university of flensburg/germany international institute of management energy and environmental...
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University of Flensburg/GermanyInternational Institute of Management
Energy and Environmental Management in Developing Countries
(former SESAM) MEng (Industrial Engineering)
[email protected]/sesam
Energy in Germany
Presentation atUWI
Jamaica.2009
August Schläpfer Wulf Boie
Energy Consumption in Germany
• The German economy is large and developed– Fifth in the world by GDP
• Germany consumed the fifth most energy per capita in the world in 2004
• In 2007, Germany consumed 472 million tons of coal equivalents
• The consumption is divided up as follows:– Mineral oils 33.8%– Natural gas 22.7%– Hard Coal 14.1%– Nuclear energy 11.1%– Lignite11.7%– Renewables6.6%
http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/p/pri-con-ger.htm
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
Energy Imports
• Germany depends on energy imports higher than the average EU-27
• Electricity generation is based primarily on coal and nuclear energy, with growing shares of natural gas and renewable sources
• 2004 Net Imports Imports by Energy Product
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/mix/mix_de_en.pdf
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act: Guaranteed Purchase of Renewable Energy
Private InvestorsRenwable Energy
Plants
Electricity Consumers
Grid Operators
Supply Renewable Electricity
Pay Feed In Tariff
Supply Renewable Electricity as share of Electricity Mix
Reimburse Feed In Tariff
Supply Renewable Electricity as share of Electricity Mix
Electricity Suppliers
Reimburse Feed In Tariff as part of electricity tariff
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
Equalize and balance quantities of RE
German Renewable Energy Act: Feed-In Tariffs (2009)
New hydropower up to 5 MW,depending on size 0.0765-0.1267 €/kWhBiomass up to 20 MW, depending on size, Bonuses for cultivated biomass and for CHP 0.0779 - 0.1167 €/kWhGeothermal up to 20 MW, depending on size, Bonuses for cogeneration 0.105-0.16 €/kWhWind onshore (initial for five years) 0,092 €/kWhWind onshore (final) 0,0502 €/kWhWind offshore (initial for five years) 0,13 €/kWhWind offshore (final) 0,035 €/kWhSolar PV, depending on size, different tariffs for roof mounted and freestanding plants 0.3194-0.4301 €/kWh
Guaranteed for 20 years, degressions for installation after 2009
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act: Impact on Electricity Tariffs
Generation,Transmission, Marketing
13 ct
Concession fees1.8 ct
Value Added Tax3.4 ct
Electricity tax2.0 ct
Added cost of feed-in tariff1.1 ct
• Included in generation/transmission cost: 0.4-0.8 ct for additional control energy
• Fraunhofer Institute: Reduction of market price due to wind energy: 0.95 ct/kWh
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
Added cost of feed-in tariff0.1 ct
German Renewable Energy Act: Impact
Large share of renewable energy plants in Germany owned by individual farmers, households, groups of individuals:• 90 % of windfarms in North Frisia owned by groups of citizens• 80 % of biogas plants in Germany below 500 kWel, 17% owned by cooperatives• Most PV plants roof mounted, owned by households, farmers, communities
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
15.1%
Wind
Biogenic waste
Biomass
Hydropower
Solar PV
German Renewable Energy Act: Impact on Environment and Economy
• Climate: 72 million t CO2eq.. savings in 2008
• Fossil fuel import: 1 billion € savings in 2007 (mainly coal and natural gas)
• Economy: Total turnover of the RE sector: 28.8 Billion € in 2008
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act: Impact on Regional Development
• Employment: 278 000 people working in the German RE sector in 2008
• Local income from energy sales if RE plants are locally owned
• Tax income: Operators of RE plants pay local business tax to communities
Example Northern Schleswig Holstein (360 000 inhabitants): 9500 directly and indirectly employed by wind energy sector in 2003
Example North Frisia (167 000 inhabitants): approx. 30 Million €/year net income from energy sales
Example North Frisia (167 000 inhabitants): 676 MW wind capacity, 9,1 mio income from business tax
University of FlensburgEnergy and Environmental Management