1

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE

First Level Master degree in

Irrigation Problems in Developing Countries

THESIS ON

Estimating Water Requirement and Scheduling Irrigation to

soybean with optimization design of a drip irrigation system in

AL- ISHAQI -salah AL-Dean , Iraq .

Supervisor Student Name

Dott. Agr. Ivan Solinas Yasser Mohammed Ahmmed

Florence – Italy 2013-‘14

I

THESIS APPROVAL

Supervisor : Dott. Agr. Ivan Solinas

Supervisor signature

Date:

Student : Yasser Mohammed Ahmmed

Student signature

Date:

II

DEDICATION

To

My Parents

My wife Duaa and my children Deima and Amar

My brother and sister and their children

All my friends

All the students

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express of gratitude and honest

appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Ivan Solinas, a lecturer at Florence

University, for his precious guidance and technical support that he gave me

throughout my work to successfully complete my thesis.

I would like to express my special gratitude to Dr. Nicola Arbaci the

Director of Istituto Agronomicodelll’Oltremare for the warm welcome he

showed us during our stay in IAO.

I would like to express my special gratitude to the Coordinator of the

Master, Professor Elena Bresci,and all the teachers who contributed and

participated in this program for their precious time and knowledge they shared

with us.

I am grateful Dr. Andrea Merli , and Dr. Elisa Masi , and all staff of IAO

who showed genuine concern in my studies and stay here in Florence, Italy.

Special thanks to Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, IstitutoAgronomico

Per L’Oltremare (IAO) , the UniversitàDegliStudi Di Firenze and Iraqi

Ministry of Agricultural for the opportunity to study here in Florence, Italy as

well as the numerous logistics and resources they placed at my disposal

without which conducting this study would have been very difficult.

I would like to make special mention of all my colleagues and mentors, my

dear family and friends all over the world who gave me moral support.

Thank you!!!

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………….... III

Table of contents ………………………………....................................... IV

List of table………………………………………… ………………...... VI

List of figure ………………………………………………… ………… VI

List of Abbreviations………………………………………………… … VII

Abstract …………...……………………………………………… ……VIII

Introduction……………………………………..………………..………..1

I.1Back ground of the study………………………………………….........1

I.1.2 statement of the problem……………………………………........3

I.1.3opjective of the study…………………………………………......3

I.1.3.1General objective……………………………………………...3

I.1.3.2Specific objective …………………………………………......3

I.1.4Justifiction of the study……………………………………….......3

Chapter II : literature review ………………………………………...........4

II.1 Drip irrigation…………………………………………….…………....4

II.1.1. Advantages of Drip irrigation …………………………..……......4

II.1.2. Disadvantages of Drip irrigation………………………………….5

II.2.Drip irrigation scheduling……………………………………………...6

II. 3. Crop water requirements under drip irrigation ………………………8

II.4.Irrigation requirements under arid and semi arid condition…………...9

II. 5.Ideal Percentage wetted area………………………………...............10

II. 6. soil wetting …………………………………………………....……10

II.7. Number of emitters per plant and emitter spacing…………………...11

II.8. Emitter selection………………………………………………..........12

II.9.soybean cultivation……………………………………………...........12

II.9.1. Climate…………………………………………………………...13

II.9.2. Soils and Fertilizer dose …………………………………….…...13

II.9.3. soybean duration……………………………………....................14

II.9.4 Water Requirements……………………………………………....14

Chapter III study area and metrology ……................................................15

