Blood Guided Notes Name:__________________________

What is the function of blood?

What is blood made of?

____________________________(~55% TOTAL VOLUME)

· ~92% _____________________

· ~7% _______________________

· Albumin (osmotic balance)

· Fibrinogen (clotting)

· Antibodies (immune)

· Hormones (regulation)

· ~1% _______________________________

· Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane permeability)

· Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)

· Oxygen

· Carbon dioxide

________________________ (~44% TOTAL VOLUME)

· aka red blood cells

· tiny!

· lack a nucleus, have few organelles

· contain hemoglobin – an iron-containing protein that reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of CO2)

How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their function?

____________________________ (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)

· aka white blood cells

· fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer

· can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – _____________________________

· summoned to damaged areas by ____________________, move by ___________________ motion

Leukocyte Types

· ________________________ – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually shaped nuclei

· Neutrophils – phagocytes; abundant during bacterial infection

· Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy attacks

· Basophils - assist in inflammatory response

· ________________________ – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei

· Lymphocytes – most numerous; include B and T cells; produce antibodies and attack infected cells

· Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens

__________________ (<1% TOTAL VOLUME)

· cell fragments

· involved in blood clotting

Review 2: Structure and Function

Identify the component of blood that transports each material, and justify your response!

· Water

· Oxygen

· Carbon dioxide

· Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)

· Electrolytes

· Hormones

· Immune cells

· HEAT!!

Review 3: Compare and Contrast

Compare & contrast the structure and function of erythrocytes and leukocytes

Hemostasis

____________________ is the process of ___________________________

· Occurs when small blood vessel (capillary) is damaged

· Clot seals the blood vessel until the it regenerates

· Occurs in just 3-6 minutes

Three major events occur, all beginning the moment the vessel is damaged:

1) ________________________________________

2) _______________________________________

3) ________________________________________

What is the recommended way to treat a bleeding wound (until you see a doctor)? Why?

Never remove gauze or a bandage from an actively bleeding wound. Why?

How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback? Which part(s) of the process best exemplify positive feedback?

Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots

A _________________is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue death.

An __________________ is a blood clot that forms then breaks away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then lodge in a capillary and block blood flow.

coronary thrombosis

cerebral embolism –

pulmonary embolism

Causes of thrombus

· ________________ to blood vessel or build-up of __________

Both create rough surfaces inside vessel, which may activate platelets

· __________________________________________________

Clotting factors may accumulate

Immobility increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis in legs!

Blood thinners (such as warfarin, aspirin, and heparin) can be used to prevent thrombus

Aspirin – blocks thromboxane

______________________________________________________________________________

Wafarin – blocks production of certain clotting factors

______________________________________________________________________________

Heparin – helps inactivate thrombin

_______________________________________________________________________________

Hemostatic Disorders – Hemophilia

Causes

· _______________________________________________________________________________

· Recessive sex-linked trait (more common in men)

Symptoms

· Prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries

· Excessive bruising

· Bruised and swollen joints

· Excessive clumsiness and falling

Treatment

· Intravenous injection of clotting factors

· Donated plasma

· Synthetic clotting factors

Hematopoiesis

_______________________________________________________________________________________________.

· Occurs in the red bone marrow

Where is this found?

· All blood cells and platelets derive from hemocytoblast stem cells

Erythrocyte lifecycle and production

Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days)

Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream.

Red blood cells life for 3-4 months

Digested by phagocytes

Production is controlled by hormone _________________________________.

Erythropoietin release is stimulated by

__________________________________ ___________________________________.

Why is there no hormone to decrease RBC production?

Why do world-class athletes train at high altitude before major competitions?

Blood Groups

· All cells in the body have genetically-determined _______________________________ on their surface; the combinations of these are unique to each individual and are involved in self / non-self recognition

· Some of these proteins are also ___________________________ – they cause an immune response in individuals that do not posses them

· The proteins (blood factors) that cause the greatest immune response belong to the ABO and Rh groups.

Antigen – Antibody Reactions

· Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune response, including the release of antibodies that bind to and attack them

· Where are antigens found?

· Surface of pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, etc.)

· Vaccines (that’s why they work!)

· Allergens (e.g. pollen, dust, etc.)

· Cancer cells (foreign b/c cell has mutated)

· Transplanted tissue / organs

· Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that bind to and destroy antigens. Antibodies are specific to certain antigens

Agglutination

· When antibodies bind to RBCs, they cause ________________________ or clumping

Why is this bad?

· Initially, clumps clog small capillaries, causing pain and reduced blood flow

· Later, RBCs that are bound to the antibodies lyse or break open, releasing hemoglobin into the blood – which can cause kidney failure

ABO blood group

The Rh blood group

· The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D”

· People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens.

· Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be __________________to the D antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second time.

Blood Types

Our ‘blood type’ is the combination of the antigens from the ABO and Rh groups – the two groups of antigens that cause the strongest immune response.

What blood type do you have if you have D antigens only?

If you have A- blood, what type(s) of antigens do you have? What type(s) of antibodies?

Blood Type Compatibility

The key to transfusions:

You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune system will attack that blood.

Blood Type

Can donate to

Can receive from

A+

 

 

A-

 

 

B+

 

 

B-

 

 

AB+

AB-

O+

O-

What type is the universal donor?

What type is the universal recipient?

Blood Type Compatibility & Pregnancy

· For the most part, blood type compatibility is NOT a problem during pregnancy because the blood of the baby and the blood of the mom do not mix.

· However, _____________________________________________ can face serious risks because the mother’s Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the babies blood.

· There are often no problems to the first Rh+ baby carried by an Rh- mom… why?

· If the mom becomes pregnant with a ____________ Rh+ baby, her immune

system will attack the baby’s blood, causing brain damage or death to

the fetus.

· This can be prevented by giving the mother medicine that prevents her

from developing antibodies against Rh antigens.

Blood Typing

_______________________ is a solution that contains antibodies against a specific antigen (i.e. antiserum A contains type A antibodies).

Blood type is determined by adding antiserum A, B, and D to blood and observing whether or not agglutination occurs.

What does an agglutination reaction with a certain antiserum mean?

Genetics Refresher

We have two versions – or ___________________ – of every gene. One inherited from our mom, one from our dad.

The two alleles (___________________) interact to determine our trait (____________________) in predictable ways.

· Some alleles are ___________________, some are _____________________. Dominant genes show their trait and ‘cover up’ recessive genes.

· IA (A) and IB (B) are dominant to i (O).

· D (+) is dominant to d (–)

· Some alleles are ________________________. This means both alleles fully express their trait.

· IA and IB are codominant with each other

Genotype to Phenotype

What blood type will result from each genotype?

1. IAiDD

2. iidd

3. IB IB Dd

4. IA IB dd

5. IB iDd

Phenotype to Genotype

What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?

1. A+

2. AB-

3. O-

4. B+

Other important vocab –

____________________________ – both alleles for one gene are the same (e.g. ii)

____________________________ – the two alleles for one gene are different (e.g. Iai)

Punnett Squares

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses