urban renewal

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEED, IMPORTANCE

AND APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN

RENEWAL IN INDIAN CONTEXT.

VENKATESH.R.K

VIth SEMESTER, B.Arch

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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEED, IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION OF

SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL IN INDIAN CONTEXT.

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Abstract:

The world is becoming increasingly urban, and more so in the developing countries. The sudden

outburst in the urban population without proper infrastructure and resources can lead to devastating

results. True wealth of cities is found in the progressive endogenous development of assets such as

cultural heritage, human resources and urban infrastructure rather than in soliciting outside capital.

Apart from the planning interventions a suitable mechanism needs to be worked out to monitor the

development of physical and social infrastructure. The need of the hour is to academically establish

an understanding and identifying the suitable indicators for sustainable urban renewal. Cities are

potential engines of economic growth for their countries, as well as celebrations of collective human

hope, imagination and efforts. While cities in the developed world are readjusting to post-industrial

economies and shrinking populations at this time in history, cities in the developing world are

swelling with rural-urban migrations and squatter areas alongside rising prosperity. At either end of

the spectrum, there is pressure for cities to engage in the global economy just as new information

and communication technologies make it increasingly easy to do so. Cities now compete for financial

investments, multinational companies and talented human resources, all of which that are becoming

increasingly mobile across the global stage. In India there is an amazing amalgamation of

infrastructure from several centuries in form of haphazardly built layers of urban fabric under which

the common urbanite of India feels suffocated and crushed. Unlike their western counterparts the

Indian urban settlements never had the fortune (or the misfortune) of being reduced as ruins of war

and thereby necessitating the need for fresh development and renewal.



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Hence the international conceptions of renewal and redevelopment require a fresh improvisation in

Indian context. Over the past two decades, India has made sustained progress on a scale, size and

pace that is unprecedented in its own history. A low-income country with mass poverty at the time of

Independence in 1947, India now has a diminishing pool of very poor people and is poised to cross

the threshold to join the ranks of the world’s middle-income countries. Over the past 62 years, the

country has been successful on a number of fronts. The city slums and the inadequate and over

strained urban facilities are manifestations of the migration of the poor and the poverty in villages.

Tackling this problem of urban inadequacies and facilitating the lives of the urban poor into one of

comfort will only encourage further migration. The solution to the urban poverty lies in the villages.

Pouring vast sums of money in the cities for improving the lives of urban poor and finding them jobs

would be treating the symptoms instead of the malaise. It is in this context the government should

work for the development of rural segment as an overall national economic strategy. As Kemp

Ronald Hope Sr. Says in his book Development in the Third World "rural development means the far

reaching transformation of social and economic institutions, structure, relationships, and processes in

any rural area.

Keywords: Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure, Sustainable Urban Renewal, JNNURM,

Stream: Urban Economics and Sociology

Paper: An Introduction to the Need, Importance and Application of Sustainable Urban Renewal in

Indian context.

Done by: Venkatesh.R.K, Sem 6.

Definitions:

* The clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums.

* Programs to revitalize old, blighted sections of inner cities.

* The redevelopment or rehabilitation of real property in a city, usually as the result of a

cooperative effort by private developers and local government.

* The procedure of condemning private land as a blighted area and having it torn down and

rebuilt.



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SYNOPSIS:

Introduction

History

Municipal governments

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act

The Municipal Corporation

The Kolkata model

Municipal councils

Local government functions

The National Urban Renewal Mission

Importance

Need & Background

Contextual backdrop

Need for Urban Sector Development

Investment Requirements in the Urban Sector

Need for Reform Initiatives

Harnessing the Potential of Reforms in Urban Infrastructure

Need for National-Level Reform-Linked Investments

Need for Sustainable Infrastructure Development

Need for Efficiency Enhancement



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Rationale for the JNNURM

Government Initiative

Application

Mission Statement

Objectives of the Mission

Scope of the Mission

Strategy of the Mission

Duration of the Mission

Expected outcomes of JNNURM

References



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Introduction:

