Illinois Tollway Research Project (2016-2018):Validation of Intelligent Compaction to

Characterize Pavement Foundation Mechanical Properties

Elgin O’Hare Expressway, Elgin, IL

Research UpdatePI: Erol Tutumluer (Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

Co-PI: David J. White (Ingios Geotechnics, Inc., Affiliate Prof. Iowa State Univ.)

Research Goals for Introducing Intelligent Compaction (IC) for Earthwork and Aggregates:

To depend less on spot checks by the inspectors and density measurements

To apply to performance related or based specifications To expedite construction by putting more control in the hands of the

operator / contractor To make design – build projects easier to implement with more

construction based on performance not specified means and methods

Most importantly to build pavements more efficiently, cost wise and better performing

2

Why Link IC to Modulus?

Stiffness or modulus is a better predictor of pavement response under traffic loading

Modulus better indicates the compactability of recycled materials that vary in specific gravity

Higher modulus commonly relates well to better rutting resistance The modulus of a pavement base is what a mechanistic-empirical

design of a pavement is based on

3

Illinois Tollway Research Project Objectives

(1) Create a synthesis of literature and manufacturer information that identifies methods used to compare IC measurements to soil mechanical properties, and the success of those methods

(2) Develop a criteria or procedure for field validating (V) the relationship between IC measurements and soil mechanical properties = VIC

(3) Demonstrate the field calibration process using three different IC technology providers

Illinois Tollway Research Project ScopeThe research project involved the use of the following during the Illinois Tollway 2016 and 2017 construction season field demonstration and testing phases

• Caterpillar and Hamm/Wirtgen America, Inc. IC rollers during the of the project.

• Ingios Geotechnics, Inc. • Retrofit IC kit that measures multiple MVs simultaneously and includes the

Validated Intelligent Compaction (VIC) system • Automated Plate Load Test (APLT) system, which can rapidly characterize the

in situ resilient modulus, shear strength, and penetration resistance of compacted materials

The currently ongoing project also involves development of specifications for Illinois Tollway future projects

Concept of Field Certification / Calibration and Verification Process in Relationship with Design Assumed Mechanical Properties

Calibrate IC values in situ with mechanical measurement value needed (target high R2

values > 0.9)

Summary of Range of R2

Values between Different IC Measurement Values

Test Section 1 (10/13/16) using Hamm H 11i System

Test Section 3 (10/13/16)

RAMP

Test Section 3: PGE

5 LWD tests5 DCP testsOnly in the ramp area

0 50 100 150 200 250

0.0

6.0

12.0

18.0

24.0

30.0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Cumulative Blows

Dep

th (i

nche

s)

California Bearing Ratio, CBR (%)

CBR Cumulative Blows Interface

DCP 53

DCP 53

QA TargetCBR = 2.54 blows/6 in.

HMV

Modest Correlation Quality Combining All Test Sections

Test Section 5 (10/14/16) – Caterpillar Padfoot Roller

Embankment construction

Comparison of Laboratory Proctor and In Situ Drive Core Results

NOTE: The area was reportedly re-worked after 10/14/16 due to not meeting moisture requirements.

< 6566 - 75

86 - 10011-14131-150

MDP*

76 - 85

DATE: 10/14/2016

OPERATOR: PLOTE

0 62.5 125 250Feet

0 50 100 150 200 250

0.0

6.0

12.0

18.0

24.0

30.0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Cumulative Blows

Dep

th (

inch

es)

California Bearing Ratio, CBR (%)

CBR Cumulative Blows Interface

0 50 100 150 200 250

0.0

6.0

12.0

18.0

24.0

30.0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Cumulative Blows

Dep

th (

inch

es)

California Bearing Ratio, CBR (%)

CBR Cumulative Blows Interface

DCP 66 DCP 70Missing IC Data?

VIC Calibration Performed on Subgrade, PGE, and RAP Materials: 06/21-06/23/2017

CS56 Smooth Drum Outfitted with

VIC Data Analytics

RAP Capping, Subgrade, and PGE`

Calibration performed using APLT for In-Situ Mr and k-value

Calibration performed using LWD for in-situ E and DCP for CBR

Calibration performed to measure:

• APLT – In situ Composite Resilient Modulus (Mr-Comp) at 5 psi to 40 psi cyclic stresses at surface

• APLT – In situ Layered Resilient Modulus (RAP+PGE and Subgrade) at 5 psi to 40 psi cyclic stresses at surface

• APLT – In situ modulus of subgrade reaction (static k-value)

• DCP – CBR of RAP+PGE and Subgrade

• LWD – Dynamic Elastic Modulus (~15 psi dynamic stress)

TS14: Subgrade LayerThorndale Ave (EB)Just West of Hamilton Lakes Dr. Overpass

TS15: PGE Layer (placed over TS14)Thorndale Ave (EB)Just West of Hamilton Lakes Dr. Overpass

Test:Date: Time: Test IDTested By Location: Sta.Latitude,N: Longitude,W: Elev. (ft):Comments:

Step Nσcy clic

[psi] Mr-comp [psi]Mr-comp (pred.)

