Accessible Technology:A Guide for Educators

Empower your students with technology that’s accessible to all

Published by Microsoft CorporationAccessibility Business UnitOne Microsoft WayRedmond, Washington 98052-6399

Copyright 2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. For permissions, visit www.microsoft.com.

To obtain additional copies of this booklet, visit www.microsoft.com/enable/education.

Encarta, Microsoft, Natural, PowerPoint, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.

Managing editor: LaDeana McCoskey Huyler, Accessibility Business Unit, Microsoft Corporation

Table of Contents

About This Guide...........................................................5Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility...........................7

What Is Accessibility? 7Microsoft’s Commitment to Accessibility 8What Is Accessible Technology? 8The Need for Accessible Technology in Schools 8The Challenge: Inclusive Classrooms Equal Access for All Students 11

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions13Defining “Disability” and Impairments 13Visual Impairments14Mobility and Dexterity Impairments 19Hearing Impairments and Deafness 24Language Impairments 27Learning Impairments 28

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology..................30Accessibility Settings in Microsoft Products 30Selecting Assistive Technology Products for Students 38Assistive Technology Product Guide 39Assistive Technology Decision Tree 42

Resources....................................................................48

Table of Contents 3

4

About This Guide

What This Guide is ForToday's schools bring amazing technology to the classroom. In the modern classroom, everything—from art to science projects, research to writing assignments, lesson plans to tracking grades—happens on the classroom PC. Now, Windows brings digital media to facilitate rich, project-based learning, in and out of the classroom, for students across the globe.

This guide from Microsoft provides information about accessibility and accessible technology resources to help educators worldwide ensure that all students have equal access to learning with technology.

For educators new to accessibility and working with students with disabilities, accessibility can seem overwhelming. To help educators teach students with all types of abilities, this guide includes information about accessibility and how to successfully and more simply bring it into the classroom.

DownloadThis guide is available for download on the Microsoft Accessibility Web site www.microsoft.com/enable/education/. This is the second edition of this guide.

Permission for ReuseThese materials were designed to help train individuals on how to use accessibility settings in Microsoft products. The Microsoft accessibility fact sheets, tutorials, demo, videos, and other training materials may be used for non-profit educational and training purposes only. These materials may be printed and duplicated when used for educational or training purposes and not for resale. If you or your organization wants to use these materials for any other purpose, you may submit a request to and obtain written permission from Microsoft. Requests will be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Second edition. Published in 2007.© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of use: www.microsoft.com/info/cpyright.mspx Trademarks: www.microsoft.com/library/toolbar/3.0/trademarks/en-us.mspx

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 5

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 6

About This Guide

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 7

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility

Providing accessible technology in the classroom to students with disabilities enables all students to have the same educational opportunities. For example, if a student with vision impairment cannot use the classroom computer because she can’t read the small text on the screen, she will not be provided with the same opportunities to learn that her sighted peers have.

This chapter introduces accessibility, defines exactly what accessible technology is, and why it is important to make it available in your classroom.

What Is Accessibility?Accessibility means providing access to products and services to everyone who wants to access the product or service. Accessibility is about removing barriers. Accessible products can be adjusted to meet the needs and preferences of a diverse set of individuals that might use the product.

A more accessible environment benefits everyoneincluding people with disabilities and those without. All people benefit from an environment in which it is easier and safer to move and function. Ensuring accessibility is another way of accepting and encouraging diversity in our society.

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 8

Microsoft’s Commitment to AccessibilityMicrosoft’s mission is to enable people and businesses throughout the world to realize their full potential. Computer technology is an important and powerful tool that enables and empowers people of all abilities. At Microsoft, we strive to develop technology that is accessible and usable by everyone, including individuals who experience the world in different ways because of impairments or disabilities.

For two decades, we have been exploring and evolving accessibility solutions that are integrated with our products. Microsoft's Accessibility Business Unit (ABU) takes a strategic approach to its accessibility efforts. Read more at www.microsoft.com/enable/.

What Is Accessible Technology?Accessible technology is computer technology which enables individuals to adjust a computer to meet their visual, hearing, dexterity, cognitive, and speech needs. To be accessible, technology must be flexible enough to meet the individual needs and preferences of a diverse set of people with many different types of abilities.

Accessible technology encompasses three elements:

Accessibility features or settings are built into a software program and allow adjustment and customization of product settings to meet vision, hearing, mobility, language, and learning needs. For example, in Windows, changing the font size and color, and changing mouse pointer options are accessibility settings. Windows, Office, and Internet Explorer include many accessibility features and settings that make the computer easier to see, hear, and use.

Assistive technology products are specialty hardware and software products such as a screen reader or voice recognition product. Assistive technology products are carefully chosen specifically to accommodate an individual’s disability or multiple disabilities.

Compatibility between assistive technology products, the operating system, and software programs is critical for assistive technology products to function properly.

The Need for Accessible Technology in Schools

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 9

"Our vision is to create innovative technology that is accessible to everyone and will adapt to each person's needs." —Bill Gates, Chairman and chief software architect of

Accessible technology in schools is important for several reasons. First and foremost, many countries, including the United States, require schools by law to provide equal access to technologies for students with disabilities, which means accommodating those students’ disabilities. Among the myriad reasons for legislating equal access is the inclusion of students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms.

Educational Technology in Schools

As the numbers of students with disabilities integrated into general education classroom, so has the use of computers in classrooms. Today, nearly every student has access to a computer at school. In addition, the proportion of instructional rooms in the United States with Internet access increased from 51 percent in 1998 to 94 percent in 2005. Ninety-seven percent of those use broadband connections (as opposed to 26% in 1996), a growing number through wireless technology. Also changing the landscape of accessible technology is a rise in provisions for hand-held devices in the classroom, and loaner laptops available to students from school. Figure 1-1 illustrates the growth rate of schools with Internet access in the United States.

Internet access in schools 1994-2005

0102030405060708090

100

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2005

Figure 1-1. Percentage of public school instructional rooms with Internet access, 1994–2005Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Internet Access in Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994-2005.

The number of students using a computer at home has also increased in recent years. As of 2003, 83 percent of primary and secondary students in the U.S. used computers at home. Nearly half of primary school children, and between 80 and 90 percent of secondary students, used home computers for schoolwork.

Prevalence of People with Disabilities Across the Globe

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 10

The definition of disability is not consistent throughout the world, nor are the statistics surrounding it. This is true because statistics are collected for different purposes by various organizations with different capabilities and resources. For example, the World Health Organization collects worldwide statistics, the U.S. government collects statistics on a wide range of subjects, and various special interest groups collect information with the purpose of advancing their own causes. Consequently, study sizes, sampling techniques, and reliability of the data also vary widely. In addition, collecting data on people with disabilities has often been neglected. Even cultural attitudes toward what constitutes a disability make consistent statistics difficult to come by. Still, organizations such as the U.S. Census Bureau and the World Health Organization are making significant gains in gathering useful statistics that help us to frame our discussion. Consider that:

In the United States, nearly one in five Americans has some level of disability

In Canada, it is one in six.

The point to remember is that most technologies are marketed and sold globally. Even though the statistics in this guide focus on the U.S., there is a need for accessibility in schools throughout the world.

Students with Disabilities in Schools

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 15% (15.4 million) of children aged 6 to 14 are considered either disabled or severely disabled. Numbers for ages 15 and above are slightly higher. The definition of disabilities ranged from mental retardation or some other developmental delay to limitations in seeing, hearing, speaking, and walking, to the need for personal assistance in daily living. About half of the studied age group had more than one of the selected developmental conditions. Needless to say, these individuals need educational aids such as accessible and assistive technology during their learning years.