India, like many other regions, has always had local councils of some sort, the mechanisms in

existence today are rooted in the period during which it was a colony of the United Kingdom. A

major foundation of the British roots of Indian local government was Lord Ripon’s resolution of May,

1882, on the subject of local self-government covering the structure and establishment of local

bodies, their functions, finances and powers. This is the root of local self-government in post-

Independence India. In the context of the Indian Constitution, local government bodies are the

subject of the State List and are thereby governed by State Statutes, or in the case of Union

Territories, by the Union Parliament. Federal recognition of local government was substantively

expressed in the 74th Constitution Amendment Act of 1992. Local government was generally not a

level that was maintained with commitment and sufficiently empowered in the post-Independence

era. For that reason, it could be said that even by 2004, the state of West Bengal distinguished itself

by its commitment to having regular local elections once the current ruling party of West Bengal

came to power in the 1970s. In other states, these bodies were frequently superseded for long

periods by state governments. West Bengal’s commitment to local government in fact had an

important role to play in the national recognition accorded local government. Its commitment

inspired the 74th Amendment Act that formerly gave constitutional recognition to local government.

History:

1. Municipal governments: Evolution from the British era: The first municipal mechanism created

during British rule was the Municipal Corporation introduced in Madras (Chennai today) in 1688,

which was followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai today) and Calcutta (Kolkata

today) by 1762. Subsequently, Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870 called for the introduction of an

elected President in the municipalities. The current form and structure of municipal bodies is based

on Lord Ripon’s Resolution on local self-government adopted in 1882. Since then the structure of

municipal bodies has essentially remained the same, even though the urban areas multiplied along

with their increasingly complex problems.

2. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: The 1992 Act provided for the Twelfth Schedule which

listed the functions of urban local units, along with their planning, regulation and development

powers. It made provision for ward committees in areas exceeding 300,000 and the specification of

the powers and responsibilities of municipal units and the ward committees. There is a requirement



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made therein for the holding of timely periodical elections and for the reconstitution of a municipal

government within six months, should it be dissolved for any reason.

3. The Municipal corporation (Mayor and councilors): This model is also known as the Commissioner

system, taking its name from the role of the city administrator who is generally a state-appointed

officer. In such a system the Mayor in the Municipal Corporation is usually chosen through indirect

election by the councilors from among themselves for a term of one year, which is renewable.

4. The Kolkata model: An alternative model to the prevailing Commissioner model is the one

implemented in Kolkata, West Bengal. This model was introduced in 1984 and is known as the

Mayor-in-Council form of city governance that can be described as a cabinet government replicating

the formula operating at the state and national levels. This system is composed of a Mayor and a

ten-member cabinet with individual portfolios chosen from among the elected councilors (in the

context of Kolkata there are 141 wards in a single member ward system, rather than a multiple

member ward system). It is in essence a hybrid between a mayor-council CAO system and the

integrated federated framework. The Municipal Commissioner serves as the Principal Executive

Officer subject to the control and supervision of the Mayor as the Chief Executive Officer in this

model.

5. Municipal councils: Municipal Councils are units designated for smaller areas than the Municipal

Corporations. State statutes govern Municipal Councils. The Municipal Council, the President elected

by the councillors from among themselves, the Committees and the Executive/Chief Officer

constitute the structure of this type of municipal government. The size of each Municipal Council

varies from state to state, with the municipal acts prescribing both the maximum and the minimum

number of councillors with terms in office varying from three to five years. In some states the

council Presidents is elected directly by the citizens. In a number of states the term of the President

varies from one to three years and is not coterminous with that of the council.

6. Local government functions: All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and

responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government. These are divided into two

categories, obligatory or discretionary.

Obligatory functions include: supply of pure and wholesome water; construction and maintenance

of public streets; lighting and watering of public streets; cleaning of public streets, places and

sewers; regulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practices;



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maintenance or support of public hospitals; establishment and maintenance of primary schools;

registration of births and deaths; removing obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges

and other places; and naming streets and numbering houses.