III.1.presentation of the hydro-agricultural of Iraq…………………..…...15

V

III.1.1. Agro-climatic data of Iraq…………………………….............16

III.1.2 soil………………………………………………………….…..17

III.2. project located in Iraq………………………………………...…....17

III.3. Soils of the project area………………………………………........19

III.4. methodology ……………………………………………..…….….19

III.4.1. Collection of agro-climatic data. ……………………….........19

III.4.2. Determination of the Soybean water requirement………….....20

III.4.3. Design Software………………………………………..….…20

A) EPANET 2.0 ………………………………………………......20

B)Ve.pro. LG. s………………………………………………..........21

III.5.1. Choice of Plot………………………………………………........23

III.5.2. Plot division……………………………………………...............23

III. 6. irrigation equipment and cropping system…………………….......24

chapter IIII : result and discussion ……………………………….……..25

IIII.1. estimate crop water requirement ………………………………...25

Tables discussion …………………………………………..…..............26

IIII.2. drip line design …………………………………………...............26

IIII.2.1. Result ………………………………………………….……..27

IIII.2.2.Discussion…………………………………………… …...…..27

IIII.3.ranking include non pressure compensate ………………………....28

IIII.4.Operating under Python …………………………………….….....29

III.5. Discussion ……………………………………………….................30

IIII.6. pipe line design………………………………………………...…..32

IIII.6.1. Results………………………………………….……….…....32

A) System Overview………………………………………………...32

B)Characteristics of system components………………………….....33

Pipes…………………………………………………………....…..33

Pump…………………………………………………………….....33

C) System in operation. ……………………………………................34

IIII.6.2. Discussion………………………..………………………... ...35

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………....37

Recommendation………………………………………………………….37

VI

References ………………………………………………………….…..38

LIST OF TABLES

1- Table1 Values of Kr………………………………………………...9

2- Table 2 Area wetted by one emitter…………………………….....11

3- Table 3: Crop coefficient (Kc) values of soybean………………....15

4- Table 4: Agro-climatic data of AL- ISHAQI…………………......18

5- Table 5: Properties of AL- ISHAQI………………………………19

6- Table 6 : soil data…………………………………………………..25

7- Table7 :water requirement………………………………………....25

8- Table 8 : maximum daily requirement……………………………..26

9- Table 9 python d.22q.0.84s.o.3(2004),…………………………….27

10-Table 10: uniwine d.16 q.2.3s . 0.8comp(2005), ………………....27

11-Table 11 shown the Pipe characteristics……………………….....33

LIST OF FIGURES

1- Figure 1:Wetted area by one emitter…………………………….…11

2- Figure 2: maps of Iraq rivers……………………………………….16

3- Figure 3 project area………………………………………………..23

4- Figure 4: sub plot division……………………………………….…24

5- Figure 5: Ranking of Drip line……………………………………..28

6- Figure 6: Line checking under Python……………………………..29

7- Figure 7: Area checking under Python…………………………….30

8- Figure 8 :the best design for project location……………………...32

9-figure 9 : pump curve from network……………………………..…33

9- Figure 10: system watering the sub-plot 2 , 3……………………..34

10-Figure 11: System watering the sub-plot 1,4………………….….35

VII

List of Abbreviations

IAO Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare

LPD Liters per day

S soil water storage

Q emitter flow rate

L length between emitters,

H hedge (plant) width

ET depth of evapotranspiration

ETo Reference crop evapotranspiration

Kc Crop factor Kc

Kr Ground cover reduction factor

Etc potential crop evapotranspiration on t (mm)

T time

Pw Percentage wetted area

Aw Area wetted by one emitter

q emitter discharge

Kd discharge coefficient that characterizes each emitter.

H emitter operating pressure

x emitter discharge exponent

atm atmosphere

ha Hectare

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

m.w.c. meter water column

IT information technology

VIII

ABSTRACT

with the objective that this study proposes optimal design of drip irrigation

system appropriate for soybean crop and scheduling irrigation in study area

which has loam texture through the use of computer software

project area was bordered by Google Earth software the latitude 33.790284 ,

longitude 44.375646 and elevation 43 m above the sea level . Then

CLIMWAT 2.0 was used to import climate data

First of all , the soybean water requirement as total gross irrigation

requirement 14632 m3/ ha / annual and net irrigation requirement 10242 m

3/ ha

/annual . according the efficiency 98% net daily irrigation requirement 10.9

mm has been determined with the software Cropwat based on the local climatic

and field conditions,

Having identified and ranked the drip lines available in the study area with

the software Ve.Pro.LG, the drip line Python proved to be one that provides the

best uniformity (98.5%) at the plot level, according to the field feature.

Then a pipe line system has been designed with EPANET to convey water

from the pool (water intake) to the plot. The pipe line system was fully

designed with pipe diameter (158.6 , 110.2) mm that makes it possible to

supply water with a discharge of 43.92 m3/hour and a flow velocity of 1.2 m/s

with a pressure of 2.70 m.w.c at end valves . These features ensure proper

operation of Python design.

1

Introduction

I.1. Back ground of the study

The Iraqi lands irrigated by two means, regions are northern and

northwestern irrigated by rain, and wells that rely on groundwater, while the

areas of Central and South mainly irrigated by rivers water . The increase in

crop production with the provision of irrigation water has become one of the

important goals at the moment not only in Iraq but in all countries of the world

(Jason L., D. Bruin and P. Pederson ,2008)the soybean crops one of plants

with high water needs (Mahdawi. H. O., Abdullah J. and others , 2002),

therefore, identify or provide appropriate amounts of water for the crop to get

the High production is one of the difficult problems in arid and semi-arid lands

, Iraq is a part of them.

It was found that the efficiency of water use depends on the management of

soybean crop and appropriate irrigation method (Alessi J. and J. F. Power

1981). And that the occurrence of the crop moisture stress reduces the number

of plant branches and yield in general (Foroud, N.; H.H. Mundel; et al

,1993). also( Rotundo et al. 2009) observed that high seed protein content was

linked to greater leaf area index.

(Rose ,1988) indicated that oil and protein are key constituents of soybean

seed. Synthesis and deposition of oil and protein in the seed occurs during pod

filling stage. Therefore, semi- arid environmental conditions, deficit irrigation

and moisture stress affect the deposition of these two key constituents.

Moisture stress occurred early in pod filling resulted in a low protein and high

oil percentage. Increases in irrigation interval throughout the whole growing

season maintained protein contents constant while increased oil content, And

that the critical period of the need for water is pods formation stage and is fill

of seeds , the occurrence of any water stress during this phase reduce the yield

of plants . As found the shortage of irrigation water generally clearly caused a

low of yield . (Kranz, WL. ; R.W. Elmore et al, 1998) also that the increase in

irrigation water caused a negative impact on yield and its components , deficit

2

irrigation should be avoided in order to obtain a high quality seed composition

and growth.

Soybean (Glycine max.) is an economical and valuable agricultural

commodity due to its unique chemical composition, It is one of the world’s

most important leguminous plants, It is considered as a good source of high

quality plant protein and vegetable oil. Given it's has high concentration of

protein (36-48%), oil (18- 24%), and carbohydrate (20%), soybean is grown in

almost all parts of the world for human consumption, industry and animal feed

(Arıoglu,; Boydak et al., 1989) Besides, diets including soybean have been

proposed to reduce risk of major diseases such as breast cancer, cardiovascular

disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity. The biochemical composition of

soybean seeds affect the quality of various soy foods such as soy milk, soy

flour, tofu, soy sprouts, soy concentrates and soy isolates. Higher protein

content and low oil content are generally desirable characteristics for food

users (Kumar et al., 2006).

in order to save water under limited water conditions, take in account

the risk of lowered yield. less applied water compared to full irrigation (H.

Kirnak, E. Dogan1 et al , 2010 ) where it is necessary to determine the

quantities optimization of irrigation water, scheduling suitable for soybean

irrigation , which gives stability for plant to production high seeds yield

without any negative indexing so we should to search for alternatives for

optimal use and good management of irrigation water and using less possible

amount of Irrigation and regular , which guarantees the distribution of water is

ideal and without excess in water use , and this depends on the selection of

irrigation method , also irrigation criteria used in the field and optimal design

with low cost to provide large quantities of water with yield a high seeds.

3

I.1.2. statement of the problem

The scarcity of water in the summer and use non-ideal prevents the

expansion in the cultivation of agricultural crops, including soybeans, where

conception in Iraq is the cultivation of the crop between two wheat season in

the agricultural cycle in the summer. it were getting varieties suitable for

environmental of Iraq through breeding and Improvement , planting date

beginning in June and harvested at the end of the October.