Meanwhile, student use of computers is ever increasing, creating a need to cater to those with disabilities the same way as other students. In fact, 2003 data for primary and secondary students concluded that nearly 64 percent use computers at both home and school, bringing accessible technology needs outside of the classroom.

Students Become Employees of the Future

Students who now have impairments will be our future workforce in just ten to twenty years. Computer technology is an important and powerful tool and is known to increase employment opportunities for people with disabilities. Integrating accessible technology into schools and introducing it to students with disabilities early will not only enhance their learning, but also their future employment options.

As much as 60% of working Americans ages 18 to 64 have mild, moderate and severe difficulties and impairments that impact the way they use computers. In a study conducted by Forrester and commissioned by Microsoft in 2003, 38% (64.2 million) of U.S. working-age adults were likely to benefit from the use of accessible

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 11

technology due to a mild difficulties and impairments; and 22% (37.2 million) of working-age adults are very likely to benefit from the use of accessible technology due to a severe difficulties and impairments. While this may seem like a large percentage, consider:

One in four of us has a visual difficulty or impairment One in four of us has a dexterity difficulty or impairment, and One in five of us has a hearing difficulty or impairment.

Often, the most daunting challenge that people with disabilities face is the attitudes and assumptions others maintain about their capabilities. Most people who have a mild impairment do not consider themselves “disabled” but may feel uncomfortable looking for accessibility solutions due to cultural attitudes about disabilities.

Attitudes about disabilities certainly impact students in school, but again, it is during school where equal access to learning opportunities for individuals with disabilities can set the stage for successful employment in the future. As educators, there is a need to find the correct solutions that can help those students excel at academics, and later in life.

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 12

The Challenge: Inclusive Classrooms with Equal Access for All StudentsWith the intersection of increased use of computers in schools and the increased number of students with disabilities placed in inclusive general education classrooms, it is even more vital to ensure that all students have equal access to computer technology and the educational opportunities it provides.

Often, computerized instructional materials are not available in formats that are accessible to students with disabilities. Unfortunately, inaccessible materials stigmatize children with disabilities by preventing them from using the same materials as their peers, and it can also limit their educational opportunities. Therefore, as technology becomes more prevalent in classrooms, students with disabilities face even more challenges in keeping pace with their classmates if they can’t use that technology.

How do you ensure that students with disabilities have the same access to technology as general education students? Fortunately, personal productivity software publishers and educational software developers are beginning to include children with disabilities in their audience. As an educator, seek out solutions that are accessible for students you know to have disabilities and you will notice other students with various learning styles who will also benefit. Accessibility benefits everyone.

The following chapters provide specific examples students with disabilities and accessibility solutions educators can use to create inclusive classrooms.

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 13

.

Chapter 1: Understanding Accessibility 14

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions

In this chapter, we discuss what “disability” means, describe various impairments and the specific accessibility features and assistive technology products available to help make computing possible for students with disabilities.

Defining “Disability” and Impairments A quick Internet search on the question “What is the definition of disability?” is likely to net thousands of matches. Each person who tackles the question does so from a particular perspective and bias. In fact, most of us already have formed our own definition of what disability means to us based on our own frame of reference. In many cases, the definition is all about legal contracts and insurance benefits.

The definition of a disability or an impairment, however it is defined, is relevant in this discussion only because we discuss accessible technology solutions for different types of impairments. Before determining how you can integrate accessible technology into your classroom, it is beneficial to understand the types of impairments and how those impairments impact computer use.

In this chapter, we outline the different types of impairments including visual, mobility and dexterity, hearing, language, learning, and age-related impairments.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 15

More InfoFind resources published by the National Association of Special Education Teachers at www.naset.org

We provide specific examples of accessibility features and assistive technology products that are useful to students with each type of impairment. We also provide definitions of the assistive technology products.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 16

Visual Impairments Visual impairments include low vision, color blindness, and blindness. Students who are blind cannot use a computer monitor and must receive information from their computers via another sense such as hearing or touch. Students with low vision can also receive information through sound or touch, or they can modify their computer displays so the screen is more legible.

Vision Difficulties and Low Vision

Among computer users in the United States, approximately 1 in 4 (27%) have a vision difficulty. There are many options for individuals with vision difficulties to modify the computer displays and appearance so it is more legible, or receive information through sound or touch. You can increase clarity and legibility on your monitor by changing screen resolution, increasing the size of fonts and icons, High Contrast options, and using a screen magnifier to enlarge a portion of the computer screen.

People with low vision do not have clear vision even with the use of eyeglasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lens implants. There are many ways to adjust and personalize the appearance of Windows to make it easier to see for an individual with a vision impairment. You can increase clarity and legibility on your monitor by changing screen resolution, increasing the size of fonts and icons, High Contrast options, and using Magnifier to enlarge a portion of your screen. There is a wide range of accessibility features to make Windows easier to see, for more information, see the tutorials at www.microsoft.com/enable/training/.

One of the most common accessibility solutions for a computer user with low vision is a screen magnifier. Microsoft Windows XP and Windows Vista, for example, include a basic screen magnifier program called Microsoft Magnifier.

In Magnifier in Windows XP, magnification levels go up to level 9 (Windows Vista goes up to level 16). Other full-featured screen magnifiers are available from third-party companies. Microsoft’s Magnifier, as with other built in assistive technology (AT) products in Windows, enable individuals with visual impairments to use a friend’s computer or share computers in a classroom. In addition, these accessibility programs provide the means for individuals with disabilities to use public computers (such as those at libraries) but they are not replacements for full featured assistive technology products.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 17

Figure 2-1 shows Microsoft Magnifier in Windows XP with a magnification level of 2 and inverted colors selected.

Figure 2-1. Magnifier in Windows XP

For additional information about how to use accessibility features in Windows and other Microsoft products, see the Microsoft Accessibility Tutorials referenced in Chapter 3 of this guide.

Color Blindness

People who are color blind have difficulty seeing particular colors or distinguishing between certain color combinations. Computer programs that allow users to choose the display’s color combinations and adjust screen contrast as helpful for people who are color blind.

Individuals with a variety of visual impairments often find it easier to read white text on a black background instead of black on white. In Windows XP and Windows Vista, users can use the Invert Colors and High Contrast color scheme options to improve legibility.

Blindness

Blindness occurs in a variety of degrees, and many people who are considered blind do have some measure of sight. For example, a person whose level of sight is equal to or less than 20/200—even with corrective glasses or lenses—is considered “legally blind” in the United States. A person who is completely sightless is considered “blind.”

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 18

Magnifier in Windows Vistanow has magnification levels from 2 to 16 times the original and enables you to track the mouse, the keyboard, or text editing. Magnifier can be found in the Ease of Access Center.

Learn more at www.microsoft.com/enable/

Did You Know? Visual acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number refers to the distance you stand from the vision chart, which is usually 20 feet. So, 20/200 vision indicates that the line you correctly read at 20 feet could be read by a person with normal vision at 200 feet.

Many diseases and conditions contribute to, or cause, blindness, including cataracts, cerebral palsy, diabetes, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis. Accidents, diabetes, and macular degeneration account for most blindness in the United States. Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness, mental retardation, and other diseases. (USFDA 2000)

People who are blind interact with their computers through keyboards, Braille devices, and audio/voice rather than a traditional monitor and mouse. The use of sophisticated assistive technology provides for both computer input and output, is critical for people who are blind.

Accessibility features and products helpful for people with low vision and blindness are available. in Windows XP and Windows Vista, these features include: keyboard shortcuts, text-to-speech with Narrator, screen magnification with Magnifier, and sound notification. Even though earlier versions of Windows also included accessibility features, these newest Windows versions offer the best accessibility.

