update on pervious concrete performance eastern...

Update on

Pervious Concrete

Performance Eastern

Washington

Liv Haselbach

Fulbright-ALCOA Distinguished Chair in the

Environmental Sciences and Engineering in Brazil

Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering

Washington State University

[email protected]

Associate Director: CESTiCC

Center for Environmentally Sustainable

Transportation in Cold Climates

And

Thanks to the Husseman Fund from the

Washington State Department of Ecology,

WSU Facility Services

City of Spokane1

2

Pervious concrete can be used for many applications including:

- Parking lots,

- sidewalks,

- low volume roads, and

- there is interest for roadway shoulders to control the roadway runoff.

Traditional Pavement as mainline Permeable Pavement Shoulder

Natural Soil

Open Graded Aggregate Bed

Source of photo: http://www.ephenryecocenter.com

Permeable Pavement Systems!

PERVIOUS CONCRETE IS A STRUCTURED SURFACE PLUS:

Surface Infiltration: Stormwater Flooding Mitigation

Underground Storage (no surface pooling/ponding)

Pollutant Removal: - on top - in ground - in reservoir - to air?

Heat Island Mitigation

Noise Reduction

Safety Benefits 3

Permeable Pavement Systems!

What is the surface?

- Pervious Concrete

- Porous Asphalt

- Permeable Pavers

What depth should the

aggregate bed be?

-For structure (loads)

-For water storage

(runon and storms)

- For frost depth

4

Permeable pavements on slopes?

Remember it is a System

Be careful that the water from surrounding areas (runon) does not flow too fast and overshoot!5

What is Pervious Concrete?

Mixture of :

• Coarse aggregate,

• Cementitious material,

• Admixtures, and

• Water.

• Carefully controlled amounts of water &

cementitious materials are used to create a

paste that forms a thick coating around

aggregate particles without flowing off during

mixing & placing.

6

Unique Structure of Pervious

Concrete

•Vertical Porosity Distribution

• Top Transition Zone

•Micro/Macro Pores

•Connected/Disconnected Pores7

Porosity of Pervious Concrete

•Total Porosity Ranges: ~13%-40%

•Recommended: ~20-25%

•Tortuous (vertical and horizontal flow)

•Compressive Strength(not used for specifying):

Typically 1000-3000 psi. (7-20 Mpa)

8

How is pervious concrete placed?

Concrete Traditional PC

Cement 1 1

Aggregate 3 4+

Water 1/2 ~1/3

Fines 2 ~0

Mixed

Compacted & CoveredCured 7 days

9

Testing Methods

• ASTM c1688-14a Standard Test Method for Density and

Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete

• ASTM c1701-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate

of In Place Pervious Concrete:

• ASTM c1747-13 Standard Test Method for Determining

Potential Resistance to Degradation of Pervious Concrete

by Impact and Abrasion (or ASTMc944 Rotating Abrasion

for traditional concrete)

• ASTM c1754-12 Standard Test Method for Density and

Void Content of Hardened Pervious Concrete

• ISO 17785-1 Testing methods for pervious concrete –

infiltration rate……June 2016

10

ASTM C1701 in Field

11

Older

Placements

in Pullman

•Valley Playfield Walks

•Vetmed Circle

•Sloan Sidewalk12

Site Information and

Runon Areas

Site Pervious Concrete Area

Paved Run-on Sources

Paved Approximate Area Producing Run-on

Total Area Ratio of Total Area to Pervious Concrete Area

Valley Playfield East

4277 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete

2500 ft2 6777 ft2 1.58

Valley Playfield Center

7262 ft2 None Negligible 7262 ft2 1.00

VetMed 2827 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete

4000 ft2 6827 ft2 2.41

Sloan Sidewalk 960 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete

2000 ft2 2960 ft2 3.08

Average 2

Haselbach, L. and Werner, B., Pervious Concrete Performance in Eastern Washington: Surface

Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low Impact Development Conference, Houston Texas, January 2015.

More Placements: PACCAR Parking Lot:

Pervious Concrete, WSU Pullman:

Summer 2015

14

Summary of seven pervious

pavement sites at WSU Pullman

as of Summer 2016

Age (yr) Size (sq.ft.) Mix

VetMed Circle 5 2827 Concrete

Sloan Hall Sidewalk 4 960 Concrete

East Valley Playfields 6 4277 Concrete

Center Valley Playfields 5 7262 Concrete

Allen Center Walk and ADA

Parking5 5924 Asphalt

Community Hall 1 130 Concrete

PACCAR 1 9370 Concrete

15

Pullman Pervious Locations

Site 2014 Average (in/hr)

Winters Experienced by

2014 Testing

2015 Average (in/hr)

Winters Experienced by

2015 TestingValley Playfields East

498 4 178 5

Valley Playfields Center

594 3 no data 4

VetMed Circle 413 3 234 4

ADA Parking Lot (asphalt)

123 3 no data 4

Sloan Hall Sidewalk

513 2 233* 3

Community Hall Sidewalk

1820 0

PACCAR 977 0

16

Locations were not chosen randomly and therefore the numbers may be biased to clogged areas.

*This data point reflects a partial cleaning of the pervious installation.

Prior to cleaning, this value was likely closer to about 190 in/hr.

Haselbach, 2016. Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus,

Final report to Washington State Department of Ecology.

Cleaned Sloan! Woohoo!

• September 2015

•Hose and Nozzle

•Upper ~15 feet

• Lower ~20 feet

• Just as fast now as center portion which has

not been cleaned after 3 winters, but still

functioning well.