[psi]δp

[in.]∆δp

[in.]d =∆log(δp)/ ∆log(N)

Near-linear Elastic

Conditioning 500 14.78 --- --- 0.0230 --- 0.198 ---1 100 4.74 40,146 39,993 0.0228 -0.0003 -0.255 Y2 100 9.93 37,282 37,907 0.0231 0.0001 0.397 Y3 100 14.78 37,837 37,182 0.0243 0.0013 0.493 Y4 100 19.99 36,788 36,875 0.0267 0.0037 0.642 Y5 100 29.95 36,776 36,872 0.0351 0.0121 0.694 N6 100 39.80 37,222 37,210 0.0454 0.0223 0.829 N

Model: AASHTO (2015)

Parameter Value P-Valuek*1 2,570.6 1.61E-08k*2 -0.109 3.98E-02k*3 0.522 9.11E-02Adj. R2 0.867Std. Error [psi] 436

41,643σcyclic-BP [psi] 3.0

Project Name: Illinois Tollway - IC Research Project ID: Elgin O'Hare Extension - IL TollwayLocation: IL390 (West of O'Hare), Itasca, IL

RAP CA6 testing, east bound Thorndale Ave. b/w/ Hamilton Lakes Dr. and No. Arlington Heights Rd.

DW, HG, PV, JV6/21/2017

In-situ Resilient Modulus [Mr]: Cyclic Loading, Composite, Stress-Dependent

71041.983776 88.010727

Mr-comp (pred.)-BP [psi]

Automated Plate Load Test [APLT]In-situ Resilient Modulus [Mr]: Cyclic Loading, Composite, Stress-Dependent (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40)

TS_13_SG NAILT_12_Mr_pt64:52:56 PM

No image.

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.], δ r

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Loading Cycles, N

Permanent [in.]Recoverable [in.]

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com

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si],

Mr-

com

p (p

red.

) [ps

i]

σcy clic [psi]

Mr-comp [psi]Mr-comp (pred.) [psi]BP

𝑀𝑟−𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑘1∗𝑃𝑎𝜃𝑃𝑎

𝑘2∗1 + 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡

𝑃𝑎

𝑘3∗

APLT to measure composite resilient modulus for cyclic stresses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 psi

Deflection basis measurement kit

Test:Date: Time: Test IDTested By Location: Sta.Latitude: Longitude: Elev. (ft):Comments:

Step Nσcy clic_surf ace

[psi] Mr-Base[psi]Mr-Base (pred.)

[psi]σcy clic_Int.

[psi]

Mr-Subgrade

[psi]Mr-Subgrade

(pred.) [psi]Modulus

Ratio

Conditioning 500 14.78 --- --- --- --- --- ---1 100 4.74 47,208 47,059 1.79 32,080 31,851 1.472 100 9.93 49,576 50,407 3.51 26,619 27,100 1.863 100 14.78 53,570 52,483 5.01 25,154 25,084 2.134 100 19.99 54,120 54,243 6.66 24,027 23,832 2.255 100 29.95 56,455 56,925 9.69 22,906 22,774 2.466 100 39.80 59,299 59,088 12.58 22,391 22,525 2.65

Model: AASHTO (2015)

Parameter Value P-Valuek*1 (Base) 3243.9 2.19E-08k*2 (Base) 0.080 1.11E-01k*3 (Base) 0.191 4.89E-01Adj. R2 0.972Std. Error [psi] 729k*1 (Subgrade) 1260.0 1.01E-06k*2 (Subgrade) -0.432 2.13E-03k*3 (Subgrade) 2.607 1.32E-02Adj. R2 0.993Std. Error [psi] 297

Project Name: Illinois Tollway - IC Research Project ID: Elgin O'Hare Extension - IL TollwayLocation: IL390 (West of O'Hare), Itasca, IL

In-situ Resilient Modulus [Mr]: Cyclic Loading, Layered Analysis, Stress-Dependent

41.983776 88.010727 710RAP CA6 testing, east bound Thorndale Ave. b/w/ Hamilton Lakes Dr. and No. Arlington Heights Rd.

DW, HG, PV, JV TS_13_SG NA

Automated Plate Load Test [APLT]In-situ Resilient Modulus [Mr]: Cyclic Loading, Composite, Stress-Dependent (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40)

6/21/2017 4:52:56 PM ILT_12_Mr_pt6

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Bas

e an

dM

r-S

ubgr

ade.