Soybean crops need to be irrigated frequently in order to avoid yield and

quality losses (Constable, G. A., Hearn , A.B . , 1980). Also ( Sutherland P.L.,

Danileson R.E., 1980) found that full irrigation after water stress during

flowering increased growth and quality. Water stress has also been known to

reduce oil and protein contents in soybean (Kumuwat et al., 2000; Rotundo et

al., 2009).

I.1.3. objective of the study.

I. 1.3.1. General objective.

The overall objective of the study is to design optimal drip irrigation system

for soybean production to support farmers in Iraq.

I. 1.3.2. Specific objective.

1-To determinate the rate of consumption of water for the growth season

2-To determinate how many water can save by management and design

optimization .

3-To save energy by optimization use of water by designing a reliable

irrigation system.

I.1.4.Justifiction of the study

The scarcity of water resources and increasing demand for water requires

the use of modern irrigation systems with high efficient irrigation in addition

4

to improving the management of irrigation used in the current systems in order

to reduce water losses for the irrigation of the crop . increase the efficiency of

irrigation or of water use, taking into account the positive effects of these

systems , strategies used in the quantity , characteristics of the crop , and

maintain the soil.

CHAPTERI I : LITERATURE REVIEW

II.1. Drip irrigation

is one of the means of motorized irrigation where it is the addition of water

to the soil directly. The design of drip irrigation systems is very important in

order to improve the uniformity of distribution , reduce the cost and increase

production so the design is optimized design that gives higher efficiency and

lower the cost of distribution.

potential, drip irrigation can reach levels of uniformity of water distribution

and so a very high efficiency. While sprinkler systems are around 75-85%

efficient, drip systems typically are 90% or higher. What that means is much

less wasted water! For this reason drip is the preferred method of irrigation in

the simi arid regions ,but drip irrigation has other benefits which make it useful

almost anywhere. It is easy to install , easy to design, can be very inexpensive,

and can reduce disease problems associated with high levels of moisture on

some plants. drip irrigation best choice for soybean crops .

II.1.1. Advantages of Drip irrigation

Many claims as to the advantages of drip irrigation have been and are still

being made. currently, the following advantages are recognized:

* The evaporative component of evapotranspiration is reduced, as only a

limited area of the soil is wetted.

* The higher degree of inbuilt management that localized irrigation offers

reduces substantially deep percolation and runoff losses, thus attaining

5

higher irrigation efficiencies. Consequently, localized irrigation is

considered as water-saving technology;

* The limited wetted area results in reduced weed growth.

* Applicable to all forms of plots.

* Unaffected by wind.

* Reduced operating costs and labor. Human intervention is reduced to the

periodic inspection of equipment for filtering and control, and the proper

operation of drippers;

* Reduced risk of fungal diseases;

* Reduced sensitivity to the use of salt water. The salts are leached to each

application and rained at the periphery of the bulb humidifying outside the

scope of the active root zone. No risk of damage to the aerial parts of

plants by spraying of saline water.

II.1.2. Disadvantages of Drip irrigation

The major disadvantages of localized irrigation are:

* Localized systems are prone to clogging because of the very small aperture

of the water emitting devices hence the need for proper filtration and, at

times chemigation .

* The movement of salts to the fringes of the wetted area of the soil may

cause salinity problems through the leaching of salts by rain to the main

root volume. This can be avoided if the system is turned on when it rains,

especially when the amount of rain is not enough to leach the salts beyond

the root zone depth.

* Rodents, dogs and other animals in search of water can damage the lateral

lines.

6

* For crops of very high population density, the system may be uneconomic

because of the large number of laterals and emitters required.

* The relatively high investment cost of the system.

* The spatial development of the root zone is limited and concentrated in the

vicinity of the dripper making plants more susceptible to wind.

II.2.Drip irrigation scheduling

Drip Irrigation scheduling is the process of deciding when to run the drip

irrigation system, and for how long. It is a complex topic but of utmost

importance because it influences whether the crop gets the right amount of

water and nutrients, and whether valuable water is wasted to runoff or deep

percolation. It is both an art and a science because the irrigator must balance

known facts such as weather , chemistry, stage of plant growth and farm

cultural operations. Irrigation decisions are made by combining this data. Three

methods of scheduling are widely employed : soil moisture monitoring, plant

water stress monitoring, or the water balance method that predicts plant water

use. All three techniques may be used separately or together, and vary in the

types of data collected. On one end of the spectrum, the irrigator may make

decisions by physically evaluating the moisture content in a sample of soil, or

visually monitoring the appearance and color of the crop. On the other hand,

sophisticated instruments may be used to collect data on soil moisture, plant

water stress, weather conditions, and theoretical plant water use. while

automation equipment may actually run the system.

Because the wetting patterns from the emitters overlap, the in-line emitter

drip system can be considered a line source of water rather than a set of point

sources. This makes the irrigation schedule calculation simpler. The watering

schedule for the hedge is a function of the hedge geometry and the wetting

pattern geometry.

7

Instead of calculating a watering time based on the entire hedge, it is simpler

to calculate based on a length of hedge equal to the distance along the tubing

between two emitters.

• Calculate plant water use (LPD/emitter) Where LPD = Liters per day

used by the hedge for a

distance equal to the Emitter

spacing.

• Calculate soil water storage (S / emitter) Where S = volume of usable

water (liters) in soil in

wetted area for each emitter.

• Calculate days between irrigation (S / LPD)

• Calculate irrigation run time (S / Q) Where Q = emitter flow rate

(LPH)

The evapotranspiration rate (LPD) for a length of hedge equal to the

distance between two emitters is calculated as follow;

LPD = ( ET mm / day ) ( m / 1000 mm) * H * L ( 1000L / m3)

= ET * H * L

Where:

LPD = evapotranspiration per emitter , liters per day ,

L = length between emitters, m,

H = hedge (plant) width, m,

ET = depth of evapotranspiration, mm

8

II. 3. Crop water requirements under drip irrigation

The first step in irrigation scheduling is to determine crop water

requirements. Actual monthly crop water requirements can be estimated from

reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficient as bellow .

evapotranspiration is composed of the evaporation from the soil and the

transpiration of the plant. Since under localized irrigation only a portion of the

soil is wetted , the portion component of evapotranspiration can be reduced

accordingly using the appropriate ground cover reduction factor Kr.

