.



AVRAM 1986

BAATZ 1977

BALUTA-SERBAN 1979

BEZECZKV 1993 BIDDULPH 2008

BJELAJAC 1992-93

BONIS 1990

BORHY 2006

BRUKNER 1981

Buocz 1967 CZYSZ-SOMMER 1983

CSIR

FiG 1977178 FURGER 1985

GABLER 1989

GABLER et al. 1989

GABLER 1991

GALLlNA et al. 2007

GRONEWALD 1983

KARPA TI 1894 KELEMEN 1981

KREKOVIC 2004 MLADONICZKI2007

NAGV 1937

OTTOMANVI 1991

PALLECCHI 2002

PETOLESCU 1984

PFAHL 2002

PFAHL 2004

REDO 2003

RFiZ 1975

REFERENCES

~ A. AVRAM: Un fragment de mortarium ~tampilat descoperit la Histria (Fragment eines gestem-

pelten Martarium aus Histria). Culturii ~i civilizalie la Duniirea de los 2 (1986) 163-165. ~ D. BAATZ: Reibschale und Romanisierung. RCRF 17-18 (1977) 147-158. ~ C. L. BALUTA-l. SERBAN: Sigilla mortariorum dacica. RCRF 19-20 (1979) 203-213.

~ T. BEZECZKY: Gari flos Hispanici. Ptujski Arheoloski Zbornik 10 (1993) 241-250.

~ E. BIDDULPH: Form and function: the experimental use of Roman Samian ware cups. OlA 27 (2008) 91-100.

~ L. BJELAJAC: Mortaria in the Moesia Danube Valley. Starinar 43-44 (1992-1993) 139-148.

~ E. B. BONIS: A mazas keramia Pannoniaban (Die glasierte Keramik in Pannonien). ArchErt 117 (1990) 24-38.

~ L. BORHY: Vezeto Komarom varos romai kori koemlekeihez [Guide to the Lapidarium of

Komarom]. Acta archaeologica Brigetionensia I:5. Komarom 2006. ~ O. BRUKNER: Rimska keramika u jugoslovenskom delu provincije Donje Panonije (Roman Ceramic

Ware in the Yugoslav Part of the Province of Lower Pannonia). Dissertationes et monographiae

24. Beograd 1981. ~ T. Buocz: Savaria topogrMiaja (Die Topographie von Savaria). Szombathely 1967.

~ W. CZYSZ-S. SOMMER: Riimische Keramik aus der Tiipfersiedlung von Schwabmilnchen im

Landkreis Augsburg. Kataloge der Prahistorischen Staatssammlung 22. Milnchen 1983. ~ CH. ERTEL-S. PALAGVI-F. REDO: Die Skulpturen des Stadtgebietes von Salla und Mogetiana sowie

des Balaton-(Plattensee-) Oberlandes in den Komitaten Zala und Veszprem. CSIR Ungarn 8.

Budapest 1999. ~ J. FITZ-V LANVI-ZS. BANKI: Forschungen in Gorsium in 1977/78 . Alba Regia 18 (1980) 167-206.

~ A. R. FURGER: Vom Essen und Trinken im riimischen Augst. Kochen, Essen und Trinken im

Spiegel einiger Funde. ASchw 8 (1985) 168-186. ~ D. GABLER: Die Sigillaten von Salla (Zalaliivo). Grabungen 1982- 1983. ActaArchHung 41 (1989)

435-475.

~ D. GABLER-L. BARTOSIEWlcz-A. CHOYKE-B. LORI NCZ-K. OTTOMANYI-K. SZABO: The Roman Fort

at Acs-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian Limes. BAR IntSer 531. Oxford 1989. ~ D. GABLER: Riimische Strassenstation in der Gemarkung von Sarvar. CommArchHung 1991,

39-84. ~ Zs. GALLlNA-SZ. HONTI-V KISS-I. MOLNAR-P. G. NEMETH-P. POLGAR-K. SEBOK-K. SOMOGYI:

Ordacsehi-Bugaszeg. In: Giirdillo ido. Regeszeti feltanisok az M7-es autopaIya Somogy meg

yei szakaszan Zamardi es Ordacsehi kiiziitt (Rolling Time. Excavations on the M7 Motorway in County Somogy between Zamardi and Ordacsehi). Ed.: K . Belenyesy-Sz. Honti-V. Kiss.

Budapest 2007, 213-220.

~ M. GRONEWALO: Die Funde aus dem Schutthiigel des Legionslagers von Carnuntum (Die Baugrube

Pingitzer). RLiO 32. Wien 1983. ~ K. KARPATI: Sabariai regisegek [Antiquities of Sabaria]. ArchErt 14 (1894) 448-450.

~ M. H. KELEMEN: Funde und Grabungen in Tokod. In: Die spatriimische Festung und Graberfeld

von Tokod. Hrsg.: A. Mocsy. Budapest 1981, 13-36. ~ E. KREKOVIC: Mortaria with name-stamps from Pannonia. ActaArchHung 55 (2004) 93-100.