Discretionary functions include: Laying out of areas; securing or removal of dangerous buildings or

places; construction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses,

leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for women; and public buildings; planting and

maintenance of roadside and other trees; housing for low income groups; conducting surveys;

organizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainment; provision of transport

facilities with the municipality; promotion of welfare of municipal employees.

7. The National Urban Renewal Mission: In urban areas in the post-1992 Act era there remains a

need for coordination between the various agencies that operate in the same environment. Ramesh

Ramanathan encapsulated the confusion and patent lack of coordination that can result thereby in

his article in the Financial Express entitled “Too many cooks in the urban services kitchen”. Such

agencies are rooted in India’s pre-Independence era, and there remains the requirement that there

be developed some coherence with clear demarcation of responsibilities and accountability; or in

the alternative that some of these agencies be consolidated with urban government. In December,

2005, a National Urban Renewal Mission (NURM) was announced, which calls for the creation of

other arrangements for improving service delivery, which may also affect the environment by adding

even more confusion to the situation preceding it. The goal of NURM, however, is to upgrade urban

infrastructure and to further reform the urban situation. The centrally devised program has

identified over 60 Indian cities for the improvement program.

Importance:

While improving the urban infrastructure is very much essential, it cannot be at the expense of

development of rural side. While launching long ago the Rs.1 lakh-crore Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission aimed at improving the urban infrastructure and urban basic services in over

60 cities, our Prime Minister lamented at the continued failure "to address the needs of the poor

such as drinking water supply, sanitation, housing and social services to an increasing share of urban

population.

There is relentless and rapid urbanization and the faster proliferation of slums, urban poverty,

joblessness and crime. We feel the need for providing the urban poor the land rights at affordable



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rates. These sound good and are perhaps very necessary. But there is another side to this chronic

problem that has to be tackled differently. The migration of lakhs of rural people from villages to the

cities swelling the populations has been there ever since the industrialization of the country

commenced but is more pronounced since the liberalization process was ushered in early Nineties.

Such an internal migration can be considered as a natural phenomenon where the surplus labor is

lured from the villages to provide the much needed manpower for urban industrial growth. This can

also be viewed as socially beneficial because people were being shifted from locations where their

earnings were poor and living conditions harsh to places where life could be easier and more

comfortable.

But this has not happened as was expected. The urban growth is much more than what it can absorb

and provide jobs. The percentage of urban population to the total which was 26% in 1991 (Census

2001) is expected to grow to almost near 50% by 2030.It is pertinent to note that all this growth is

not scattered in smaller cities adjacent to the villages but largely to the bigger and metropolitan

cities. This is sure to result in urban centers breaking in their seams setting in the decay process

sooner or later. Such urbanization has already brought in its wake significant social, economic, and

political problems. A large army of jobless, illiterate unskilled men provide a hunting ground for

undesirable groups to recruit. It is just not possible to sustain urban development despite all good

intentions and investment of money for infrastructure to meet such a stupendous growth. The

liberalization that has been ushered since early Nineties has been urban-centric and that too in

selected places and sectors where the demand is only for those with skills.

Investors, particularly foreign, are choosy about the places and the type industry where they wish to

invest. They are not concerned about equitable development across the country. IT industry crowd

only around a few places and is not spread out in the interior parts. The service sector too is

naturally prone to big cities. Even auto industries tend to cluster around big metropolitan cities.

Close to ports. The opening of the economy has not helped growth of the vital agrarian sector and

this segment is lagging considerably behind the services and manufacturing segments. There has

been no foreign investment in agricultural and farm sectors resulting in very limited opportunities to

the rural unemployed. The trade liberalization without a corresponding emphasis on the rural sector

is forcing lakhs off their lands, and the livelihoods of small farmers and landless laborers are put in

great jeopardy. Although poor people in such marginal environments have an astonishing capacity to

cope with hunger and poverty there is a limit beyond which the suffering cannot be endured.