[psi

]

σcy clic [psi]

Mr-Base[psi]Mr-Base (pred.) [psi]Mr-Subgrade [psi]Mr-Subgrade (pred.) [psi]

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑘1∗𝑃𝑎𝜃𝑃𝑎

𝑘2∗1 + 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡

𝑃𝑎

𝑘3∗

0 50 100 150 200 250

0.0

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6.0

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36.0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Cumulative Blows

Dep

th [i

n.]

California Bearing Ratio, CBR [%]

CBR Cum. Blows Interface

00.0020.0040.0060.008

0.010.0120.0140.016

6 12 18 24

δr [i

n.]

Distance away from plate center, [in.]

Deflection Basin

APLT to measure layered analysis resilient modulus for cyclic stresses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 psi

Subgrade (stress-softening)

Base (stress-stiffening)

Deflection basis measurement

n 20 F p-valueR² 0.936 54.47 <0.0001

R² adjusted 0.918

SE of f it (RMSE) 6025.2

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r-C

omp

(psi

)

Predicted Mr-Comp (psi)

XMV - Mr-Comp @ 5 psi

n 20 F p-valueR² 0.279 0.00 <0.0001

R² adjusted 0.239

SE of f it (RMSE) 18398.6

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)

Predicted Mr-Comp (psi)

CMV - Mr-Comp @ 5 psi

R2 = 0.92 R2 = 0.24

XMV vs. CMV Calibration Results (Mr-Comp at 5 psi – similar trends for all Mr values)

n 20 F p-valueR² 0.934 52.95 <0.0001

R² adjusted 0.916SE of f it (RMSE) 7209.1

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r-C

omp

(psi

)

Predicted Mr-Comp (psi)

XMV - Mr-Comp @ 15 psi

R2 = 0.92

Ingios XMV Calibration with APLT vs. LWD Results

n 20 F p-valueR² 0.763 12.07 0.0001

R² adjusted 0.700SE of f it (RMSE) 3477.9

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Predicted Mr-Comp (psi)

XMV - ELWD @ ~14.5 psi

APLT LWD (limited by measurement range of device)

R2 = 0.70

Ingios VICM Compaction Record – XMV_Mr-Comp @ 20 psi Cyclic StressPROJECT NAME: Validation of Intelligent Compaction to Characterize Pavement Foundation Mechanical PropertiesPROJECT ID: ILT_IC ProjectLOCATION: Elgin O’Hare Expressway, Elgin, IL

DATE: 06/21/2017

OPERATOR: DW (Ingios)

< 8 ksi15 ksi

25 ksi50 ksi>50 ksi

Mr-Comp@ 20 psi

0 125 250 375 500

Feet

MAP ID: ILT_SG_TS14Surface Material: Subgrade

Mapping Time: 0.8 hrs

No. of Measurements: 5,621

20 ksi

15

Property: Mr-Comp at 20 psi

Mean: 24,270

Standard Deviation: 19,026

Coeff. Of Variation: 78%

Machine: CS56

Drum Configuration: Smooth

Vibration Settings: f = 30 Hz, low amp

Speed: 3 mph (nominal)

1617

18

1920

29

Ingios VICM Compaction Record – XMV_Mr-Comp @ 20 psi Cyclic StressPROJECT NAME: Validation of Intelligent Compaction to Characterize Pavement Foundation Mechanical PropertiesPROJECT ID: ILT_IC ProjectLOCATION: Elgin O’Hare Expressway, Elgin, IL

DATE: 06/21/2017

OPERATOR: DW (Ingios)

< 8 ksi15 ksi

25 ksi50 ksi>50 ksi

Mr-Comp@ 20 psi

0 125 250 375 500

Feet

MAP ID: ILT_PGE_TS15Surface Material: PGE

Mapping Time: 1.4

No. of Measurements: 4,844

20 ksi

Property: Mr-Comp at 20 psi

Mean: 28,754

Standard Deviation: 12,280

Coeff. Of Variation: 43%

Machine: CS56

Drum Configuration: Smooth

Vibration Settings: f = 30 Hz, low amp

Speed: 3 mph (nominal)

y = -7.98E-04x2 + 4.66E-02x - 4.50E-03R² = 1.00E+00

y = 2.54E-04x2 + 2.16E-03x + 4.44E-01R² = 9.99E-01

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Aver

age

Def

orm

atio

n (in

.)

Applied Stress (psi)

Load Cycle - 1

Load Cycle - 2

y = -1.73E-04x2 + 7.14E-03x + 1.21E-03R² = 9.98E-01

y = 2.97E-05x2 + 2.45E-04x + 6.15E-02R² = 9.99E-01

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g

()

Applied Stress (psi)

Load Cycle - 1

Load Cycle - 2

k1 = 26 pcik2 = 212 pci

k1 = 185 pcik2 = 1,847 pci

Next steps

• Complete synthesis and project report (Feb. 2018)• Pilot projects with specification in 2018• Additional research recommended to investigate different pavement

foundation treatments and data managment

THANK YOU