17

Sloan Infiltration Testing 2014

Time (Seconds)

Test

location

number

Pre-

wetTest

5 gal

Infiltration Rate

(in/hr)1 gal

1 604 620 12

2 21.6 185.5 198

3 13.33 82.9 444

4 9.43 51.8 710

5 8.96 51.87 709

6 10.61 52.85 696

7 10.61 69.45 530

Haselbach, L. and Werner, B.,

Pervious Concrete Performance in

Eastern Washington: Surface

Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low

Impact Development Conference,

Houston Texas, January 2015.

Sloan Temperature Impacts?

19

Werner, B. and Haselbach, L. Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates

of pervious concrete, under development. J Cold Regions Engr.

Clogging with Time at Sloan

20

Werner, B. and Haselbach, L.(2016) Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates of

pervious concrete, submitted Special Issue on Environmental Sustainability of Transportation Infrastructure in

Cold Climates, ASCE J of Cold Regions Engineering

ASTM C1701 – Alpha and Beta Tests

21

Werner, B. and Haselbach, L. Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates

of pervious concrete, under development. J Cold Regions Engr.

Slope is 1.05 and R2 is 0.97

Community Placement

22

Placement

•Wet the rock before you place the concrete.

23

Placement

• .

24

Placement

• .

Done in seven days!

25

Soil Moisture and Temperature

Sensoring at Community Hall

WSU Case Study Retention

•Why? If we used permeable pavement systems

next to mainlines, what impacts are there on the

soils under the mainlines?

• Frost depth? Soil migration?

• Typical Palouse Clay soils

• Sensors in the neighboring soils

• Pervious concrete sidewalk

•Weather station on top of Sloan

•Opportunity for ‘controlled’ flooding events

26

Community Sidewalk

27

Method: Several soil moisture and temperature sensors are installed in slow draining soils next to a

retention system located in a pervious concrete sidewalk on the Pullman Campus of Washington State

University (with clayey soil) with no underdrains. This portion is for the warm/dry season. The

observation wells can be used for draindown studies.

Existing

Traditional

Concrete

Existing

Traditional

Concrete

New Pervious Concrete

Dam

OW 1

OW: Observation Well

MS: Moisture Sensor Array

Zone A

Zone BZone C

OW 2

Data logger

M.S.A2

M.S.A1

M.S.B2

M.S.B1

M.S.C2

M.S.C1

N

Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review

Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.

Community Sidewalk

28

First set of GPR targets Second set of GPR targets

6 in

6 in

2 ft

6 in 3 ft 3 ft 8 ft 5 ft 6 in 3 ft 3 ft

N



Draindown Test Results from Test 1 on October 17, 2015:

Zone C Observation Well

Time

(minute)

Water

Depth

(in)

Time

(minute)

Water

Depth

(in)

Time

(minute)

Water

Depth

(in)

0 20.25 16.57 16.25 39.42 12.25

0.75 19.75 17.93 15.75 41.67 11.75

1.20 19.25 20.63 15.25 43.32 11.25

3.32 18.75 23.15 14.75 45.40 10.75

5.20 18.25 25.13 14.25 47.03 10.25

10.40 17.75 29.15 13.75 48.33 9.75

13.23 17.25 33.72 13.25 50.73 9.25

15.02 16.75 36.22 12.75 52.03 8.75

29

Haselbach, 2016. Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus, Final report

To Washington State Department of Ecology.

Draindown Results 28 April 2016

30

Summer Neighboring Impacts

Temperature

31



The pavement can get hot and it can warm slightly the top layer of the near soil.

Summer Neighboring Impacts:

Temperature

32



Tends to be a little warmer near the bed in the early summer but cooler later in summer.

Note the impact of the artificial flooding event.

Middle

Deep


Volumetric Water Content

33



WSU Facilities Services keeps a fairly constant soil moisture near the top with irrigation.

The A zone is near a stairwell and may lose moisture.

Shallow


Volumetric Water Content

34

Note how the irrigation and flooding increase soil moisture, but it drains rapidly near the bed.



Middle

Deep


Sensoring at Finch Arboretum

Spokane Case Study Detention

• Porous asphalt parking lot

35


Sensoring at Finch Arboretum

Spokane Case Study Detention

•Mix of soil layers

•Weather station at GEG

36

Finch Results:

Mid Winter: Middle Sensors: VWC

37

Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2017) Impacts of a Detention-Based Permeable Pavement System on

Neighboring Clay Soils under Cold-Wet Weather Conditions, submitted July 6 2016 to TRB

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

12

/30/1

5

1/3

/16

1/7

/16

1/1

1/1

6

1/1

5/1

6

1/1

9/1

6

1/2

3/1

6

1/2

7/1

6

1/3

1/1

6

2/4

/16

2/8

/16

2/1

2/1

6

2/1

6/1

6

2/2

0/1

6

2/2

4/1

6

2/2

8/1

6

Pre

cip

itat

ion (

mm

)

Ab

solu

te V

WC

(m

3/m

3) A12 A22 B12 B22 Rain Snow

VWC never got very high. Sometimes VWC lagged snow events. More moisture farther away than nearer aggregate storage bed.None of the sensors registered below freezing temperatures..

Community Retention:

Winter Temperature

38

Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. Impacts of a Pervious Concrete Retention System on Neighboring Clay Soils,

submitted to ASCE , Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 29 August 2016


Winter Temperature

39




Winter VWC

40




Winter VWC

41



In the deep part of the winter.

Middle:

Near may wet but

drains quickly.

Below:

Near may wet

Some ut drains.

Cleaning Paccar July 7 2016

Performed by Washington State University Facility Services

Photos by Liv Haselbach

Vacuum Truck

For loose gravel and dirt.

Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas

• Pre-wetting

• Powerwashing with Wet Vacuum


•Dislodged Dirt


• Function Restored

Deep Cleaning only for Clogged

Areas

Thank you!

?

48

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