Landless, jobless and with no social security, they look for greener pastures in the cities based mostly

on hearsay and shift in large numbers to the harsh cities with nothing but high hopes and low skills.

They find later that surviving in cities, finding a shelter to live and a job to earn is much more

difficult. Rural poverty may even appear preferable when they are forced to live in overcrowded city



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slums with no potable water facilities in poor hygienic surroundings leaving behind their long bonds

with villages and its simple people. The unskilled jobs that can be found or generated are far less

than the numbers that migrate. The level of migration to cities has assumed dropsically proportions

that it can no longer be seen as beneficial. They only heighten the unemployment problem in urban

cities depriving at the same time the rural areas of labour force when needed. The emphasis in our

economic growth has been slanted toward the capital and knowledge intensive urban centers.

With 75% of India’s population in villages, it looks unfair to have the lion’s share of the economic

benefits going to the urban regions that house only 25% of the people. The villages of India are not

in the growth picture at all. This lop sided development strategy cannot halt the unprecedented

growth of urban centers and the concomitant slums. The economic experts who shape the destiny of

the country are working to attain an 9% growth but talk very little about the growth of agriculture.

This is never in their radar and its growth is naturally sluggish at a meager 2%. With agricultural

growth on a low key we cannot stop the rural-urban migration and the day is not far when the food

security that we pride ourselves today may also be in danger. Rural labor will become scarce and

urban population will grow unbridled with most remaining jobless or in informal sectors.

The urban explosion is not a sequel to any demand for the unskilled labor in the cities but is the

result of impoverished villages with little avenue for reasonable work throughout the year. Such a

denouement is the result of skewed policies of the government. It places a heavy fiscal burden on

both the central and state governments for providing urban services as can be seen from proposals

like JNNURM. While improving the urban infrastructure is very much essential not only to attract

investors but also to ensure sustained development of the urban areas, it cannot be at the expense

of development of rural side. There is a need for proper balancing of the requirements. It is true the

urban poverty is more visible than the rural one. The city slums and the inadequate and over

strained urban facilities are manifestations of the migration of the poor and the poverty in villages.

Tackling this problem of urban inadequacies and facilitating the lives of the urban poor into one of

comfort will only encourage further migration. The solution to the urban poverty lies in the villages.

Pouring vast sums of money in the cities for improving the lives of urban poor and finding them jobs

would be treating the symptoms instead of the malaise. It is in this context the government should

work for the development of rural segment as an overall national economic strategy.

As Kemp Ronald Hope Sr. Says in his book Development in the Third World "rural development

means the far reaching transformation of social and economic institutions, structure, relationships,

and processes in any rural area. It conceives of the cardinal aim of rural development not simply as

agricultural and economic growth in the narrow sense, but as balanced social and economic



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development- including generation of new employment, equitable distribution of income, wide

spread improvement in health, nutrition and housing, greatly broadened opportunities for all

individuals to realize their full potential through education and a strong voice for all the rural people

in shaping the decisions and actions that affect their lives. The policies of the government should

reflect such an integrated rural development with the money found for this purpose. There should

be a strong commitment to usher policy changes that would secure equitable distribution of land

rights, improvement of agricultural technology and the type of crops to be produced, market pricing

of crops produced by subsistence farmers and transportation networks. The available scant

resources should also take care of rural development concurrently with urban development and

directed at the unemployed. This alone will contain the urban migration to some extent.