A common assistive technology product that people who are blind use is called a screen reader. Screen readers are software programs that present graphics and text as speech. Computer users who are blind may also use Braille displays and Braille printers. A screen reader, described later, presents all information to the user via a computerized voice. For the operating system or an application to be accessible to someone who is blind, it needs to provide information about its interactions with the user in a manner that assistive technology can then present in an alternative format. For example, if a sighted user sees a list box containing several selections to choose from, the assistive technology product (often a screen reader and/or refreshable Braille display) needs the necessary information so it can inform the blind user that he or she needs to choose from a list of selections. The list of selections might be spoken or presented in a tactile fashion with a Braille display.

A number of assistive technology products with different capabilities are available to help people with visual impairments. Some assistive technology products provide a combination of capabilities that help specific individuals. Assistive technology products that are helpful to people with visual impairments are described in the following list.

Screen magnifiers work like a magnifying glass. They enlarge a portion of the screen, increasing the legibility for some users. Some screen enlargers allow a person to zoom in and out on a particular area of the screen. Microsoft Magnifier is a basic screen magnifier in Windows.

Screen readers are software programs that present graphics and text as speech. Because a monitor is irrelevant to a computer user who is blind, a screen reader is used to verbalize, or “speak,” everything on the screen including names and descriptions of control buttons, menus, text, and punctuation. As the user moves the cursor from point to point by pressing the Tab key, for example, each new command button is described. The text is read aloud, for example, “OK” or “Enter.” In essence, a screen reader transforms a graphic user interface (GUI) into an audio interface.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 19

Assistive Technology Product GuideChapter 3 includes a table with details about specific of assistive technology products. See Table 3-3

Speech recognition systems, also called voice recognition programs, allow people to give commands and enter data using their voices rather than a mouse or keyboard. Voice recognition systems use a microphone attached to the computer, which can be used to create text documents such as letters or e-mail messages, browse the Internet, and navigate among applications and menus by voice. Windows Vista comes with Windows Speech Recognition.

Speech synthesizers receive information going to the screen in the form of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and then “speak” it out loud. Often referred to as text-to-speech (TTS), the voice of the computer is synthesized speech–a distinctive, sometimes monotone voice that is the joining together of preprogrammed letters and words. Using speech synthesizers allows blind users to review their input as they type.

Refreshable Braille displays, as shown in Figure 2-2, provide tactile output of information represented on the computer screen. A Braille “cell” is composed of a series of dots. The pattern of the dots and the various combinations of the cells are used in place of letters. Unlike conventional Braille, which is permanently embossed onto paper, refreshable Braille displays mechanically lift small, rounded plastic or metal pins as needed to form Braille characters. The user reads the Braille letters with his or her fingers, and then, after a line is read, can refresh the display to read the next line.

Braille embossers transfer computer generated text into embossed Braille output. Braille translation programs convert text scanned in or generated via standard word processing programs into Braille, which can be printed on the embosser. Because of the size of the “cells” that are used in place of letters and the formatting of documents to be read by individuals who are blind, the amount of text normally contained on one 8.5-by-11-inch sheet of paper results in multiple pages when printed in Braille.

Talking and large-print word processors are software programs that use speech synthesizers to provide auditory feedback of what is typed. Large-print word processors allow the user to view everything in large text without added screen enlargement. Individuals with learning disabilities often use these special featured word processors to assist them with their spelling and grammar and/or to provide the auditory feedback they require to be able to write.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 20

Figure 2-2. Refreshable Braille display

Profile of Doris, a student with vision impairmentDoris is a sixth-grade student. She has been visually impaired since birth. She is able to see text and images on her computer screen when they are enlarged to about 1.5 inches in height. Doris can effectively view and interact with homework assignments and other schoolwork on the computer by using a screen enlargement program. The program is a software add-on to her personal computer, which uses the Windows XP operating system. The PC she uses is standard for her school and requires no additional hardware or software other than the enlarger for her accommodation.

Mobility and Dexterity Impairments Mobility and dexterity impairments can be caused by a wide range of common illnesses and accidents such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, loss of limbs or digits, spinal cord injuries, and repetitive stress injury, among others. As a result of accidents or conditions, students might be unable to use (or be without) arms or fingers to interact with their computers using a standard keyboard or mouse.

Others who have dexterity impairment in their hands, arms, and wrists might be unable to use a keyboard or mouse or might need settings to adjust typing or mousing options. For example, some people can not press multiple keys simultaneously (like Ctrl + Alt + Delete). Still others might strike multiple keys or repeat keys unintentionally. Some students might have use of their hands and arms but have a limited range of motion. All of these conditions can make using a standard mouse or keyboard difficult, if not impossible.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 21

Accessibility features built into Windows that are useful to people with mobility impairments include keyboard filters that compensate somewhat for erratic motion, tremors, slow response time, and similar conditions. For example, Sticky Keys allows the user to enter key combinations without having to hold one key down while depressing a second. Other options allow users to adjust how quickly a letter appears on the screen when they hold down a key. In addition, Windows allows users to adjust mouse options such as button configuration, double-click speed, pointer size, and how quickly the mouse pointer responds to movements of the mouse. Users can also increase the size of screen elements to provide a larger target, which can benefit people who have disabilities related to fine motor skills.

In Windows XP, these options are available in the Accessibility Options dialog box, on the Keyboard tab, which is shown in Figure 2-3 (next page).

Figure 2-3. Windows XP Accessibility Options dialog box, Keyboard tab

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 22

In Windows Vista, the Ease of Access Center includes a category called ‘Make the keyboard easier to use’ and ‘Make the mouse easier to use.’ You can open the Ease of Access Center in the Control Panel, or by pressing Windows logo key +U. Figure 2-4 shows Sticky Keys being turned on in Windows Vista in the Ease of Access Center on the page titled ‘Make the keyboard easier to use.’

Figure 2-4. Windows Vista, Ease of Access Center, ‘Make the keyboard easier to use’ page

The following list describes assistive technology products used with computers by people with mobility and dexterity impairments.

Speech recognition programs, also called voice recognition programs, allow people to give commands and enter data using their voices rather than a mouse or keyboard. Voice recognition systems use a microphone attached to the computer, which can be used to create text documents such as letters or e-mail messages, browse the Internet, and navigate among applications and menus by voice. Windows Vista comes with Windows Speech Recognition.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 23

On-screen keyboard programs provide an image of a standard or modified keyboard on the computer screen. The user selects the keys with a mouse, touch screen, trackball, joystick, switch, or electronic pointing device. On-screen keyboards often have a scanning option. With the scanning capability turned on, the individual keys on the on-screen keyboard are highlighted. When a desired key is highlighted, the user is able to select it by using a switch positioned near a body part that he or she has under voluntary control. An On-Screen Keyboard is available in Windows.

Keyboard filters include typing aids such as word prediction utilities and add-on spelling checkers. These products can often be used to relieve the user from having to make a lot of keystrokes. As an example, imagine you have to type the letter “g.” However, in order to type the letter, you first have to move your finger over the entire first row of your keyboard and halfway across the second row. Along the way, you might accidentally depress “r,” “p,” or “d,” but you only want the letter “g.” Keyboard filters enable users to quickly access the letters they need and to avoid inadvertently selecting keys they don’t want.

Touch screens are devices placed on the computer monitor (or built into it) that allow direct selection or activation of the computer by touching the screen. These devices can benefit some users with mobility impairments because they present a more accessible target. It is easier for some people to select an option directly rather than through a mouse movement or keyboard. Moving the mouse or using the keyboard for some might require greater fine motor skills than simply touching the screen to make a selection. Other users might make their selections with assistive technology such as mouth sticks.