For the design of localized irrigation systems:

ET crop-loc = ETo * Kc * Kr

Where:

ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteithmethod.

Kc = Crop factor

Kr = Ground cover reduction factor Kr.

FAO (1984) provides the reduction factors suggested by various researchers

in order .

The allowable depletion differs from one crop to another and it is a function

of evaporation power of the atmosphere. (Allen et al,1998) gave an allowable

depletion for Etc = 5 mm/day.

FAO (1984) provides the reduction factors suggested by various researchers

in order to account for the reduction in evapotranspiration (Table 1 ).

9

Table 1: Values of Kr suggested by different authors (Source: FAO, 1984)

II.4.Irrigation requirements under arid and semi arid condition

In arid climates or during extended dry seasons , irrigation is necessary to

compensate for the evapotranspiration (crop transpiration and soil evaporation)

deficit due to insufficient or erratic precipitation. Irrigation consumptive water

use is defined as the volume of water needed to compensate for the deficit

between potential evapotranspiration on the one side and effective precipitation

over the crop growing period and change in soil moisture content on the other

side . It varies considerably with climatic conditions, seasons, crops and soil

types. For a given month, the crop water balance can be expressed as follows:

(FAO, 1998)

Etc (t) = Kc * ETo (t)

Where:

T = time (days)

Ground cover

(%)

Crop factor Kr according to

Keller

&Karmeli

Freeman

&Garzoli

Decroix CTG

REF

10 0.12 0.10 0.20

20 0.24 0.20 0.30

30 0.35 0.30 0.40

40 0.47 0.40 0.50

50 0.59 0.75 0.60

60 0.70 0.80 0.70

70 0.82 0.85 0.80

80 0.94 0.90 0.90

90 1.00 0.95 1.00

100 1.00 1.00 1.00

11

ETc(t) = potential crop evapotranspiration on t (mm)

ETo(t) = reference evapotranspiration on t (mm)

Kc = crop or land use factor

II. 5. Ideal Percentage wetted area

No proper minimum value for percentage wetted area pw has been

established .nevertheless ,system having high pw provide more stored water

should be easier to schedule and bring more of the soil system into action for

storage and supply of nutrient .as reasonable objective of design for widely

spaced crops ,to wet at least one-third and as much as two-third of the potential

horizontal cross-section area of root system 33% < pw < 67 values lower than

one-third are acceptable for medium and heavy soil texture .

For widely spaced crops pw must held below 67% to keep the strip between

rows relatively dry for cultural practices also reduce loss of water due to

evaporation even where cover crop are used .furthermore it is less costly to

have low pw for more emitter and tubing are required.

II. 6. soil wetting

Drip irrigation system normally wet only a portion the horizontal ,cross

sectional area of soil the percentage wetted area PW compared with the entire

cropped area depend on the volume and rate of discharge at each emission

point , spacing of emission point and type soil being irrigated ,the area wetted

at each emission is usually quit small at the soil surface expands somewhat

with depth to form an inverted bulb-shaped cross section .PW is determined

from estimate of average area wetted at depth of 150 to 300 mm beneath the

emitter divided by the total cropped area served .

Area wetted by one emitter depending on soil type (Source: Rainbird

International, 1980) .Table 2 , and figure 1

11

Soil type Area wetted by one emiter (m2)

Sandy soils 0.5 - 2

Loamy soil 2 - 6

Clay 6 - 15

Table 2 Area wetted by one emitter

Figure 1 : Wetted area by one emitter depending on the soil type

II.7. Number of emitters per plant and emitter spacing

The number of the emitters required per plant is established as follows

Emitters per plant = ( Area per plant / Aw) * Pw

Where :

Area per plant ( m2)

Pw = Percentage wetted area /100 (%/100).

Aw = Area wetted by one emitter (m2).

12

II.8. Emitter selection

Amount of water enter to the soil and use by plant roots not depending on

the surface measured in mm per hour to provide readily available water

identified irrigation intensity , The following are some of the major emitter

characteristics that affect the system efficiency and should all be taken into

consideration during the emitter selection process:

* Emitter discharge exponent

* Discharge-pressure relationship to design specifications

q = Kd * Hx

Where:

q = emitter discharge (lph) .

Kd = discharge coefficient that characterizes each emitter.

H = emitter operating pressure (m).

x = emitter discharge exponent .

* Stability of discharge-pressure relationship over a long time.

* Manufacturer coefficient of variation.

* Range of operating pressure.

* Susceptibility to clogging .

* Type of emitter connection to lateral and head losses.

II.2. soybean cultivation

Soybean is considered as an economically important plant due to high

protein and oil levels and it’s several industrial uses. The plant is also used as

green, silage and dry fed. Plant biomass at the end of the flowering stage

13

contains high levels of proteins, oil, carbohydrates. Remarkably, each 100 kg

of plant biomass equals 21 forage units.

a varieties suitable for the cultivation in the Iraqi environment which have

Short growth season, High yield and Good quality .

The superiority yield from seeds of soybean crop shows the high efficiency

in the exploitation of environmental factors surrounding it to serve the process

of photosynthesis and then transport the outputs to the yield economic so the

soybean crop is planted in 70 cm between rows and 10 cm separate each plant

in result 140000 plant/ ha . (Jumaili, J. M. and Sarhan, I. A. ,2010 ) .

II.2.1. Climate

Soybean belong to short day plants and it is be affected by the optical

length of the period, on the basis of response for the day length soybean

varieties has been classified in 13 groups it were named according the different

maturity groups to fit agriculture in different regions of the world according its

geographical location, north and south.