Government initiative:

The National Urban Renewal Mission (NURM) is to be a reforms-driven, fast-track, planned

development of identified cities with focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure and services

delivery, community participation, and accountability of local governments towards citizens. India's

long-neglected cities, with their poor infrastructure and quality of life that falls far short of global

benchmarks, could get a boost with an outlay of Rs 55 billion ($1.25 billion) for urban renewal in the

national budget. The National Urban Renewal Mission is part of a $30-billion mega-blueprint

coordinated by the Planning Commission, under a mandate from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,

and covers some 60 cities over the next five years, officials said. Apart from seven mega-cities, the

mission will cover around 30 others with a population of over one million, while the rest are

important urban centers with crumbling infrastructure and sizeable population. The seven mega-

cities are New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Ahmedabad. The

projects could include urban metro rail systems like those proposed for Mumbai and Bangalore and

the expressways in National Capital Territory and express sea-links as in India's financial capital,

officials added. In addition to covering physical infrastructure in cities like water, lighting, sanitation,

energy and housing, the mission will also require reforms by states in areas like stamp duty, rent

control and repeal of urban land ceiling. The mission would also require commitments on issues like

regulatory framework for civic amenities, accountability standards and e-governance projects for

land records, property tax and issue of automobile licenses, officials said. In his first address to the

nation a month after taking over, Manmohan Singh had mooted a national urban renewal mission,

saying unplanned growth in cities was making life in urban India "a living hell" for many. Such

unplanned growth, Singh said, had contributed to pollution, crime and absence of infrastructure like

access to drinking water, sanitation, roads, sidewalks, public spaces, parks and greenery. The center

is expected to contribute over a third of the investment, while the rest is expected to be generated

by concerned states, as also from local bodies and financial institutions. The Rs 5,500 crore



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budgetary allocation made for the National Urban Renewal Mission 2005-06 includes a grant

component of Rs 1,650 crore.



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Need & Background:

Contextual backdrop:

(1) Need for Urban Sector Development: According to the 2001 census, India has a population of

1027 million with approximately 28per cent or 285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of

the liberalization policies adopted by the Government of India is expected to increase the share of

the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total population by the year 2021. It is

estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute about 65 per cent of gross domestic

product (GDP). However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of

infrastructure services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power,

telecom, roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as

sanitation and solid waste management.

(2) Investment Requirements in the Urban Sector: It is estimated that over a seven-year period, the

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)1 would require a total investments of Rs. 1,20,536 crores. This includes

investment in basic infrastructure and services, that is, annual funding requirement of Rs. 17,219

crores. It is well recognized that in order to fructify these investments, a national level initiative is

required that would bring together the State Governments and enable ULBs catalyze investment

flows in the urban infrastructure sector.



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Need for Reform Initiatives:

(1) Harnessing the Potential of Reforms in Urban Infrastructure: While several reform initiatives have

being taken e.g. the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act and model municipal law, there is potential

for further reform-oriented steps in order to meet the development objectives. Reform initiatives

also need to be taken further and articulated by the State Governments in order to create an

investor-friendly environment.

(2) Need for National-Level Reform-Linked Investments: There is a need to integrate the reform

initiatives and scale up the effort to catalyze investment in urban infrastructure across States in the

country. There is a felt need to set up an initiative that will provide reform-linked assistance to State

Governments and ULBs in the country.

(3) Need for Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Another crucial aspect requiring immediate

attention is that physical infrastructure assets created in urban areas have generally been

languishing due to inadequate attention and/or improper O&M. The fiscal flows to the sector have

laid emphasis only on the creation of physical assets. Not much effort has been made either to

manage these assets efficiently or to achieve self-sustainability. It is therefore necessary that a link

be established between asset creation and management, as both are important components for

ensuring sustained service delivery. This is proposed to be secured through an agenda of reforms.

(4) Need for Efficiency Enhancement: Concurrent with statutory reforms, such as the enactment of a

model municipal law, reduction in stamp duty, repeal of the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act,

1976 (ULCRA) etc., there is an urgent need to take measures to enhance efficiencies in urban service

deliveries.

Rationale for the JNNURM:

(1) National Common Minimum Program of the Government of India: The National Common

Minimum Program attaches the highest priority to the development and expansion of physical

infrastructure. Accordingly, it is proposed to take up a comprehensive program of urban renewal and

expansion of social housing in towns and cities, paying attention to the needs of slum dwellers.



