Urban Transport Planning

PreambleTransportation planning is an integral part of overall

urban planning and needs systematic approach. Travel demand estimation is an important part of

comprehensive transportation planning process.However, planning does not end by predicting travel

demand. The ultimate aim of urban transport planning is to

generate alternatives for improving transportation system to meet future demand and selecting the best alternative after proper evaluation.

Transport PlanningLEVEL 4

Planning, design, operation of single facility

LEVEL 3Coordination of single mode

network/system

LEVEL 2Integration of multimodal

network/system

LEVEL 1City Transport Balance

CityTransport

EnvironmentSocial Conditions

Housing

Economy

Transit

Pedestrian

Auto Highway

Urban Streets Transit Networko

r

Intersection

Urban Streets

Plaza

Transport Planning Module

• Developing a transport policy – issues to be considered and options

• Set up vision, goals and strategies for cities towards achieving a livable atmosphere

• Understand the nuances of comprehensive mobility planning studies; criteria for planning (service level benchmarks) and TDM as a strategy for improved mobility in cities

Transport Planning Process

• Traditional way – model based, susceptible to manipulation, may not be suitable for fast growing cities with resource constraints

• Contemporary way – strategic planning approach based on professional understanding and public participation

The Traditional Way

Four Step Model:1. Trip generation, based on production and

attraction factors2. Trip distribution – growth factor models and

synthetic (gravity) models3. Modal split – choice of mode4. Trip assignment – which route? (leading to

future capacity analysis of roads)

Contemporary Planning

Continued motorization

Unrestrained motorization

Continued motorization

Restrained private cars

Invest in alternatives

Rapid motorizationLow road + public

investmentSlow motorization

Moderate road-buildings

Mass transit investmentTransit Oriented

Development

Spectrum of City Types between Car and Transit Cities

Private modes dominate Public modes dominate

Low mobility cities

High mobility cities

Model shows intended or potential transport development paths for developing cities

Vision

The transport vision statement should be in line with the following:

Definition of sustainable transport system –‘a transport system where every individual or traveler category in a city is able to fulfill their mobility needs in a quick, affordable, safe, reliable, comfortable, energy efficient and environmentally benign manner’

The key focus area of NUTP- ‘people should occupy center-stage in our cities and all plans would be for their common benefit and well being’

The objectives of the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat i.e. promote energy efficiency and reduce emissions from transport sector

Goals and Objectives

The Plan – Basic Steps

1. Mobilization of human and material resources and reconnaissance survey of the city

2. Primary and secondary surveys 3. Travel demand modeling (CUBE 4.1 model was used) 4. Preparation of short term strategies 5. Preparation of alternative transport plans and land use plans 6. Development of transport vision and strategy (citizens groups

adequately involved) 7. Development of project evaluation and screening framework

(provides a sound for evaluating the impacts of plan proposals; includes public involvement)

The Plan – Basic Steps (contd.)

8. Identifying and prioritizing improvements (includes one or more options for each infrastructure project and assessment of cost, revenue, etc., for each option; phasing of projects suggested)

9. Recommendations of institutional set-up 10. Economic evaluation of CMP proposals 11. Preparation of Draft Mobility Plan 12. Stakeholder participation (citizen groups involved to

disseminate plan proposals and solicit their concerns and suggestions)

13. Revision of the Plan to include stakeholder concerns/suggestions

Integrated Land Use and Transport Strategy - Objectives

The objectives of an integrated land use and transport development strategy are to: • Promote balanced spatial growth • Minimize land requirements for transport • Promote transit oriented growth • Reduce the need to travel • Encourage walkable/cyclable neighbourhoods

Public Transit Strategy

The objectives of this strategy would be the following: • More space allocation for public transit on roads • Public transit to serve the entire population • Promoting public transit connectivity to the urban poor that is

affordable • Design of public transit infrastructure to cater to the needs of

the vulnerable users like women, children, senior citizens and the physically challenged

• Intermodal stations to facilitate seamless transfers • Integration of IPT and NMT modes

Role of Para TransitPara transit is normally expected to fulfill a need that

neither public transport or personal vehicles are able to fulfill.

Para transit would not normally be used for regular commute trips to work or school. However, when the quality of public transport deteriorates, para-transit tends to substitute for public transport.

Unfortunately, this has started happening in many Indian cities. NUTP 2006 seek to restore para-transit to its normal role by persuading the improvement of public transport.

Emphasis on Non Motorized Transit (NMT)

GOALS:1. Presence of NMT Track: All JnNURM cities to have NMT

tracks on all major roads within a year. 2. NMT Coverage (% network covered): At least 25% network

with in a year. The width of pedestrian path and cycle track can be combined if the roads are too narrow

3. Encroachment on NMT roads by Vehicle parking (%): Target should be to have not more than 30% of NMV roads encroached i.e. LoS of 3 within 1 year.

4. NMT parking facilities at Interchanges (%): Create NMT parking near all major bus stops, terminals and railway stations with in a year.

Climate Change – Adaptation Strategies

1) Information sharing and awareness for the need to adapt are important components to improve the capacity of the citizens and the decision makers to adapt.

2) To take into account the future climate change impacts, there is need to gather data, study vulnerabilities, with strong focus on different stakeholders.

3) Robust decision making is required that would involve prediction of different scenarios under different combinations of climate change and socio-economic impacts, and planning to reduce vulnerabilities of the systems.

4) Identification of high risk areas.

Climate Change – Adaptation Strategies (contd.)

5) Planning with resilient design standards, technologies, materials for infrastructure construction.

6) Planning with sufficient redundancy to allow for alternatives ways for mobility.

7) Improved drainage systems. 8) Urban planning with focus on high risk areas. 9) Compact urban planning minimizing the need for road

infrastructure. 10)Regular maintenance of all infrastructures.

Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) a strategic planning approach

In accordance with the objectives of NUTP, a CMP includes the following major outcomes: • Long-term visions and goals, • A preferred form of urban growth • List of proposed urban transport measures and • Priority projects, based on Alternative Analysis • Project sheets • Indicative costing • Implementation schedules (short, medium and long term)

Institutional and Capacity Building Measures

o Establishing a central nodal authority (UMTA) responsible for all transport initiatives and planning for million plus cities

o Modifying the enabling legislations and establish fare policies and fare regulators

o Assessments of demand, route rationalization, contracting, performance monitoring of projects

o Capacity building of urban development, urban design, transport planning, PPP procedures, demand management, traffic engineering, police training, road user education, etc need to be conducted for planning bodies (institutional and individual capacity building) and citizens, as applicable

Financing of Plan/Projects

• Cost estimates of the identified projects and potential funding resources need to be identified.

• The key sources of funds usually include the local government through user charges, central and state governments, private sector and multilateral funding.

• Other innovative mechanism can also be included. It can also include involvement of private sector in implementation and management.

• Financing high cost mass transit systems may need setting up Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) where government pays for infrastructure but users (direct and indirect beneficiaries) must pay for the rolling stock and operations

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