Alternative input devices allow users to control their computers through means other than a standard keyboard or pointing device. Alternative input devices include:

Alternative keyboards are available in different sizes with different keypad arrangements and angles. Larger keyboards are available with enlarged keys (see the example shown in Figure 2-5), which are easier to access by people with limited motor skills. Smaller keyboards are available with smaller keys (or keys placed closer together) to allow someone with a limited range of motion the ability to reach all the keys. Many other keyboards are also availablesome with keypads located at various angles and others that include split keyboards, which offer the keypad split into different sections.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 24

Figure 2-5. Alternative keyboard with large keys and ABC layout

Electronic pointing devices allow the user to control the cursor on the screen using ultrasound, an infrared beam, eye movements, nerve signals, or brain waves. When used with an on-screen keyboard, electronic pointing devices also allow the user to enter text or data.

Sip-and-puff systems, shown in Figure 2-6, refer to just one of many different types of switch access. In typical configurations, a dental saliva extractor is attached to a switch. An individual uses his or her breath to activate the switch. For example, a puff generates the equivalent of a keystroke, the pressing of a key, a mouse click, and so on. Maintaining constant “pressure” on the switch (more like sucking than sipping) is the equivalent of holding a key down. With an on-screen keyboard, the user “puffs” out the letters. Moving the cursor over a document’s title bar and “sipping” enables the user to drag items around on the screen just as you would with a mouse. This technology is often used with on-screen keyboards.

Figure 2-6. Sip-and-puff device

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 25

Wands and sticks are typing aids used to strike keys on the keyboard. They are most commonly worn on the head, held in the mouth, strapped to the chin, or held in the hand. They are useful for people who need to operate their computers without the use of their hands or who have difficulty generating fine movements.

Joysticks can be plugged into the computer’s mouse port and used to control the cursor on the screen. Joysticks benefit users who need to operate a computer with or without the use of their hands. For example, some people might operate the joystick with their feet or with the use of a cup on top of the joystick that can be manipulated with their chin.

Trackballs look like an upside down mouse with a movable ball on top of a stationary base. An example of a trackball is shown in Figure 2-7. The ball can be rotated with a pointing device or a hand. People who have fine motor skills but lack gross motor skills can use these devices.

Figure 2-7. Trackball

Profile of Robert, a student with one hand, a mobility impairmentRobert is a high school senior. At 15, he lost a hand in a car accident. His school immediately realized Robert would need assistive technology to help him use the school’s computers for class assignments. Because Robert already knew how to type and had the use of one hand, he was able to accomplish his typing requirements quickly and efficiently using a low-cost assistive technology device called a Half QWERTY keyboard. The keyboard is half the size of a regular keyboard, and each key allows access to two letters. The Shift key allows switching back and forth between the two letters. Robert’s typing speed is now even faster than when he had the use of both hands.

Hearing Impairments and Deafness Hearing impairments encompass a range of conditions—from slight hearing loss to deafness. People who have hearing impairments might be able to hear some sound, but might not be able to distinguish words. People with this type of hearing impairment can use an amplifying device to provide functional hearing. Other people might not be able to hear sound at all.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 26

Accessibility features for those with hearing impairments include change notifications from sound to visual notifications, volume control, and captioning. These features are available in Windows Vista and Windows XP, including SoundSentry (visual notifications) and ShowSounds (captions), which allow users to choose to receive visual warnings and text captions, rather than sound messages, for system events. Applications such as Microsoft’s Encarta encyclopedia have captions built in, and individuals with hearing impairments can use it with one or both of the previously mentioned utilities turned on.

The Ease of Access Center in Windows Vista includes a category called ‘Use text or visual alternatives for sounds.’

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 27

Figure 2-8 shows visual notifications being turned on in Windows Vista in the “Use text or visual alternatives for sounds” window found in the Ease of Access Center.

Figure 2-8. Windows Vista Ease of Access Center, ‘Use text or visual alternatives for sounds’ page

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 28

The Sound tab found in the Accessibility Options dialog box in Windows XP is shown in Figure 2-9.

Figure 2-9. Windows XP Accessibility Options dialog box, Sound tab

Computer Use among People Who Are Both Deaf and Blind

Although it’s not well known, people who are both deaf and blind can also use computers with the aid of assistive technology. To someone who is both deaf and blind, captioning and other sound options are of no use, but Braille assistive technology products are critical. People who are both deaf and blind can use computers by using refreshable Braille displays and Braille embossers.

Profile of Steve, a student who is deafSteve, deaf since birth, is an eighth grade computer whiz. He spends much of his free time searching and reading information about computers over the Internet. Steve works very effectively with his computer and uses some built-in Windows XP accessibility options to meet his particular needs. Because he is deaf, he does not

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 29

need any sound information from his computer, so he has completely turned off the sound. Steve wants to ensure that he visually obtains information that would otherwise be conveyed by sound, so he uses SoundSentry to provide visual warnings for system sounds, ShowSounds to display captions for speech and sounds, and Notification to provide visual warnings when features are turned on or off.

Language Impairments Language impairments include conditions such as aphasia (loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words, often as a result of brain damage), delayed speech (a symptom of cognitive impairment), and other conditions resulting in difficulties remembering, solving problems, or perceiving sensory information. For students who have these impairments, complex or inconsistent visual displays or word choices can make using computers more difficult. For most computer users, in fact, software that is designed to minimize clutter and competing objects on the screen is easier to use, more inviting, and more useful.

Some individuals with language disabilities do not have the ability to communicate orally. These individuals can use augmentative and assistive communication devices to “speak” for them. To communicate, these individuals either type out words and phrases they wish to “say” or select from a series of images that, when arranged in a particular way, generate a phrase. For example, an individual could use the combination of a picture of an apple and a representation of McDonalds’ golden arches to order a hot apple pie. Pairing the picture of the arches with a picture of a car could say, “Let’s take a ride to McDonalds.” Users of augmentative and assistive communication devices can also use the SerialKeys option in Windows XP to select alternative devices to the standard keyboard and mouse.

Note: Windows Vista does not include Serial Keys. In previous versions of Windows, SerialKeys provided support so that alternative input devices, such as augmentative communication devices, could be plugged into the computer's serial port. For individuals that used these devices, it is important to install an alternative solution prior to upgrading to Windows Vista. Recommended solutions: AAC Keys and SKEYS from Eyegaze.

Windows XP and Windows Vista have simplified user interfaces that reduced clutter on the screen. You can choose to eliminate shortcuts and icons from the desktop. This benefits people with language and learning disabilities in particular because it reduces the interference of competing information on the screen, which can be confusing. Other options that allow for abbreviated menus and customized toolbars, for example, also help reduce the number of competing elements on the screen. Spelling and grammar checkers are also helpful for those who commonly switch the order of letters because of dyslexia and other learning impairments.

Assistive technology products used with computers by people with language impairments are described in the following list.

Keyboard filters, defined earlier, include word prediction utilities and add-on spelling checkers to help people with language impairments.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 30

Speech recognition programs, defined earlier, allow people to use their voice to operate a computer and compose text. This technology is useful to people with a wide range of disabilities including those with visual, mobility, language, and learning impairments. Some individuals with language impairments often find speech recognition easier to use for writing text. Windows Vista comes with Windows Speech Recognition.

Screen review utilities make on-screen information available as synthesized speech and pairs the speech with a visual representation of a word, for example, highlighting a word as it is spoken. Screen review utilities convert the text that appears on screen into a computer voice. This helps some people with language impairments by giving them information visually and aurally at the same time.