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(2) Commitment to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: The Millennium Development

Goals commit the international community, including India, to an expanded vision of development

as a key to sustaining social and economic progress. As a part of its commitment to meet the

Millennium Development Goals, the Government of India proposes to: (i) facilitate investments in

the urban sector; and (ii) strengthen the existing policies in order to achieve these goals.

(3) Need for a Mission-led Initiative: Since cities and towns in India constitute the second largest

urban system in the world, and contribute over 50 per cent of the country’s GDP, they are central to

economic growth. For the cities to realize their full potential and become effective engines of

growth, it is necessary that focused attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure.

Application:

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission-

1. Mission Statement: The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of

identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms,

community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parasternal agencies towards citizens.

2. Objectives of the Mission:

(1) The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban

(a) Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under

(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of

reforms for long-term project sustainability;.

(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;

(d) Planned development of identified cities including per-urban areas, outgrowths and urban

corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;

(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to

the urban poor;

(f ) Special focus on urban renewal program for the old city areas to reduce congestion; and

(g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices,

improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal

services of the government for education, health and social security.



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3. Scope of the Mission:

The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, namely:

(1) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance: This will be administered by the Ministry

of Urban Development through the Sub- Mission Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and

Governance. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on infrastructure projects relating to water

supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and

redevelopment of old city areas with a view to upgrading infrastructure therein, shifting industrial

and commercial establishments to conforming areas, etc.

(2) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: This will be administered by the Ministry of

Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation through the Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to

the Urban Poor. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on integrated development of slums

through projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities with a view to

providing utilities to the urban poor.

4. Strategy of the Mission:

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy:

(1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City Development

Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programs and strategies, and financing plans.

(2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) / parasternal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for

undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is essential that projects are planned in a manner

that optimizes the life-cycle cost of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital

outlays and the attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A

revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets created, over the

planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance, projects would need to be developed in a

manner that would ensure and demonstrate optimization of the life-cycle costs over the planning

horizon of the project.

(3) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance would serve to

catalyze the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector across the country. Funds from

the Central and State Government will flow directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as

grants-in-aid. The funds for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the

ULB/Parasternal agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or



18

grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional resources from other

sources.

(4) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimize the life-cycle costs over the

planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in development, management,

implementation and financing of projects, through Public Private Partnership (PPP)

5. Duration of the Mission:

The duration of the Mission would be seven years beginning from the year 2005-06. Evaluation of

the experience of implementation of the Mission would be undertaken before the commencement

of Eleventh Five Year Plan and if necessary, the program calibrated suitably.

6. Expected Outcomes of the JNNURM:

On completion of the Mission period, it is expected that ULBs and parasternal agencies will have

achieved the following:

(1) Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financial management systems designed and

adopted for all urban service and governance functions

(2) City-wide framework for planning and governance will be established and become operational

(3) All urban residents will be able to obtain access to a basic level of urban services

(4) Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governance and service delivery will be established,

through reforms to major revenue instruments

(5) Local services and governance will be conducted in a manner that is transparent and accountable

(6) E-governance applications will be introduced in core functions of ULBs/Parasternal resulting in

reduced cost and time of service delivery processes.



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References:

1. Official site of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission - http://jnnurm.nic.in/

2. World Bank - http://www.worldbank.org.in/

3. Official site of NIUA (National Institute of Urban Affairs) - http://www.niua.org/

3. Blog - http://cityrenewal.blogspot.com/

4. "Urban renewal mission may not arrest urban migration" By: K Parthasarathi. (July 26, 2007)

5. "Urban local government in India-carries characteristics of its colonial heritage out of step with its

current needs" http://pakistanpal.wordpress.com

6. "For the people, by diktat" By Vinay Baindur (05 September 2005)

Images courtesy: Deviant Art - http://deviantart.com

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