values education philosophy(western)

23
www.company.com VALUES EDUCATION Philosophy of Man Cesar Chester O. Relleve, Edd, RGC

Upload: chester-relleve

Post on 15-Jul-2015

496 views

Category:

Education


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

www.company.com

VALUES EDUCATIONPhilosophy of Man

Cesar Chester O. Relleve, Edd, RGC

www.company.com

Philosophy of ManModern Philosophers

www.company.com

Rene Decartes view of human is founded on his idea of substance. As a substance, human is both thinking substance and extended substance. As thinking substance and an extended substance. As thinking substance, human can know and think apart from the body. As an extended substance, human assumes life and move through the animal spirits, not through the soul. For him, man is a machine and a thinking being, a thing that thinks.

www.company.com

view on human nature is derived from labor since nature is the totality of human activity, and considering that labor is in itself a human activity, in fact, the highest form of activity, then, human nature is derives its existence from labor. For him, human nature rests on labor, therefore, the human person should be productive, if not, he/she loses his/her nature.

www.company.com

Human beings are physical objects, sophisticated machine all of whose functions and activities can be described and explained in purely mechanistic terms.

Sensation, for example, involves a series of mechanical processes operating within the human nervous system, by means of w/c the sensible features of material things produce ideas in the brains of the human beings who perceive them.

www.company.com

Thomas Hobbes

Specific desires and appetites arise in the human body and are experienced as discomforts or pains that must be overcome. Thus, each of us is motivated to act in such ways as we believe likely to relieve our discomfort, to preserve and promote our well-being. Everything we choose to do is strictly determined by this natural inclination to relieve the physical pressures that impinge upon our bodies. Human volition is nothing but the determination of the will by the strongest present desires.

www.company.com

Thomas Hobbes

As Hobbes acknowledged, this account of human nature emphasizes our nature, leaving each of us to live independently of everyone else, acting only in his or her own self-interest, w/out regards for others. This produces what Hobbes called the “state of war,” a way of life that certain to prove “solitary, poor, nasty. Brutish, and short,” the only escape is by entering into contracts with each other mutually beneficial agreements to surrender our individual interest in order to achieve the advantages of security that only asocial existence can provide.

www.company.com

the human person is not only an individual being but also a social being. He applied the principle of personalism in his theory of humans interrelatedness to others.

He believes that the human person establishes a relationship with his/her fellowmen in the three levels: I-It, T-He/She, and I- Thou. The highest level of the human persons relatedness is the I-Thou relationship. This relationship happens when the “I” and the “Thou” are bound together in the context of love.

www.company.com

Human is born well and evil arise from developing “civilized” societies. In a state of nature, people are basically good, and they tend to compassionate to each other. But these condition do not last, and indeed people need to live in society that to become fully. His political theory aimed at creating an environment in w/c what is right dictates how might is employed rather than letting the desire to maintain the power prescribed what was done.

www.company.com

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Instead of being together, people should be linked by a social contract, a pact resulting in a political order to w/c reasonable persons would freely given their allegiance. He believed that God is te source of all justice. He also believed that it is in the nature of the human consciousness itself to be free from all others. Human is unique in the world…one`s being, one`s existence, is different from all others.

www.company.com

Philosophy of ManExistentialist Philosophers

www.company.com

For JEAN PAUL SARTRE, the meaning of human existence is found in human`s exercise of freedom and responsibility in the scope oh human`s individual and social undertakings.

www.company.com

human existence can only be attained when the human person lives his/her life authentically. Authentic existence requires human to do the ff:

1. Human has to be free himself/herself from his/her inauthentic existence with the “they” so that the human can own his/her existence.

2. As a human owns his/her existence, he/she has to project his/her possibilities; human has to make himself/herself.

3. As a human person, he/she has to experience dread, care, concern, guilt. Besides, man has to listen to the voice of conscience, so that he/she can resolve to live authentically;

4. With human`s resolute decision to live authentically, human has to accept death as his/her own most inevitable possibility.

www.company.com

For KARL JASPERS, the attainment of human existence is possible when he/she is seen as a whole or as the ‘Encompassing”. Seen this way, human can be the Encompassing when he/she sees himself/herself as an existent being, as a conscious being, as a spirit, and as existence.

www.company.com

For VIKTOR FRANKL, human can find meaning in his/her existence in a three-fold manner, namely:1. By doing a life-project2. By experiencing value, particularly in the context of love; and 3. By finding meaning in suffering

www.company.com

JOHN STUART MILL (utilitarianism) fully accepted Bentham`s devotion to greatest happiness principle as the basic statement of utilitarianism value: “ … actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they to produce pain. By happiness are intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure, “

www.company.com

But Mill did not agree that all differences among pleasure could be quantified. To him, some kinds of pleasure experienced by human beings also differ from each other in qualitative ways, and only those who have experienced pleasure of both sorts are competent judges of their relative quality. This establishes the moral worth of promoting higher (largely intellectual) pleasures among sentient beings even their momentary intensity may be less than that of alternative lower (largely bodily) pleasures.

www.company.com

JEREMY BENTHAM. His moral theory was found on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit and that the kind of consequences that matters for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and advanced pain. He argued that the hedonistic value of any human action is easily calculated by considering how intensely its pleasure is felt, how long that the pleasure lasts, how certainly and how quickly it follows upon the performance of the action and how likely it is to produce collateral benefit and avoid collateral harms.

www.company.com

All that remains, Bentham supposed, is to consider the extent of this pleasure, since the happiness of the community as a whole is nothing other the sum of individual human interests. The principle of utility, defines the meaning of moral obligation by references to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people who are affected by performance of an action…

www.company.com

DAVID HUME (naturalism) believed that our beliefs and actions are the products of custom or habit. Since all our scientific beliefs have exactly the same foundation. This account preserves the natural dignity of moral judgements. According to him, it is our feelings or sentiments that exerts practical influence over human volition and action. He also claimed that a constant conjunction between having a motive (not reason) for acting and performing the action in question.

www.company.com

• So a proper science of human nature will account for human actions as well as for human beliefs, be reference to the natural formation of habitual associations with human feelings.

• Clearly, rationality had no place in this account of morality. All human actions flow naturally from human feelings, w/out any interference from human reason.

www.company.com

• FREDRICH NIETZCHE insists that there are no rules for human life, no absolute values, no certainties on w/c they rely. If the truth can be achieve at all, it can come only from an individual who purposefully disregards everything that is traditionally taken to be important. He also rejects traditional values including religion. Nietzche`s declaration of “the death of god” draws attention to our culture`s general abandonment of any genuine commitment to the Christian faith.

www.company.com

Reference• A Reviewer for the Licensure Examination

for Teachers, PNU 2006

• https://www.google.com.ph/search (for philosopher images)