The soybean crop needs to appropriate temperatures during the period of

pods formation and full of seeds and preferably not more than ˚ 35 c to ensure

get the seeds intact and free of crease (Board, J. E. ,1987). When exposed

plants to high temperatures during the pods fomentation and full of seeds,

especially at night will produce atrophic seeds where increases breathing and

consuming part of the products of photosynthesis as energy for purposes of

breathing and decreases the transform of these products to the seed newly

formed. (Caviness,C.E., and Fagala, B.L.1973) .

II.2.2. Soils and Fertilizer dose

soybean cultivation possible in all types of lands .the optimal soil for

cultivation have flat land with fertile soil , medium texture , good drainage ,

good aeration and high field capacity . free salt (no more than 4mmhos ) and ph

range 6 - 7 ideal for soybean .

14

it as one from leguminous crops fixing Nitrogen but due to the high

temperatures in Iraq kill bacteria which fixing N and the absence inoculation,

so must double the amounts of N , where up to 140 kg / ha N where used urea

(N 46%)350 kg/ha allocation in three shuts and supper phosphate fertilizer (p

21%) 240 kg/ha also potassium k 2o5 (k 41%) 75 kg / ha , supper phosphate

and potassium fertilizers has been added before cultivate (Jumaili, J. M , 2007).

II.2.3. soybean duration

Internalization of Soybean crop for environment is narrow, therefore, its

varieties grow in specific environmental areas appropriate for a group of

maturity which belongs , which amounted to 16 maturity set divided according

to the period from planting to maturity for each region from southern Canada

to the southern United States (Alsahoeke, M. ,1991).

life cycle of the plant was divided on the basic stages starting stage of

germination where the show seedling above the soil surface , with the growth

of the main stem and leaves that come out from its bases the lower section of

the side branches and phase begins tillering , and then activates the plant

growth starts flowering stage after 35-70 days of germination, where showing

floral buds and inflorescences on the stem on a regular basis from the bottom to

the top, (continue flowering 25-35 days or more), then the budding of the pods

and begins mature gradually, to change the color of the plant to yellow and dry

up the pods than The falling leaves .

II.2.4 Water Requirements

one of the factors used in determining the amount of irrigation water and

determine the water balancing and scheduling irrigation in the calculation of

factor of relative production it is water consumption(Fipps , F. ,2001)

Soybean crop is considered a medium drought-resistant, and need more

than 6000-7000 cubic meters of water per hectare required for the plant in

different quantities through stages of growth. It is less during the early stages

of growth and even flowers (60-70% gross of plants in field) and then

increased during the period of the budding and flowers, pods and full maturity,

15

where the plant needs water during this period than 70-80% at field capacity.

So soybean is grown on land where irrigation water is available, table 3 shown

crop coefficient of soybean .

Table 3: Crop coefficient (Kc) values of soybean From: FAO Irrigation

and drainage Paper 33, Table 18.

CHAPTER III : STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY

III.1. PRESENTATION OF THE HYDRO-AGRICULTURAL

OF IRAQ

The water resources of Iraq depend largely on the surface water of the Tigris

and Euphrates rivers and most of the natural renewable water resources of Iraq

come from outside the country. The sources of the Euphrates and Tigris are in

the Armenian Plateau. The Euphrates receives its main tributaries before

entering Iraq, while the Tigris receives several streams on the eastern bank

within the country (nations encyclopedia). In the hills more to the north, spring

water from aquifers is used as the main source for drinking water (figure 2).

Crop Crop development stages Total

growing

period

Initial Crop

Development

Middle

season

Late

season

At

harvest

soybean 0.3 -

0.4

0.7 –

0.8

1.0 -

1.15

0.7 -

0.8

0.4 -

0.5

0.75 -

0.9

16

figure 2: maps of Iraq rivers

III.1.1. Agro-climatic data of Iraq.

The climate in Iraq is mainly of the continental, subtropical semi-arid type,

with the north and north-eastern mountainous regions having a Mediterranean

climate. Rainfall is very seasonal and occurs in the winter from December to

February, except in the north and northeast of the country, where the rainy

season is from November to April. Average annual rainfall is estimated at 216

mm, but ranges from 1 200 mm in the northeast to less than 100 mm over 60

percent of the country in the south. Winter are cold, with a day temperature of

about 16 °C dropping at night to 2 °C with a possibility of frost. Summers are

dry and hot to extremely hot, with a shade temperature of over 43 °C during

July and August, yet dropping at night to 26 °C.

Iraq can be divided into four agro-ecological zones (FAO, 2003):

17

Arid and semi-arid zones with a Mediterranean climate. A growing

season of about nine months, over 400 mm of annual winter rainfall, and

mild/warm summers prevail. This zone covers mainly the northern

governorates of Iraq. Major crops include wheat, barley, rice and chickpea.

Other field crops are also produced in smaller quantities. There is some

irrigation, mainly from springs, streams and bores.

Steppes with winter rainfall of 200–400 mm annually. Summers are

extremely hot and winters cold. This zone is located between the

Mediterranean zone and the desert zone. It includes the feed barley production

areas, limited wheat production, and it has limited irrigation.

The desert zone with extreme summer temperatures and less than 200

mm of rainfall annually. It extends from just north of Baghdad to the Saudi

Arabian and Jordanian borders. It is sparsely populated and cultivated with just

a few crops in some irrigated spots.

The irrigated area which extends between the Tigris and Euphrates

rivers from the north of Baghdad to Basra in the south. Serious hazards for this

area are poor drainage and salinity.

III.1.2. soil

Soils vary from one site to another. The General Scheme of Water Resource

and Land Development in Iraq divided Iraqi territory to four zones (General

scheme of water resources and land development in Iraq, 1982) they are:

mountain-valley soil, Jazeera desert (its northern part), piedmont gently

sloping–undulating plain, and lower Mesopotamian plain. (Allen R.; L. Pereira

and et al,1998).

