Urban Transport Planning

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Contents

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• Approach for transport planning (Traditional v/s contemporary planning)• Urban Transport Planning Strategies• Preparing Comprehensive Mobility Plans • Role of Policies in Urban Transport Planning• Concepts of Alternative Analysis• Establish Service Level Benchmarks for cities

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Urban Transport Planning

• Transport planning is an exercise of evolving policies and strategies that give a rational direction to activities towards fulfilling a set of goals and objectives in Transport.

• Transportation planning is an integral part of overall urban planning and requires a systematic approach.

Urban Transport Challenges

• Urban Sprawl:More car dependencyIncreased trip lengthsHigh costs for extending infrastructure and services• Climate Change:

Global warmingHigher emission levelsAir and noise pollution

• Growing Economy:

Increased Car OwnershipIncreased Traffic VolumesIncreased congestion

• Road Safety:

Increased speedIncreased conflicts among modesIncreased accidents and fatalities

• Energy ConsumptionTransport consumes 30% of total energyIncreased demand for fossil fuelIncreased GHG emissions

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To address the dynamic complexities of urban systems, a multi-disciplinary Planning Process is needed

Urban Transport Planning Approaches

Known as

Automobile Approach

Traditional Approach Sustainable Approach

Contemporary Approach

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Traditional Approach

Source: Embarq

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Development of townships far from the

city center

Homogenous form. Predominantly residential.

No mixed use

Connected to the city center by broad roads, encourages automobile

use

Ad-hoc development; no public transport, NMT

networks planned

Massive roads, with costly infrastructure such as grade

separation - Requires huge tracts of land

needed

Unidirectional traffic congestion: towards city

center in the morning and towards the suburbs in the

evening

10% - 15% of urban areas are taken up by ROAD

infrastructure – a lot of space for cars

Dwarka, New Delhi – Source: http://im.videosearch.rediff.com/thumbImage/videoImages/videoImages1/youtube/rdhash774/KHGQIStNc9o.gif

Sustainable Approach

Sustainable transport refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes walking and cycling, as as well as technology to move people, goods, and information in ways that reduce its impact on the environment, the economy, and society

Efficient, Equitable, and Environmentally friendly transport ! 7

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Sustainable Urban Transport Planning - GOALS

• Access: The City should be designed for people, not cars. It should be at least as convenient to live in a city without a personal motor vehicle as with one

• Equity: Highest priority should go to public transport, walking, and non-motorized vehicles

• Environment: Prevention of air and noise pollution

• Economy: Users of cars and motorcycles should be charged for the full economic, environmental, and social costs of their transportation.

• Integrated Planning approach within a comprehensive policy framework.

• Public participation and transparency: It is important that the public be consulted in planning process

SUTP – Strategies

• Avoid: Avoiding or reducing trips

• Shift: Shifting to more environmentally friendly modes

• Improve: Improving vehicle and fuel technology of all modes of transport to improve environmental efficiency from each kilometer travelled

AVOID Reducing the need to travel

SHIFT Changing mode choice

IMPROVEIncreasing the energy efficiency of

vehicles, fuels, and transport operations

Source: GIZ

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Sustainable Approach

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Avoid Strategies:

• Integrated Land use and Transport

• Mixed Use Development – Transit Oriented Development

• Information and Communication Technology

Shift Strategies:

• Non-Motorized Transport

• Public Transport

• Transportation Demand Management

Improve Strategies:

• Cleaner Fuels and Technologies

• Inspection and Maintenance

• Intelligent Transportation System

Sustainable Approach

Cycling, Bangalore to Mysorehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article419583.ece

Public transport, Bangalore Indiahttp://www.silcharchronicle.com/2012/06/bmtc-roll-out-volvo-longer-buses-6154.php/bmtc-volvo-buses

SUTP Summary

Avoiding low-density sprawl Encouraging Mixed Land Use Transit oriented development Good urban design Not too much land for roads and parking

Source: EMBARQ

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… now let us understand the importance of Urban Transport Policy

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What is a Policy ?

