Unsaturated flow at Gardermoen during periods of extreme

high infiltration intensities.

    

Nils-Otto Kitterød,

Thorgeir Holm and Wai Kwok Wong

Department of Hydrology, University of Oslo

2

6670000

6672000

6674000

6676000

6678000

6680000

6682000

612000 614000 616000 618000 620000 622000

UTM-E

UT

M-N

Glacier fronts:TrandumHelgebostadVilbergBråtenDanielseter

Location of boreholes and the four most important glacier fronts.

3

Oslo airport Gardermoen

utm-E

utm-N

616 000 618 000

6672500

6674500

6676500

6678500

614 000

railwayrunways

study area

SW

NE

4

scatter plot of Ks based on d10/d60

1.00E-12

1.00E-11

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

pir

ica

l

Ks

<m

/s>

sampling elevation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

m a.s.l.

f(x)

scatter plot of porosity based on d10/d60

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

pir

ica

l po

ros

ity

5

scatter plot of Ks based on d10/d60

1.00E-12

1.00E-11

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

pir

ical

K

s <

m/s

>

(emp)

Garderm. average (open)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

theta_1

the

ta_

2

Garderm. estim.

Garderm. average

Garderm. Min

Garderm. Max

Gustavson(1983)

Supra symetric average on Gustavson

Supra symetric min. on Gustavson

6

7

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

6670000 6672000 6674000 6676000 6678000 6680000

UTM-N

Em

pir

ical

K

s <m

/s>

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

614000 615000 616000 617000 618000 619000 620000

UTM-E

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-12

1.00E-11

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

piri

cal

Ks

<m/s

>

8

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900

distance from Trandum outlet <m>

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1300 2300 3300 4300 5300 6300 7300

distance from Helgebostad outlet <m>

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

scatter plot of topset Ks

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

depth below terrain <m>

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

9

Histogram of Ks

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00

Ks

N

all

topset

channel

overbank

Histogram of porosity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

porosity

N

all

topset

channel

overbank

0.05

0.07

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.15

0.17

0.19

0.21

0.23

0.25

1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02

ks <m/s>

po

ros

ity

topset

10

scatter plot of Ks

1.00E-12

1.00E-11

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

scatter plot of foreset sand Ks

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900

distance from Trandum outlet <m>

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

11

Histogram of Ks

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00

Ks

N

all

topset

foreset sand

channel

Histogram of porosity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

porosity

N

all

topset

channel

foreset sand

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.20

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02

ks <m/s>

po

ros

ity

foreset sand

12

scatter plot of Ks

1.00E-12

1.00E-11

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

m o.h.

Em

pir

ica

l K

s <

m/s

>

scatter plot of foreset silt Ks

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900

distance from Trandum outlet <m>

<m

a.s

.l.>

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

Em

pir

ical

Ks

<m

/s>

depth below surface

Ks silt

13

Ks

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00

Ks

N

all

topset

foreset sand

channel

foreset silt

porosity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

porosity

N

all

topset

channel

foreset sand

foreset silt

0.05

0.07

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.15

0.17

0.19

0.21

1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06

ks <m/s>

po

ros

ity

foreset_silt

14

Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

sample

van

Gen

uch

ten

s n

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

lam

bd

a =

n -

1

Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10van Genuchten's n

N

all

topset

foreset

15

d25_d75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.1 10.0 1000.0 100000.01/a (air entry pressure) <cm>

N

Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

1.00 10.00

van Genuchten's n

1/a

(air

en

try

pre

ssu

re)

<cm

>

16

Summary of empirical flow parameter data analyses

Ks <m/s> mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 5.49E-04 3.21E-04 1.64E-04 2.76E-04 8.15E-04 1.37E-03foreset_sand 2.83E-04 3.52E-04 2.66E-05 6.73E-05 4.66E-04 1.18E-03foreset_silt 2.38E-08 1.97E-08 4.46E-09 8.91E-09 3.78E-08 7.55E-08

porosity (effective) mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 0.22 0.02 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.25foreset_sand 0.23 0.02 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.26foreset_silt 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.20

van Genuchten's n mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 1.98 0.63 0.73* 1.35 2.60 3.23foreset_sand 4.28 0.56 3.17 3.73 4.84 5.40

* nonphysical value

1/a [cm] mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channelforeset_sand 10.00 5.00 15.00

’Rock’ parameters entered in TOUGH2 for unsaturated flow computations

Most likely' (E{X}) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]

topset sand (top2) 0.28 9.26E-10 9.26E-10 9.26E-11 0.23 2.00 300foreset sand (dip1) 0.28 4.77E-10 4.77E-10 4.77E-11 0.20 3.10 1000foreset silt (dip2) 0.20 4.02E-15 4.02E-15 1.08E-15 0.33 2.10 2000

Min (.025 quantile) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]

topset sand (top2) 0.20 2.57E-10 2.75E-10 2.75E-11 0.08 1.1 100foreset sand (dip1) 0.20 2.25E-10 2.25E-10 2.25E-11 0.04 1.5 500foreset silt (dip2) 0.10 7.52E-16 7.52E-16 2.06E-16 0.25 1.5 1000

Max (.975 quantile) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]

topset sand (top2) 0.40 2.13E-09 2.13E-09 2.13E-10 0.39 2.5 500foreset sand (dip1) 0.40 2.00E-09 2.00E-09 2.00E-10 0.36 4.6 2500foreset silt (dip2) 0.40 1.27E-14 1.27E-14 3.37E-13 0.35 3.6 3000

17

-3.7

-2.7

-1.7

-0.7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

West-East <m>

depth

belo

w s

urf

ace <

m>

-3.7

-2.7

-1.7

-0.7S

-3.7

-2.7

-1.7

-0.7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

West-East <m>

depth

belo

w s

urf

ace <

m>

-3.7

-2.7

-1.7

-0.7H

250 mm/d100 mm/d42 mm/d15 mm/d10 mm/d5 mm/d

NE (grw 11 m)SW (grw 3.7m)

1/ Kh_Kv Ks por Slr vG_n

Total: 672 flow fields

18

19

Søvik and Alfnes et al. (2001) Moreppen tracer test

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

time <days>

brom

ide

<rel

ativ

e co

ncen

trat

ion>

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

br(-2.95m)

br(-3.09m)

42mm/SV/S min

42mm/SV/S max

42mm/SV/H min

42mm/SV/H max

HTO(-2.84m)

HTO(-3.09m)

HTO(-3.30m)

20

Søvik and Alfnes et al. (2001) Moreppen tracer test

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

time <days>

<rel

ativ

e co

ncen

trat

ion>

br(-2.95m)

br(-3.09m)

HTO(-2.84m)

HTO(-3.09m)

HTO(-3.30m)

42mm/SV/S min

42mm/SV/S max

42mm/SV/H min

42mm/SV/H max

0.50

0.20

21

22

23

24

25