III.2. project located in Iraq

AL- ISHAQI Is a city in the central province of Salah al-Din at a latitude

of 33 ° , longitude 44° and elevation 43 m , on the main road linking Baghdad

to Tikrit and Mosul. Located on the Tigris River and it is surrounded by many

of the farming villages. Away from the city of Baghdad 100 km . It is bordered

to the south area of the island bordering the east side of the Tigris River .

18

Irrigation Irrigation Project ISHAQI current: - branched project right

Tigris River discharge design of 80 m3 / s and the main stream transfer water

to the wide irrigation network in the project and a length of 41.700 km , a

padded concreted and plate , rubber and concrete slabs and branching out from

6-channel irrigation work conduct a total of 5823 liters / sec irrigates area of

25546 acres . branching from the main stream are two channel , channel

eastern and western stretches where channels for irrigation work Ikunan

network wide extension of Salah al-Din province until Baghdad province with

a total area of 637 667 thousand without . Where the reclaimed land 249 478

acres and partially reclaimed land and 37,000 acres of land reclaimed third

parties 90 748 acres. Below agro-climatic data for project area according use

new –loc software program (Table 4).

month Min

Temp

Max

Temp

Humidity Wind

Km/ h

Sun

Hrs

Rad

Et

Mm/d

Rain

mm

Rain

effect

January 4.22 16.19 8.81 7.58 5.42 10.08 41.59 22.45 21.7

February 5.77 18.87 8.52 8.74 6.33 10.56 65.12 21.65 20.9

March 8.97 22.84 9.31 9.39 6.48 11.56 112.44 24.75 23.8

April 14.11 28.88 12.84 8.80 7.46 12.59 142.81 16.75 16.3

May 19.66 35.96 11.28 9.33 8.52 13.51 219.72 10.44 10.2

Jun 22.96 41.19 9.67 10.44 11.04 14.18 278.17 0.00 0.0

July 24.80 43.61 10.50 10.84 10.47 14.06 302.24 0.00 0.0

august 24.70 43.39 11.19 9.77 10.32 13.20 270.99 0.00 0.0

September 21.31 39.83 10.75 8.37 9.39 12.21 207.18 0.00 0.0

October 16.23 33.53 10.92 6.79 8.04 11.18 142.49 7.05 7.0

November 10.79 24.79 11.93 6.77 6.27 10.22 71.85 10.64 10.4

December 5.74 17.83 10.25 6.58 5.40 9.53 40.55 23.92 23.0

Table 4: Agro-climatic data of AL- ISHAQI , data From: New_LocClim_1.10

from the table 4 the data showed there is no rainfall in the months from Jun

till the September and a low amount in the October so must provide amounts of

water for irrigation because the soybean crop growth season being in that

months no rain with highest evapotransperaition.

19

III.3. Soils of the project area

Table 5: Properties of AL- ISHAQI soil the project area use HWSD

(harmonized world database viewer) soil group software to get data below .

Topsoil Dominant soil 0-30 cm Dominant soil30-100 cm

Sand fraction 35 37

Silty fraction 47 45

Clay fraction 18 18

Texture classification Loam Loam

Reference bulk density (kg/m3 1.41 1.42

Bulk density (kg/m3) 1.39 1.41

Gravel content 10 11

Organic carbon % 0.6 0.4

Ph 8 8.1

CEC(clay)(cmol/kg) 65 84

ECE(soil)(cmol/kg) 14 13

Base saturation 100 100

TEP (cmol/kg 19.8 20.7

Calcium carbonate 11.7 12.2

Gypsum % weight 0.2 0.3

Sodicity (ESP)% 2 3

Salinity (ECe ds/m) 0.2 0.3

Table 5: Properties of project soil

III.4. METHODOLOGY

III.4.1. Collection of agro-climatic data

meteorological data were generated by the software New LocClim 1.10

from the interpolation done locally after enter coordinates of project location

that obtained by google Earth software. use HWSD Viewer-HWSD soil group

software to get soil information for project area .

21

III.4.2. Determination of the Soybean water requirement

Soybean water requirement is determined using the software CROPWAT

8.0 developed by FAO. The crop coefficient Kc, however, was adjusted to

bring them closer to arid and semi-arid conditions.

III.4.3. Design Software

As well as the software that was mentioned before ,two programs were used

to design the irrigation system:

A) - EPANET 2.0 is a computer program that performs extended period

simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe

networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves

and storage tanks or reservoirs. it tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the

pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of

a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period

comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to chemical species, water age

and source tracing can also be simulated.

EPANET is designed to be a research tool for improving our understanding

of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents within distribution

systems. It can be used for many different kinds of applications in distribution

systems analysis. Sampling program design, hydraulic model calibration,

chlorine residual analysis, and consumer exposure assessment are some

examples.

Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modeling is a prerequisite for doing

effective water quality modeling. EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic

analysis engine that includes the following capabilities:

• places no limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed

• computes friction head losses.

• includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.

21

• models constant or variable speed pumps

• computes pumping energy and cost

• models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure

regulating, and flow control valves • allows storage tanks to have any

shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height)

• considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern

of time variation

• models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads)

• can base system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls

and on complex rule-based controls.

Steps in Using EPANETOne typically carries out the following steps when

using EPANET to model a water distribution system:

1. Draw a network representation of your distribution system or import a

basic description of the network placed in a text file .

2. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system .

3. Describe how the system is operated .

4. Select a set of analysis options .

5. Run a hydraulic/water quality analysis .

6. View the results of the analysis .

B) - Ve.pro. LG. s for the design of the distribution network at the sub-plot

level, namely drip lines systems is a software application that performs

operation checks dimensioning and design of drip irrigation systems, with the

aim to increase the uniformity of distribution irrigated, to save water and to

reduce energy consumption. Through the use of Ve.Pro.LG / s is possible to

assess the functioning of entire sectors of irrigated field crops, trees and

22

nurseries, even if grown on soils with high slopes and slope changes along the

row.