Touch screens are devices placed on the computer monitor (or built into it) that allow direct selection or activation of the computer by touching the screen. Earlier we discussed how touch screens benefit people with mobility impairments, but they also benefit users with language disabilities. The ability to touch the computer screen to make a selection is advantageous for people with language and learning disabilities because it is a more simple, direct, and intuitive process than making a selection using a mouse or keyboard.

Speech synthesizers, defined earlier, provide the user with information through a computer voice. Also known as text-to-speech (TTS), the speech synthesizer receives information in the form of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and then “speaks” it out loud to the user in a computer voice.

Profile of John, a student with a language impairmentJohn is a third grader who has some weakness and mobility loss as a result of an accident. John is learning how to use a computer to do book reports and other homework assignments for school. As a result of his injuries, John has some difficulty processing information and finds complicated computer displays confusing. To assist him, John’s teacher experimented with ways to modify his Windows XP-based computer to configure an easier-to-understand visual display. She used various Control Panel tools to make icons larger and menus shorter, and to minimize the number of toolbars that appeared on screen. She also made custom toolbars that included only the buttons John needed to do his work and turned off sound, which was also distracting to him. She reduced the number of items on his Start menu and turned off the feature that reorders frequently used items on toolbars and menus because the constant updating was confusing to John. She also turned off animations and video by selecting Internet Options from Internet Explorer’s Tools menu and adjusting settings on the Advanced tab. As John recovers and needs to use his computer for more sophisticated tasks as he grows older, his teachers can help him reconfigure his display according to his changing needs and preferences.

Learning Impairments Learning impairments can range from conditions such as dyslexia and attention deficit disorder to retardation. Processing problems are the most common and have the most impact on a person’s ability to use computer. These conditions interfere with the learning process. Many students with these impairments are

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 31

perfectly capable of learning if information is presented to them in a form and at a pace that is appropriate to them individually. Information that is presented in short, discrete units is often easier to understand. In addition, many individuals with learning disabilities learn more efficiently using their visual abilities rather than their auditory skills. Many are primarily visual or auditory learners, whereas other learners are “ambidextrous.” Control over the individual learner’s single- or multisensory experience is critical.

Did You Know? According to the American Council on Education, the number of college students reporting learning disabilities has risen significantly since 1988. In fall 2001, 2.4 percent of approximately 1.1 million college freshmen in the United States attending four-year schools self-reported a learning disability. That’s more than double the number who self-reported learning disabilities in 1988. In that year, only 1.0 percent of the same group self-reported a learning disability. (Henderson 2001)

The simplified interface in Windows Vista and Windows Vista benefits people with learning impairments, as well as people with language impairments, because it helps reduce the number of competing elements on the screen. Complicated user interfaces can interfere with learning. User interface engineers found that an emphasis on a consistent user experience had the greatest positive impact on individuals with processing problems. Consider the student who can’t read his own handwriting but can edit for others by using a computer. Additional computer settings such as adjustable text and screen element sizes, speech capabilities, choice of visual or sound warnings for system events, and Internet display options can benefit those with learning impairments.

Assistive technology products used with computers by people with learning disabilities are described in the following list.

Word prediction programs allow the user to select a desired word from an on-screen list located in the prediction window. This list, generated by the computer, predicts words from the first one or two letters typed by the user. The word can then be selected from the list and inserted into the text by typing a number, clicking the mouse, or scanning with a switch. These programs help users increase written productivity and accuracy, and increase vocabulary skills through word prompting.

Reading comprehension programs focus on establishing or improving reading skills through ready-made activities, stories, exercises, or games. These programs can help users practice letter sound recognition and can increase the understanding of words by adding graphics, sound, and possibly animation.

Reading tools and learning disabilities programs include software designed to make text-based materials more accessible for people who struggle with reading. Options can include scanning, reformatting, navigating, or speaking text out loud. These programs help people who have difficulty seeing or manipulating conventional print materials; people who are developing new literacy skills or who are learning English as a foreign language; and people who comprehend better when they hear and see text highlighted simultaneously.

Speech synthesizers, as mentioned previously, are helpful not only for people with visual and language impairments, but also for those with learning impairments. Speech synthesizers (also known as text-to-speech) speak information aloud in a computerized voice. Individuals who have lost the ability

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 32

to communicate orally can use speech synthesizers to communicate by typing information and letting the speech synthesizer speak it aloud.

Speech recognition programs, as mentioned earlier, are helpful for people with a variety of impairments. Individuals can enter data, write text, and navigate applications with the use of their voice. Students who have difficulty typing or reading text because of a language or learning impairment can often successfully work with computer documents using a speech recognition program along with the powerful features of modern word processing programs, such as Microsoft Word. Windows Vista comes with Windows Speech Recognition.

Profile of Clair, a student with a learning impairmentClair is fourth-grader with a learning impairment that affects her reading and writing skills, especially her organization and reference skills. She began using a computer at age seven to help her learn to read and write. The computer is now an essential tool that helps her capture her thoughts “in the moment” and organize them at a later time. In school and at home, Clair uses a PC equipped with Windows XP and Microsoft Office XP. She frequently uses the built-in spelling and grammar checkers in Microsoft Word 2002 as well as the graphical toolbars and icons in all of the Office programs. She also finds icons more useful than menus.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 33

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology

When selecting technology for your school or classroom, it is important to consider accessibility features and assistive technology products that will be helpful to individuals with specific disabilities. It is also important to plan for the onset of temporary disabilities that will inevitably occur.

In this chapter we provide details about accessibility settings in Microsoft products and a guide to selecting assistive technology products.

Accessibility Settings in Microsoft ProductsBelow is a summary of accessibility features found in current Microsoft products such as Windows Vista, Windows XP, Internet Explorer 6 and 7, Office 2003 and Office 2007. A full list of products, plus how-to instructions is available at www.microsoft.com/enable/.

Accessibility in Windows Vista Windows Vista includes built-in accessibility settings and programs that make it easier for computer users to see, hear, and use their computers. The accessibility settings and programs in Windows Vista are particularly helpful to people with

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 34

More InfoDemos and tutorials for accessibility features can be found at: www.microsoft.com/enable/

visual difficulties, hearing loss, pain in their hands or arms, or reasoning and cognitive issues. Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/windowsvista/.

The Ease of Access Center in Windows Vista provides a centralized location where you can get quick access to adjust accessibility settings and manage assistive technology programs. The Ease of Access Center includes quick access to common tools, a questionnaire where you can get recommendations for accessibility options to try, and seven categories of settings to explore.

Figure 3-1. Windows Vista Ease of Access Center

Overview of Accessibility Features in Windows VistaFeature Description

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 35

Ease of Access Center A centralized location where you can adjust accessibility settings and manage accessibility programs. Get quick access to start common accessibility tools, get recommended settings based on answers to questions, or explore settings by category.

Speech Recognition Enables you to interact with your computer using only your voice, significantly reducing the use of a mouse and keyboard while maintaining overall productivity. Dictate documents and e-mail, browse the Web, and command programs by saying what you see. Interactive training guides your through an easy setup process and will familiarize you with the voice commands.

Magnifier Magnifier enlarges portion of the screen to make things easier to see. Choose a magnification level from 2 to 16 times the original and choose to track the mouse, the keyboard, or text editing.

Narrator A text-to-speech program that reads aloud on-screen text and describes some events (such as error messages) that happen while you're using the computer. Narrator in Windows Vista reads Narrator menus without leaving the active window and has a natural sounding voice.

On-screen keyboard A visual, on-screen keyboard with all the standard keys that you can use instead of a physical keyboard. On-Screen Keyboard also lets you type using an alternative input device.

Keyboard shortcuts Use keyboard shortcuts as an alternative to the mouse. Keyboard shortcuts can be found in the menus of programs, or a letter underlined on a menu means pressing the ALT key in combination with the underlined key has the same effect as clicking that menu item.