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• A policy is a guiding principle used to set direction

• It can be a course of action to guide and influence decisions

• It should be used as a guide to decision making under a given set of

circumstances within the framework of objectives, goals and strategies to

be adopted

• State matters of principle

• Focused on action, stating what is to be done and by whom

• An authoritative statement, made by a person or body with power to do so

Features common to all good policies

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Policy Options

• Supply – Network, Public Transport, NMT, Parking, Environment

• Demand – Congestion pricing, Parking pricing

• Implementation – Institutional, Financing

• Operation – Fare Fixation, Licensing

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National Urban Transport Policy

Vision

• To recognize that people occupy center-stage in our cities and all plans would be for their common benefit and well being

• To make our cities the most livable in the world and enable them to become the “engines of economic growth” that power India’s development in the 21st century

• To allow our cities to evolve into an urban form that is best suited for the unique geography of their locations and is best placed to support the main social and economic activities that take place in the city.

Setting Policies1. Definition -What problem is the plan intended to solve?

2. Projection -How will the situation develop if the problem continues?

3. Constraints -What are the limits of finance, time, etc. within which planning must take place?

4. Option -What are the alternatives and their pros and cons?

5. Formulation -What are the main alternative plans, i.e. packages of available option within the prevailing constraints?

6. Testing -How would each of the alternative plans work out in practice?

7. Evaluation -Which plan gives the greatest value (within the constraints) in terms of solving the problems already defined

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… now let us identify some GAPS in the existing planning process, before we understand how the

process ideally should happen…..

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Gaps in Planning Process

Gaps

Lack of vision and holistic approach

Weak Coordination between Landuse

and Transport

Institutional Challenges

Inadequate Planning Capacity

Data Challenges – Standards, Collection, Repository

Lack of public participation and

engagement

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… now let us understand the process ofUrban Transport Planning

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Transport Planning Process

• Vision /Goals / Objectives

• Strategies

• Proposals

• Alternate Analysis

• Institutional Framework

• Finance

Vision

Goals & Objectives

Strategies

AlternativesProposals /

Projects

Institution

Financing

An urban transport planning is a cycle - logical sequence of tasks starting from ..

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• The vision statement is a guiding principle to develop

strategies

• Adheres to the needs of the population

• Transport vision of the city should encompass all elements

of a sustainable transport system

Vision

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Transport Planning Process

Goals and Objectives

The goals and objectives of the planning process provide more granularity to the vision statement

They provide the concepts of

• Equity

• Safety

• Integrated planning

• Use of public transport

• Promotion of non-motorized modes

• Accessibility

• Travel demand reduction

• Reliability

• Clean energy usage

• Use of technology

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Transport Planning Process

Transport Strategies

1. Integrated Land use and transport strategy TOD National Urban Habitat Mission

2. Network Development Strategy

3. Mobility Corridor Strategy

4. Public Transport Strategy Bus augmentation Higher order MRTs Intermodal Integration

5. Non- Motorized Transport Strategy Cycles/cyclists Pedestrians

6. Freight Management Strategy

7. Parking Strategy

8. IPT Strategy

9. Traffic Management

10. Travel Demand Management Strategy

PlanningStrategies

Network Development & Mobility Corridors

Freight Management

StrategyNon-Motorized

Transport Strategy

Public Transit Improvement

Strategy

Travel Demand Management

Strategy

Land Use & Transport Strategy

Traffic Engineering

Measures

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Transport Planning Process

1. Integrated Land Use & Transport Strategy

• Transport network is dependent on land use.

• Integrated land use and transport should promote balanced regional

growth

This strategy should focus on

• Accessibility

• Connectivity

• Transit oriented development

• Structural form of urban growth

• Mixed land use developments to minimize vehicle trips

Transport Strategies

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What is Transit Oriented Development ?

A Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a mixed-use residential or commercial area

designed to maximize access to public transport and incorporates features to encourage

transit ridership

Design for a livable, sustainable future !`````

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Transport Strategies

Integrated Land Use & Transport Strategy

2. Network Development Strategy (Mobility Corridors)

Identify principle corridors where the emphasis will be on moving people

i.e. focusing on mass transit corridors with NMT facilities

Transport Strategies

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By identifying certain primary

corridors as ‘Mobility Corridors’,

these transport corridors get

priority for increasing the

throughput by having public

transit system(s).

3. Non-Motorized Transport Strategy

• Establish connected walking networks

• Adequate walkway and path surfaces

• Create bike lanes and bicycle boulevards

• Correct roadway hazards to NMT

• Use street furniture and pedestrian friendly design features

• Integrate cycling with transit.

• Provide bicycle parking/rickshaw stands and encourage sharing

• Address security concerns of pedestrians and cyclists.

• Develop /encourage bike rentals/sharing

NMT strategies are an integral part of public transport strategies

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Transport Strategies

4. Freight Management Strategy

• Restricted delivery times

• Use of small and medium size vehicles with modern emission controls

• Develop Freight Terminals/warehouses

• Relocation of wholesale markets to the periphery

• Construction of bypasses

Unregulated loading and unloading of freight traffic add congestion on the

roadways.

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Transport Strategies

5. Parking Management Strategy

• Development of a parking strategy is necessary in order to shape

the framework for the future provision, management and

maintenance of parking facilities

• Development of Parking Strategy is based on an understanding of

the parking supply and demand position in City

Parking strategies to be considered for any city include

• Restriction of on - street parking

• Parking Pricing

• Off Street parking facilities 29

Transport Strategies

Road Markings SignagesIntersection

Improvements

Traffic

Separator/

Channelizer

Traffic Calming

TechniquesDelineators

Footpath

Repair Works

Signalization of

Intersections

One Way

Streets

Road

Rectification -

Patch Repair

Resurfacing/

Strengthening

of Road Stretch

Speed Limits

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Transport Strategies

Refer to Traffic Engineering and Management Module for details on traffic engineering measures

6. Traffic Engineering Measures

7. Demand Management Strategies

• To increase public transport modal shares,

additional demand management

interventions need to be implemented

• Congestion Pricing - mobility management

strategy to reduce traffic congestion.

• Demand Management through restricted

parking supply or imposing restriction of

vehicles

Parking Control

Congestion Pricing

Refer to Traffic Engineering and Management Module for details on travel demand management measures

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Transport Strategies

A clear implementation strategy for the Plan needs to be in place

along with clear phasing of schemes and initiatives.

Projects may be classified as

• Long Term Proposals

• Medium Term Proposals

• Short Term Proposals

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Proposals / Projects

Transport Planning Process

Long Term Proposals

• Mass Transit Systems

• Metro / LRT / Mono Rail

• Suburban Rail

• BRT

• Intermodal Stations

• Truck Terminals & Intercity Bus Terminals

• Elevated Roads

• Freight Corridors

• Missing Roadway Links 33

Long term proposals have to undergo Alternate Analysis process

Projects

• Off-street Parking Facilities

• Flyovers

• Pedestrian Subways

• ROBs / RUBs

• Intelligent Transport Systems

The medium term proposals are those whose effectiveness last up

to 10 years

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ProjectsMedium term Term Proposals

• Pedestrian Infrastructure

• Bicycle Network and Infrastructure

• Pedestrian Zones

• Demand Management Strategies

• Parking Management

• Junction Improvements

The short-term proposals include those schemes whose usefulness might last up to a maximum of 5 years

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Projects

Short term Term Proposals

Alternative Analysis

• Alternatives analyses, explores the different

alternatives

• It aids the decision maker, in identifying tangible and

intangible costs and benefits.

• Well-organized management of overall evaluation

results are important in planning outputs

• An important aspect of this process is public

engagement and participation. 36

Transport Planning Process

• AA is about finding best alternative to solve transport and

related problems in a corridor or sub area

• Is not a feasibility study

• Identifies the best solution from various options

Definition - AA

1. Alternative Analysis follows comprehensive planning

2. Alternate Analysis is done for a corridor or a sub – area

3. Planning horizon for AA is usually 15 years

4. AA evaluates a number of feasible solutions for the

corridor/sub area and identifies the best solution37

Alternative Analysis

How is AA done?