To use the full potential of Ve.Pro.LG s. must first provide details on the

specific situation in which we act. Having this information, software, through

its operational instruments, produces a complete picture of technical and

economic evaluations.

In particular, on existing systems, specifying the model used drip line, the

slope of the terrain, the length and pressure lines, the operational tools "test

lines on the header of unilateral (l / h. m) and verify lines bilaterally on the

head (l / h. m) reconstruct the operation in terms of proper maintenance and

adequate water filtration, and provide for individual lines or optionally the

entire industry, the value of the following parameters:

* Index to estimate the uniformity of delivery EU (%).

* Energy input required for water delivery (W h / m³).

* Minimum, maximum and average in liters per hour per meter of line (l/h.m).

* Pressure min, max and average, expressed as water column height H(m w.c).

* Average intensity of irrigation (mm/h).

* Waste water or water that is lost in seepage, deep, to avoid excessive

portions of crops are irrigated in a deficit, expressed both in percentage

terms than in m³ / ha or even in m³ / year on the sector.

* Annual energy consumption in kwh/ha or optionally in kwh for the entire

industry.

* Annual energy cost in € / ha or optionally in € for the whole industry, both in

the case of pumps coupled to electric motors, which powered by a diesel

internal combustion engines.

* Annual incidence of the purchase cost of the drip lines in € / ha or optionally

in € for the entire industry.

23

III.5.1. Choice of Plot

Have been bordered experiment area by use Google earth software (figure

4) for the establishment designing drip irrigation in the project study, the

land is rectangular in shape has dimensions 260 m width and 500 m length an

area of about 13 hectares next to research station , it is a plane nearby

recharge reservoir

.III.5.2. Plot division

To give some flexibility to the scheme, the plot of 13 ha has been divided

into four (4) sub-plots of 3.25 ha each one . This division is designed to enable

simultaneous operation or not of these four sub-plots, Allowing to vary the

crop pattern ( figure 3 , 4) .

figure 3 project area

24

500 m

250 m

130

260

Figure 4: sub plot division

III.6. irrigation equipment and cropping system

A census of all irrigation equipments (pipe and pipeline) available in the

study area and surrounding countries has been conducted. Only identified

equipments have been used in the modeling of irrigation system .

the distance between two line irrigation 140 cm for four crop raw . 178 line

irrigation per sub-plot irrigated by , line length 130 m established middle

between two crop raw which far each other 70 cm.

the distance among plants 10 cm that’s mean 2600 plants irrigated by one

line resulting 462.800 plants irrigated for each sub-plot .

Sub-plot 3

Sub-plot 2

Sub-plot 4

Sub-plot 1

25

CHAPTER IIII : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IIII.1. estimate crop water requirement

studies started on the soybean crop in Iraq recently so there are no

measurements of the crop coefficient Kc climatic Iraq conditions as well as

the different maturity groups for varieties which belong its (the length of the

growing period). the crop coefficient taken from studies of FAO areas similar

to the climatic conditions in Iraq and the length of the period of growth and use

it in cropwat software , get the result below .

Table 6 : soil data that obtained by soil water characteristic software was

entered.

Table 7 :water requirement

26

Table 8 : maximum daily requirement

From: Cropwat analysis

Tables discussing

the total available soil moisture at field capacity 130 mm/m ( table 6).also

The total gross irrigation is equal 1463.4 mm (table 7), with a maximum daily

net water requirement of 10.7 mm/day in August (Table 8) due to highest

temperature in that month in semi drought areas lead to increased

evapotranspiration averages as well as no rainfall during season growth . we

can get gross irrigation daily by divided net irrigation daily on distributed water

efficiency that has resulted from drip irrigation design. The irrigation system

must be able to meet this needs . It will therefore be sized in relation with this

requirements.

IIII.2. drip line design

The drip line design is the design of the irrigation system at field level. It is

consists in choosing, depending on the characteristics of the field, the drip line

that provides better uniformity while having a look at the investment cost. Was

chosen connection type layflat, its available in the study area . because the

land is flat there is no slop so is used pumping . the lateral length is 130 m

,manifold 250 m to decrease the roughness and get high efficiency as well as

maintain flow rate and pleasure for each sup plot .

27

IIII.2.1. Result

Has been use manifold manicone sf 10 with a variable internal diameter

(156 , 127 , 104 mm) the suggestion design include non pressure compensate

is ( python d.22q.0.84s.o.3(2004)) according VePeoLG software . the

suggestion design include pressure compensate is ( uniwine d.16 q.2.3s .

0.8comp(2005)) below get result consideration characteristic that required (

table 8 , 9 ) respectively .

Table 9: VePeoLG Software,python d.22q.0.84s.o.3(2004),non pressure

compensate

internal

diameter

Inlet

pressure

Plot flow

rate l/s

EU Available

water %

Lost ater

%

156 mm 2.7 12.2 98.5 98 2

127 mm 2.7 12.1 98.1 98 2

104 mm 2.9 12.3 98.1 98 2

Table 10 : VePeoLG Software,uniwine d.16 q.2.3s . 0.8comp(2005),

pressure compensate

IIII.2.2. Discussion.

From table 9 shows highest efficiency with more advantage from water with

use internal diameter 156 mm also lowest Inlet pressure 2.7 m c.h and flow rate

12.2 l/s ,and vice when use 104 mm internal diameter Inlet pressure 2.9 mc h

, flow rate 12.3 l/s . available water is the same 98% . we have a conflict , To

internal

diameter

Inlet

pressure

Plot flow

rate l/s

EU Available

water %

Lost ater

%

156 mm 8.7 18.8 96.5 97 3

127 mm 9.1 18.6 97.8 98 2

104 mm 9.4 18.6 98.1 98 2

28

reduce material cost we need to use small pipes diameter, to reduce energy cost

we need to reduce head loss and so to increase pipes diameter , the system

design parameters vary with diameter of pipe.

The table 9 shows high efficiency with pressure compensate ,but high inlet

pressure and flow rate not suitable to save water and energy so we rely on table

8 choose internal diameter 156 mm is suitable for our projective .