Mouse Keys Instead of using the mouse, you can use the arrow keys on the numeric keypad to move the pointer.

Sticky Keys Instead of having to press multiple keys at once (such as when you must press the Ctrl + Alt + Delete keys simultaneously), you can press one key at a time when Sticky Keys is turned on.

Filter Keys Ignores keystrokes that occur in rapid succession and keystrokes that are held down for several seconds unintentionally.

Visual notifications Replace system sounds with visual cues, such as a flash on the screen, so system alerts are

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 36

announced with visual notifications instead of sounds.

Captions Turn on text captions for animations and video.

Chapter 2: Impairment Types and Technology Solutions 37

Accessibility in Windows XPMake computers easier and more comfortable to use with accessibility features and utilities built right into Microsoft Windows XP (Professional and Home versions). Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/windowsxp/.

Overview of Accessibility Features in Windows XP Features Description

Accessibility Wizard The Accessibility Wizard in Windows XP and can help new users quickly and easily set up groups of accessibility options that address visual, hearing and dexterity needs all in one place. The Accessibility Wizard asks questions about accessibility needs. Then, based on the answers, it configures utilities and settings for individual users. The Accessibility Wizard can be run again at any time to make changes, or changes can be made to individual settings through Control Panel.

Utility Manager Enables administrator-level users to check an accessibility program's status and start or stop an accessibility program—automatically, if required.

Magnifier Magnifies a portion of the computer screen so it is more readable.

Narrator Text-to-speech program that reads what is displayed on the screen—the contents of the active window, menu options, or text that has been typed.

On-screen keyboard Displays a virtual keyboard on the computer screen that allows people to type data by using a pointing device or joystick.

Display and readability A wide array of display and readability options increase visibility of items on the computer screen. Options include changing font style, color, and size of items on the desktop; icon size; screen resolution; high contrast schemes; and mouse pointer and cursor visibility options.

Sounds and speech options

Make computer sounds easier to hear or distinguish—or, choose visual alternatives to sound. A variety of speech-to-text options are also available. Options include adjusting sound volume and schemes, captions (ShowSounds), visual cues for system sounds (SoundSentry), and Text-to-Speech options.

Mouse options Choose a number of options to make your

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 38

keyboard easier to use. Options include changing the click speed, actions of the mouse buttons, pointer speed, cursor blink rate, and mouse pointer schemes.

Keyboard options Choose a number of options to make your keyboard easier to use. Options include adjusting the character repeat rate, choosing an alternative (Dvorak) keyboard layout, Sticky Keys, Filter Keys, Toggle Keys, Mouse Keys, and more.

Accessibility in Internet Explorer 7

The Internet is easier to see and explore with accessibility settings and features in Internet Explorer 7. Internet Explorer 7 has better compatibility with assistive technology products and new accessibility features including the Zoom option. Enhanced keyboard access can be found in the default toolbar buttons, search box items, address bar, and tabs. And, extensive keyboard access is available for new features added to Internet Explorer 7. Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/ie7/.

Overview of Accessibility Features in Internet Explorer 7Feature Description

Zoom in on a Web page Zoom in on a Web page to magnify text, images, and controls on the page. Change the zoom level with the magnifying glass icon on the bottom right corner of each Internet Explorer 7 window, or, from the Page menu. Choose 100%, 125%, or 150%, or, specify magnification up to 1000%.

Choose colors used on Web pages

Make Web pages easier to see by changing the text, background, link and hover colors. Internet Explorer 7 supports the system link color, so high contrast mode and color preferences you have chosen in your Windows operating system will work properly.

Change text size on Web pages

Change Web page text size from smaller, smallest, medium, larger, or largest.

Choose fonts used on Web pages

Choose the font style and size used on Web pages and documents to make them more legible.

Choose accessibility settings for Web pages

Choose to ignore colors, font styles, and font sizes specified on Web pages to make the pages easier to see. You can also choose to format documents using your own style sheet.

Format Web pages using a custom style sheet

Make Web pages easier to see and work with by adjusting several accessibility settings,

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 39

browsing, multimedia, and printing settings in Internet Options.

Choose advanced settings Many advanced accessibility settings are available, including expanding alternative text, resetting text size and zoom levels, using smooth scrolling, showing pictures, playing animations, videos, and sounds, and print options from Web pages.

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 40

Accessibility in Internet Explorer 6

Make computers easier and more comfortable to use with accessibility features and utilities built right into Internet Explorer 6. Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/ie6/.

Overview of Accessibility Features in Internet Explorer 6Feature Description

Choose colors used on Web pages

Make Web pages easier to see by changing the text, background, link and hover colors.

Change text size on Web pages

Change Web page text size from smaller, smallest, medium, larger, or largest.

Choose fonts used on Web pages

Choose the font style and size used on Web pages and documents to make them more legible.

Choose accessibility settings for Web pages

Choose to ignore colors, font styles, and font sizes specified on Web pages to make the pages easier to see. You can also choose to format documents using your own style sheet.

Keyboard and mouse options

Choose a number of options to make your keyboard and mouse faster and easier to use. Options including changing toolbar buttons displayed and the button size, filling in Web addresses and forms automatically.

Sound options In addition to the Windows XP sound and speech options, in Internet Explorer 6 you can also turn on or off sounds played in Web pages.

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 41

Accessibility in 2007 Microsoft Office

The 2007 Microsoft Office system is more accessible than ever before, making it easier for everyone to create documents, spreadsheets and presentations with rich content. Finding commands you need is easier with the completely redesigned user interface. The 2007 Microsoft Office system also has improved compatibility with assistive technology products. Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/office2007/.

Overview of Accessibility Features in Office 2007Feature Description

The Ribbon The menus and toolbars in some programs have been replaced with the Ribbon. The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task and provides consistent icons among Office programs.

Key Tips and keyboard navigation

Use the Key Tips feature to navigate quickly and easily through the Ribbon without memorizing shortcut keys. The Ribbon also supports 2-D navigation with the TAB, arrow and F6 keys; or you can use familiar shortcut keys and accelerators from previous versions of Microsoft Office.

Zoom The Zoom tool makes resizing your work area faster and easier.

Produce professional looking results quickly and easily

Galleries simplify the process of creating great looking documents, presentations and spreadsheets by showing a set of potential design choices. It's not necessary to make selections through complex dialog boxes to get professional results.

Live preview Live Preview lets you see exactly how your gallery selection will look when it is applied.

Create diagrams and charts without a mouse

Organizational charts, process diagrams and other complex graphics can be created with SmartArt™ graphics tools, which are completely accessible from the keyboard or assistive technology devices.

Compose documents by talking to your computer

The 2007 Microsoft Office system works with Windows Speech Recognition in the Windows Vista operating system, allowing you to navigate the User Interface, compose documents, open email and more without using a mouse or keyboard.

Create accessible portals SharePoint Designer 2007 includes a built-in

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 42

with SharePoint Designer 2007

compatibility checker for common accessibility standards to help make sure Web sites are easy to use for everyone. More Accessible Mode in SharePoint Services provides greater accessibility for custom controls.

Scroll, Zoom, Listen and Automate

Zoom and scroll directly with a Microsoft IntelliMouse® or other device with similar technology, and let Microsoft Narrator read aloud text and commands.

Correct mistakes as you type

Correct capitalization and spelling as you type, as well as formatting punctuation marks, symbols and lists.

Accessibility in Office 2003

Microsoft® Office 2003 includes many powerful and useful accessibility features to make things easier to see on screen and easier to access with the mouse and keyboard. You can also choose sound and speech options that help you work with your documents more effectively. Find more information at www.microsoft.com/enable/products/office2003/.