Process consists of 10 steps• Set Goals and Objectives

• Set up Steering Committee

• Review Technical issues, Data, Models

• Define Scope of Services

• Framing the Analysis

• Identification of Alternatives (Conceptual)

• Final Definition of Alternatives

• Public Review Process

• Evaluation

• Selection of Preferred Alternative38

Alternative Analysis - Toolkits and Guidelines; MoUD

Alternative Analysis

Institution and Capacity Building• Focus on establishing a central nodal authority (UMTA)

responsible for all transport initiatives and planning for million

plus cities

• A capacity building program needs to be in place to enhance the

subject knowledge of the personnel involved in planning

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Transport Planning Process

… now let us understandComprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)

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Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)

• Long term vision of desirable mobility patterns for a city

• Provides strategy and policy measures to achieve the vision

• Follows NUTP, which emphasizes NMT measures, PT systems and sustainable systems

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Role of a CMP

Appraisal for Funding (JNNURM)

Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Approval of CMP from MoUD

Alternative Analysis

DPR level 1 (Feasibility Study)

DPR level 2 (Detailed Design)

Implementation

City Development

Plan

Existing Comprehensive Traffic & Transport Study

Master Plan

Source: CMP Preparation Toolkit - Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development in Medium Sized Cities in India – MoUD/ADB

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• Provides vision for future transport in accordance with the

NUTP

• Defines corridors of movements

• Focuses on moving people

• Identifies projects that achieve the vision

• Establishes Service Level Benchmarks

• Identifies phasing and block costs of the project

What does a CMP do?

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• Define the final system configuration of a corridor

• Conduct feasibility analysis of projects

• Detail cost estimates

• Locate Stations and size them

• Detail traffic engineering plans, including one-ways, etc.

• Include Alternate Analysis

• Include DPR

What does a CMP NOT do?

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Comparison of CMP with other Studies

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Steps involved in conducting a CMP

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• Evaluate existing scenario - Collect Data and List problems

• Forecast future transport scenario - Develop Transport Demand Model

• Set up Vision and Goals - Set up measurable Bench Marks / Targets

• Formulate strategies for development -Evaluate strategies

• Develop Mobility Plan - Long term schemes

-Medium term schemes

-Short term schemes

• Prepare Implementation Plan - Block costs

- Phasing

• Establish Service Level Benchmarks

• Recommend an Institutional frame work

Service Level Benchmarks

SLB a tool used by public entities to make

more informed decisions regarding the

performance

• Make comparisons internally and with other

organizations/entities

• Improve performance using the lessons

learned through this comparison process.

• In all the CMP Studies, SLB is made

Mandatory by the Ministry

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1. Public Transport facilities

2. Pedestrian Infrastructure

facilities

3. NMT facilities

4. Level of Usage of ITS facilities

5. Travel speed along major

corridors

6. Availability of Parking Spaces

7. Road Safety

8. Pollution levels

9. Integrated Land Use

Transport System

10. Financial Sustainability of PT by Bus

SLB Indicators - 1

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Service Level Benchmark Indicators to be identified

Public Transport facilities

Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area Extent of Supply / Availability of Public Transport Service Coverage of Public Transport in the city (Bus route

network density) Average waiting time for Public Transport users Level of Comfort in Public Transport (Crowding) Percentage Fleet as per Urban Bus Specifications

Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities

Signalized intersection delay (%) Street Lighting (Lux) Percentage of City Covered with footpaths (wider than 1.2 mtrs)

Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) facilities

NMT Coverage (% network covered) Encroachment on NMT roads by Vehicle parking (%) NMT parking facilities at Interchanges (%)

Level of Usage of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) facilities

Availability of Traffic Surveillance System Passenger Information System (PIS) Usage of Global Positioning System Signal Synchronization Integrated Ticketing System Signalized intersection