~ R. MLAOONICZK I: Belyeges mortariumokPannoniaban (Stamped mortars in Pannonia). In: FiRKak

I. Fiatal Romai Koros Kutatok I. Konferenciakiitete [Conference of Young Researchers of Roman Age]. Ed.: Sz. Biro. Gyor 2007, 197-218.

~ L. NAGY: Az Aquincumi Muzeum kutatasai es gyarapodasa az 1923-1935 evekben [Researches

of the Aquincum Museum between the years 1923 and 1935]. BudReg 12 (1937) 261-275. ~ K. OTTOM ANYI: Keso romai keramia a leanyfalui ortoronybol (Die Keramik von Burgus in

Leanyfalu). StComit 22 (1991) 5-144. ~ S. PALLECCHI: I mortaria di produzione centro-italica. Corpus dei bolli. Instrvmentvm 1. Roma

2002. ~ C. C. PETOLESCU: Inscripliile pe mortaria din Moesia Inferior T. (Inscriptions des mortaria de

Moesia Inferior I). Pontic a 17 (1984) 67-75.

~ S. F. PFAHL: Von Bonn nach Trier. Ein martarium des ATTICVS aus den KANABAE (LEGIO

NIS). TrZ 65 (2002) 91-98. ~ S. F. PFAHL: Martaria mit Namenstempel aus dem Limesgebiet. SJ 54 (2004) 61-92.

~ F. REDO: Municipium Aelium Salla. In: The Autonomous Towns of Noricum and Pannonia.

Pannonia T. Eds: M. Sasel Kos-P. Scherrer. Situla 41. Ljubljana 2003, 191 -235. ~ F. REDo-A. Mocsy-V CSERMENYI-E. TOTH-V LANYl-D. GABLER-B. LORINCZ-K. L. SZABO-GV.

FOLOP: Riimische Forschungen in Zalaliivo 1975. ActaArchHung 29 (1977) 209-279.


G. VARGA184

RFiZ 1976

RFiZ 1978-1979

ROTTLANDER 1972-73

RUPRECHTSBERGER 1992

SCHNEIDER 1994

SCHNURBEIN 1986

SNOPKO 1988

SZILAGYI 1956

SZIRMAI 1993

T. E.NOR.

TERRISSE 1960

VIKIC-BELANCIC 1970

WILLEMS 1977

bd.

cat. no. h. id. no.

inv. no. rd .

ref.

= F. REDO-V. LANvl-D. GABLER-K. L. SZABO-GV. FOLor-E. MAROTI-A. M. NAGV:

Riimische Forschungen III Zalaliivo 1976. ActaArchHung 30 (1978) 349-430. = F. REDo-D. GABLER-ZS. PETERFI-R. ZSAKOVlcs-K. SZABO-ZS. KATONA-GyOR-G. NADOR: Riimische

Forschungen in Zalaliivo 1978-1979. ActaArchHung 33 (1981) 273-346. = R. C. A. ROTTLANDER: Milchsatten oder Reibschtisseln? KJb 13 (1972-1973) 136-139.

= E. M. RUPRECHTSBERGER: Ausgrabungen im anti ken Lentia: Die Funde aus Linz-Tiefer Grabenl Fltigelhofgasse. LAF 20. Linz 1992.

= G. SCHNEIDER: Studies of Roman lamps from the northern prov inces and from Rome. In: Ceramica Romana e archeometria: 10 stato degli studio Ed.: G. Olcese. Firenze 1994, 127-142.

= S. VON SCHNURBEIN: Halterner Sigillata-Produkte in rheinischen Stiitzpunkten. Germania 64 (1986) 45-59.

= L. SNOPKO: Nalezy dvoch fragmentov kolkovanych trecich misiek z Bratislavy-Rusoviec

(Gerulaty). AVANS 1988, 154,231.

= J. SZILAGYI: Aquincum. Budapest 1956. = K. SZIRMAI: Archaeological observations in the northern section of the so-called vicus of

Albertfalva (1973-1977). BudReg 30 (1993) 87-118. = M. HAINZMANN (Hrsg.): Testimonia Epigraphica Norica. Riimerzeitliche Kleininschriften aus

Osterreich A.l: Instrumentum domesticum Austriae Superioris. Graz 1997-2002.

= J.-R. TERRlssE: Les sigles de Bavay sur mortaria, amphores, dolia et tegulae. Ogam. Tradition

Celtique 12 (1960) 158- 164. = B. VIKIC-BELANCIC: Istrazivanja u Vinkovcima 1966. godine. VAMZ 3. ser. IV (1970) 159-176.

= w. J. H. WILLEMS: A Roman kiln at Halder, gemeente St. Michielsgestel N.B. Tn: Ex Horreo. Ed.:

B. L. van Beek-W. Groenman van Waateringe. Cingula 4. Amsterdam 1977, 114- 129.

ABBREVIA nONS

indicates that the letters before and after this sign is ligated

bottom diameter

catalogue number height

identification number of archaeological context

inventory number of Giicsej Museum, Zalaegerszeg rim diameter

references

varga - roman mortaria from salla

Documents