Overview of Accessibility Features in Office 2003Feature Description

Zoom for readability Zoom in on your files (available in most Office 2003 programs) to make information more readable on the screen. You can also choose to view in high contrast to improve legibility.

Reading Layout view Helps increase readability of documents by displaying just the Reading Layout and Reviewing toolbars in the view—all others are hidden.

Keyboard shortcuts Using keyboard shortcuts (or shortcut keys) can help you complete some tasks faster and easier. Many features and commands in Office 2003 programs are available directly from the keyboard using keyboard shortcuts (pressing two or more keys simultaneously). Or, you can assign custom keyboard shortcuts to a command, macro, font, AutoText entry, style, or commonly used symbol. To find a list of keyboard shortcuts or learn how to assign custom keyboard shortcuts, open the Help menu in Office 2003 programs (press F1), and type "keyboard shortcuts."

Customize toolbars and menus

Customize toolbars and menu commands in most Office 2003 programs to put the most used commands within easy reach. For example, you can create a toolbar that contains

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 43

only the buttons and menus you use most often, or, create a custom toolbar button or menu command.

Automate tasks Reduce keystrokes in most Office 2003 programs by automating them to perform repetitive tasks. This helps you copy the look and style of text from one section to another; correct capitalization and spelling as you type; and format punctuation marks, symbols, and lists as you type.

Scroll with your mouse If you use the Microsoft IntelliMouse® or Microsoft IntelliMouse TrackBall pointing device, or other products with similar technology, you can scroll and zoom directly by using the mouse—reducing required motion.

Speech Recognition Speech Recognition is installed in all Office programs by initially using the feature in Word 2003, or by doing a custom installation. For details see the Help topic, "Install and Train Speech Recognition."

Narrator Use Microsoft Narrator, a text-to-speech program in Windows XP, while using Word to read aloud menu commands, dialog box options and more—including announcing events on screen and reading typed characters.

Create accessible Web sites

Microsoft FrontPage® 2003 enables Web site creators to create Web sites that are more accessible for people with disabilities. FrontPage 2003 allows Web site creators to easily add alternative (ALT) text to images (which provides a description for people who cannot see images), apply style sheets (important for allowing the user to customize fonts and colors), and create accessible image maps (to make links within images more accessible). FrontPage 2003 also includes an Accessibility Checker to identify accessibility problems in a Web site. See Creating Accessible Web Pages and Accessibility Features in FrontPage.

Build accessible forms InfoPath™ 2003, supports any customer-defined Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema and integrates with Web services. With InfoPath 2003 you can gather and share organizational information by designing and using forms. The user interface of InfoPath 2003 supports the accessibility features of Windows XP with some restrictions.

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 44

Selecting Assistive Technology Products for Students

Beyond the features built into the Windows operating system and other software, it is often essential to find specialty software and hardware products designed to provide additional accessibility support for students with disabilities. Microsoft works closely with educators, educational organizations, and industry partners to expand the world of learning through assistive technology.

Improving the learning experience can mean different things to different individuals: having a multisensory experience of audio paired with a visual representation may benefit one student, while reducing visual and auditory distractions may be better for another. Since there are hundreds of types of assistive technology availableand finding products that are compatible with a computer’s operating system and programs is critical the best place to start is to identify assistive technology needs through a needs assessment tool or assistive technology consultation.To determine the best mix of accessibility features and assistive technology products to use to improve individual learning, remember that not all technology experts are knowledgeable in assistive technology (AT) products. Expert AT consultants who understand disabilities and the latest assistive technology products are the best source to help with accessibility assessment and to find solutions for students.

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 45

Accessibility Experts and Assessment Tools

A network of Microsoft Accessibility Resource Centers is located throughout the U.S. that helps schools and businesses discover accessible technology solutions available on today's computers. These centers have AT experts who can help assess a student's accessibility needs, recommend products, and some centers provide trial products through lending libraries. Centers also provide training on assistive technology products and presentations at schools. For information about where centers are located, visit www.microsoft.com/enable/centers.

The Alliance for Technology Access (www.ataccess.org/) and the Assistive Technology Act Programs (www.ataporg.org/) are other U.S. national networks dedicated to providing information and technology support services to children and adults with disabilities.

The Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America, known as RESNA, (www.resna.org) offers certifications programs for assistive technology practitioners. RESNA is another source for identifying AT experts who can assist schools in North America.

Assistive Technology Product GuideThe following table lists a variety of assistive technology products, some of which are generic product types and some of which are products produced by a specific company. The products in this table were suggested as possible accessibility solutions for students with disabilities by Microsoft Accessibility Resource Center representatives.

This table is presented to give you specific examples of the assistive technologies discussed in this guide. The table is by no means exhaustive or an endorsement of these products for your students; many other similar products are on the market, and can be explored through your AT assessment or consultant.

Additional sources of information about assistive technology products can be found on the Microsoft Accessibility Web site at www.microsoft.com/enable/at/, where you can get links to company Web sites about each assistive technology product listed. The Enablemart Web site (www.enablemart.com) is one source where you can purchase assistive technology for your schools.

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 46

Table 3-1. Assistive Technology Product GuideItem Definition Benefit Need for Training Negative

ImpactArticulating keyboard/mouse trays

An appliance that provides an adjustable surface for a computer keyboard or mouse.

Enables enhanced access to a keyboard or mouse for those with range of motion issues.

Minimal None

CCTV A video camera placed above a desk surface to capture and enlarge printed material.

Enables those with low vision problems to read printed or written material.

Minimal None

HP scanner Hardware that connects directly to a PC or to a PC through a network and converts paper documents into e-documents using additional software.

Allows electronic access to printed materials for those who have limited use of their hands.

2 hours None

IntelliKeys USB

An intelligent programmable keyboard.

Provides access to the computer for persons who have difficulty using a mouse or standard keyboard. Optional Popular Software Overlays (available separately) benefit a wider range of students, including special needs students and struggling learners.

Minimal None

IntelliMouse Mouse with scrollable wheel between the buttons.

Allows for one-handed control of scrolling.

None None

IntelliTools Classroom Suite

Cross-platform, network-ready integrated award-winning tools: IntelliPics Studio, IntelliMathics, and IntelliTalk.

Aids in exploring math, enhancing writing, and working with multi-media for students through grade eight.

~ 4 hours None

Joystick mouse

Upright mouse in a joystick configuration.

Allows user to rest hand on mouse and use natural grip position.

Minimal None

Kurzweil 3000

Software program designed to help struggling readers and writers of all capabilities create, read, view and check text.

Integrated with Microsoft applications, with particular emphasis on Microsoft Word.

~ 4 hours None

Large monitor

Enlarged viewing area allowing for more material to be viewed simultaneously or for larger text.

Can be used for clients with vision impairments or range of motion issues.

Minimal None

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 47

Table 3-1. Assistive Technology Product GuideItem Definition Benefit Need for Training Negative

ImpactMagnifier (such Microsoft Magnifier or Zoomtext)

Software that magnifies all or part of the screen up to 20 times.

Allows those with partial sight the ability to see and interact with the visual image presented on the monitor.

8 hours for the average user. Typical training costs are $70 to $150 per hour.

None

Microsoft Natural Keyboards

Split keyboard with a soft key action.

Allows more natural approach to the keyboard; might lessen discomfort for those with cumulative trauma or static posture issues.

Minimal None

Monitor glare guard

A shield that prevents glare and reflection from overhead lights and windows.

Enables those with low vision and other visual impairments to focus on the monitor.

None None

Optical character recognition system

Software that converts scanned documents into a word processing format, so the document can be “read.”

Allows electronic access to printed materials for those who have total or partial sight impairments.