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Service level Benchmark Indicators to be identified

Travel speed (motorized and mass transit) along major corridors

Average Travel speed of Personal vehicles (Kmph) Average Travel speed of Public Transport (Kmph)

Availability of Parking spaces Availability of paid public parking spaces (%) Difference in Maximum and Minimum Parking Fee in the City

Road Safety Fatality rate per lakh population Fatality rate for pedestrian and NMT (%)

Pollution levels Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

Integrated Land Use Transport System

Population Density - Gross (Persons / Developed Area in hectare)

Mixed Land use on Major Transit Corridors/Network (% non residential area)

Intensity of Development city wide - (Floor Space Index - Master Plan/DP)

Intensity of development along transit corridor Clear pattern and Complete network Area under roads (%) Proportion of network having exclusive ROW for Transit

Financial Sustainability of Public Transport by bus

Extent of Non-fare Revenue (%) Staff /bus ratio Operating Ratio

SLB Indicators - 2

A Case Study on CMP…..

Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Tirupati

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Primary Data Collection

Sl. No. Name of the Survey Quantity1 Road Network Inventory Major roads2 Screen line Volume Count Survey 153 Turning Volume count survey 104 Bus stop Boarding and alighting survey 24 Bus stops

5Passenger in and out count / OD survey - Railway station

5 stations

6 Pedestrian Counts – mid blocks 10 locations7 Pedestrian Counts – junctions 10 Locations8 Outer Cordon Traffic Counts 99 Speed and Delay Survey Major corridors

10 O – D Survey ( Including Goods Vehicles) 911 Bus Occupancy Survey 1512 Household Interview Survey 2500 samples13 IPT Operator survey 10 samples14 NMT Opinion survey 50 samples15 Parking duration survey ( On street ) 816 Parking Duration survey ( Off street) 517 Truck Operator survey 10 samples

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Model Development

Number of Internal zones-130Number of External zones – 7Total zones - 137

Number of Nodes – 752Number of links – 1077Total Road length – 1177 Km

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Number of city Bus Routes – 14Number of Share auto routes - 5

Population Projection2011 2021 2031

1,041,557 1,275,695 1,516,421

Targets – Bench Marks

Index Formulation Existing Target

Average Speed of Network

Average Running Speed for all vehicles 17 30

Walkabilty (Footpath Length in Km /Road length in Km)x100 22% 100%

Cyclability (Cycle track Length in Km/Road length in Km)x100 0% 50%

Fatality (2010) No of fatalities/lakh population 7 0

IPT Index No of registered IPT vehicles / lakh population 760 500

Modal Share of PT Motorized Public Transport Trips/Total Study Area Trips 27% 50%

Modal Share of NMT NMT Trips/Total Trips 32% 50%

Accessibility (Work trips with Travel Time less than 15 min/ Total Trips) 16% 40

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NMT Proposals

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Elevated walk way from APSRTC Bus stand to Railway station

From Railway station to Govindaraja Swamy Temple

Walk ways on - Tiruchanur Road / Alipiri bypass Road /

Chandragiri Road / Kapila Theertham Road

•Cycle tracks with effective width of 2m on all major roads •Foot paths on major roads

PT Proposals

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Hop On – Hop Off Bus service connecting all Temples Commuter Rail – Guntur and Chittoor

•Mono Rail connecting Tirumala and Tirupati • BRT – Chandra Giri & Srikalahasthi

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Way Forward• An integrated holistic approach to transport planning is required that

• Reduces the number of vehicles on the road• Enhances public transport system• Ensures effective traffic management measures to maximize

throughput of people and not vehicles• Adopts clean fuel technology in reducing air pollution

• Need for a Comprehensive Urban Transport Act to address all the current issues, priorities and all modes• The Act must be consistent and aligned to NUTP principles

• Need for a standardized Data Management Center• Institutional reforms and Capacity Building initiatives are needed• Identify certain new policies and bring in Policy Reforms in

Transportation

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Thank You!

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