4 hours None

Portable magnifier

Accessory that is hand-held, desktop or headband styleto aid in seeing images on screen.

Allows those with partial sight the ability to see and interact with the visual image presented on the monitor.

Minimal None

Refreshable Braille display

Peripheral with moving pins emulating the Braille translation of a line of text on the monitor.

Enables people who have low vision or who are blind to read otherwise inaccessible text.

Minimal provided the client knows Braille.

Temporary productivity costs.

Screen reader (JAWS for Windows or Window-Eyes)

Software operating as a screen reading program, reading and converting text to verbal language.

Allows full utilization by people who are blind or visually impaired of computer output and operations.

16 to 24 hours for the average user. Typical training costs are $70 to $150 per hour.

Temporary productivity costs

SOLO Software tool set that builds learning skills in reading, writing, planning, organizing, revising and editing for students in grades 3 to 12. Contains: Read:OutLoud®, Write:OutLoud®, Draft:Builder® and Co:Writer®.

Builds skills independently by helping students practice research-based reading and essay writing strategies in curriculum coursework.

~ 4 hours None

SpeakQ Software program that combines the power of speech recognition with concurrent access to other technologies.

Can be bundled with WordQ; both products are available with group licenses.

~ 2 hours None

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 48

Table 3-1. Assistive Technology Product GuideItem Definition Benefit Need for Training Negative

ImpactSpecialty keyboard and numerical keypad

Split and/or sloped keyboards with a detached numerical keypad that can be moved to either side of the keyboard.

Allows more natural approach to the keyboard; might lessen discomfort for those with cumulative trauma or static posture issues. Enables those with cumulative trauma or static injury to utilize their opposite hand when keying numbers.

Minimal Temporary productivity loss while adjusting to new style of typing

Speech recognition/voice dictation

Software that recognizes and creates general text from normal continuous speech. The user speaks to a computer at a natural, conversational pace, and words, sentences, and paragraphs immediately appear on the screen. Documents are created by speaking, and are then printed and/or cut-and-pasted into other applications.

Allows full utilization of computer operation by people with impairment, but requires some hand usage.

9 to 12 hours for the average user. Typical training costs $70 to $150 per hour.

Windows Vista includes Windows Speech Recognition with a free tutorial for speech training.

Temporary productivity costs–depending on the work type, can be a productivity enhancer.

Telephone software

Phone and software that puts the telephone console in a window within a Windows operating system.

Enables users of voice-activated software hands-free access to all phone functions.

4 hours None

Texthelp Read&Write software

Award-winning reading and writing tool with integrated dictionary, synonyms, syllables, audible spell checking, along with word prediction, to facilitate both reading and writing improvement and assistance.

Gives an added boost to people who need support with reading, writing and learning by making support tools available right at their fingertips.

~ 2 hours None

Toggle switch (with optional foot switch)

A foot-operated toggle switch enabling the operator to switch back and forth between the computer and the telephone.

Enables those with upper extremity range of motion problems to use one headset to access both the phone and a voice-activated computer.

2 hours None

Touch pad Touch pad mouse device. Allows mouse control without grip.

Minimal None

Trackball Roller mouse. Allows mouse control without grip.

Minimal None

Wireless headset with wheelchair battery

An alternative to a telephone handset or a wired headset connected to a voice-activated computer system.

Allows greater mobility within the office space for those who use wheelchairs.

Minimal None

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 49

Table 3-1. Assistive Technology Product GuideItem Definition Benefit Need for Training Negative

ImpactWordQ Software tool to use with

standard writing software. It suggests words for you to use and provides spoken feedback to help you find mistakes.

Can be bundled with SpeakQ; both products are available with group licenses.

~ 2 hours None

WYNN Reader

Software literacy tool designed to enhance success for individuals with reading challenges and writing difficulties.

Developed with the help of special educators and individuals with learning difficulties; uses a bi-modal approach — simultaneous highlighting of the text as it is spoken.

~ 4 hours None

Assistive Technology Decision Tree When a student is identified as needing assistive technology, you can use a decision tree or graphic decision-making tool, such as the one developed by UnumProvident, shown in Figure 3-2. By asking questions regarding the extent and type of impairment (including range of motion, quadriplegia, back impairment, visual impairment, hearing/auditory impairment, speech impairment, and psychological impairment), the decision tree narrows down technology assists that might be helpful for an individual. You will find a list of available assistive technology products in Table 3-2 on the next page.

Figure 3-2. Assistive Technology Decision Tree

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 50

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 51

Figure 3-2. Assistive Technology Decision Tree

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 52

Figure 3-2. Assistive Technology Decision Tree

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 53

Figure 3-2. Assistive Technology Decision Tree

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 54

Table 3-2. Overview of assistive technology by category and cost

Rang

e of

m

otio

nQu

adrip

legi

a Back

pr

oble

ms

Visu

al

impa

irmen

tHe

arin

g im

pairm

ent

Spee

ch

impa

irmen

tPs

ycho

logi

cal

Average product cost in U.S. dollars(approximate)

Alternative mouse or pointing device $150

Braille display $3500Ergonomic keyboard $150Foot mice $500Graphical idea trees $150Hands-free telephone $800High-resolution monitor $500

Macro writing software $200Monitor glare guard $50Movable numeric keypads $100

Multiple mice $50One-handed keyboard $600Optical character recognition system $750

Over/undersized keyboard $200

Oversized monitor $1200PDA $400Scanner and software $300Screen magnifier $1000Screen readers $1200Speech recognition/voice dictation $600

Talking calculators $300Task organizer software $300

Touch screens $150

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 55

Voice synthesizer (computer) $500

Word prediction software $400

Chapter 3: Selecting Accessible Technology 56

Resources

Resources from MicrosoftThe following resources from Microsoft provide information about accessibility in Microsoft productsand other products available on the Windows platform.

Microsoft Accessibility www.microsoft.com/enable/Learn about accessibility features already in your Microsoft products, technology, tutorials and training to guide you, and read about how others have successfully integrated accessibility.

Accessibility Update Newsletter www.microsoft.com/enable/news/subscribe/This free e-mail newsletter provides information about resources to help make the computer easier to use with accessible technology solutions.

Accessibility in Microsoft Products www.microsoft.com/enable/products/Information about accessibility features built into popular Microsoft products, both new and older versions.

Accessibility Tutorials www.microsoft.com/enable/training/Step-by-step tutorials introduce you to some of the most commonly used accessibility features in Microsoft products. The instructions show you how to use the mouse or keyboard to navigate, select options, and change settings.

Accessibility Training Demos www.microsoft.com/enable/demos/Run video demonstrations of the accessibility features built into Windows Vista and Windows XP.

Assistive Technology Catalog www.microsoft.com/enable/at/Search for assistive technology products compatible with your Windows operating system. Assistive technology products are specialty products designed to provide additional accessibility to individuals who have physical or cognitive difficulties, impairments, and disabilities.

Microsoft Accessibility Resource Centers www.microsoft.com/enable/centers/

Resources 57

Microsoft Accessibility Resource Centers throughout the U.S. show you what's possible with accessible technology solutions. Find a center nearest you.

Resources 58

Additional Resources and Annual Conferences Embracing Diversity: Toolkit for Creating Inclusive, Learning-

Friendly Environments www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/032revised/index.htm This toolkit published by UNESCO provides activities about embracing diversity in the classroom.

Annual Conferences about Accessible TechnologyThe following organizations host annual accessible technology conferences.

Assistive Technology Industry Association (conference held each January)www.atia.org

Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference at CSUN (conference held each March)www.csun.edu/cod/conf/

Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (conference held each summer)www.resna.org

Resources 59