IIII.3.ranking include non pressure compensate

According to the sub plots features i.e. rectangular of side 130 m with no

slope the rank of drip line according to the distribution uniformity gives the

result shown in figure 10.

Figure 5: Ranking of Drip line according to uniformity

From: VeProLG analysis

29

All design provide uniformity above 95 %, which is potentially useful in

designing a system of drip irrigation and the highest design number one 98.3 %

for line drip with intensity 1.9 mm/h suitable to soil project area (hydraulic

conductivity ).

IIII.4.Operating under Python

Figure 6: Line checking under Python

From: VeProLG analysis

Python provides uniformity on line of 98.3 %, with an operating pressure of

6.00 m w.c and an irrigation intensity of 1.94 mm/hour (figure 6).

31

Figure 7: plot Area checking under Python

From: VeProLG analysis

The area uniformity is 98.1 % and the area flow rate is 12.2 l/s equal 43.92

m3 / hour (figure 4).

Application efficiency at plot level, is the ratio between the amount of water

used by the crop (évapotranspiration, ET) and the amount supplied to the plot

so by increasing efficiency can saving more water for another land to irrigate .

IIII.5. Discussion

Verification and design of drip line and plant areas for saving water and

energy (VEPROLGS) is an application software, that performs the operation

checks dimensioning and design of systems of drip irrigation, the aim to

increase the uniformity of distribution of irrigation, to save water and reduce

31

energy consumption. Through this software it is possible to assess the

functioning of entire sectors of irrigated field crops, even if grown on slopes

and strongly with changes in elevation along the row.

Among the drip line available in the study area, provide a uniform

distribution over 90% . (90% being the acceptable threshold in drip

irrigation)., i.e. drip line whose discharge varies very little or not in case of

change of pressure (Emitter discharge exponent x close to zero). Another

characteristic drip lines is their relatively high cost due to this particular

characteristic.

ranking drip line (Python) is not self-compensating and does provide a very

satisfactory uniformity of 98.3 % on line and 98.1 % on sup plot area .

Moreover, Python has the advantage of operating under a very low pressure 6

m.w.c on line and 2.7 m.w.c. on area which means a low energy requirement

by pumping (Annual cost of energy €/ha).

Knowing that the cost of non self-compensating drip lines is significantly

less than the cost of self-compensating drip line, and also considering that a

uniformity of 98.1 % is sufficient to ensure proper functioning of the system, it

is preferable to choose the drip line Python to design the irrigation system.

Considering that the system operates by rotational distribution of irrigation

water within the four (4) sub-plots and the drip line Python delivers a irrigation

intensity of 1.4 mm / hour to each two sub-plot a pump that provides a flow

rate of 43.92 m3 / hour is enough to cover the system water needs.

Python has an operating pressure of 2.7 m c h therefore the choice of the

pump’s pressure will reflect this operational pressure and should take into

account the head losses due to the transport of water inside the pipe lines as

well as head losses by use filter .

Moreover, the intensity of irrigation issued by Python (1. 4 mm/hour) is

sufficient to meet the maximum daily water requirement of 10.7 mm/day in

just 8 hours to supply water for two sup plot . It implies that in a system of

32

rotational irrigation between the 4 sub plots, it is possible to irrigate the whole

sub plots in less than 16 hours per day .

IIII.6. pipe line design

Irrigation efficiency is ratio between the amount of water used by the crop

(évapotranspiration, ET) and the amount withdrawn from the available water

source so must decrease Losses in the conveyance system.

our target about water velocity is 1 m/s. So means that we have to be able to

design a pipe diameter for each different pipes that allow us to have a velocity

less than 1 m/s but also near than 1 m/s.

The Pipe line design concerns the design of the system from the water

intake (pool) to the head of each of the four sub-plots. It aims to choose the

size of the pipes that ensure to each two sub-plot an optimal operating pressure

and flow rate.

IIII.6.1. Results

a) System Overview , from figure 8 get the best design for project location

pool

33

b) Characteristics of system components

- Pipes Table11 shown the Pipe characteristics which used in drip irrigation

system

Pipe identity Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipes 3 &4

Pipe characteristics

Length (m)

Diameter(mm)

Roughness

170

158.6

140

131

158.6

140

125

110.2

140

Table11

- Pump Using a pump catalog to find a family of pumps that have a good

curve (means like horizontal curve , more than as possible ) , and we want

work, if is possible, in the middle position of pump curve (this mean good

efficiency) . From the relation between flow rate and total hydraulic head that

is resulted by python design we can determine a family of pump (NB / NK 80_

200 ). The characteristics of the pump used in the design are given in the

(figure 9).

figure 9 : pump curve from network GRUNDFOS WECAPS .

the curve of pump be compatible with Hertz ( HZ electricity )to govern on

required flow rate.

34

c) System in operation

watering system as clarified below for the sub-plot 2 , 3(Figure 9)

Figure 9: watering system to sub-plot 2,3

The system delivers to the sub-plot 2 , 3 a Flow rate of 43.92 m3/ hour with

a Pressure of 2.7 m.w.c and a flow velocity of 1.26 m / s in the pipe (3 , 4).

but in the pipe (1 , 2) it's 1.24 m / s (figure 9).

35

watering system as clarified below for the sub-plot 1,4(Figure 10)

Figure 10: watering System to sub-plot 1 , 4

The system delivers to the sub-plot 2 , 3 a Flow rate of 43.92 m3/ hour with

a Pressure of 2.7 m.w.c and a flow velocity of 1.26 m / s in the pipe 3 , 4 but

in the pipe 1 , 2 it's 1.24 m / s (figure 10) .

In same time two sub plot irrigated together for lower irrigation time and

maintain operation system with best demand to distribute water by use two

valve , each one recharge 178 drip line ( sub-plot) to insure high efficient

distribution uniformity.

IIII.6.2. Discussion

The advantage of EPANET is that every change in pipe diameter and length

is automatically calculated and changes in key parameters such as velocity and

pressure are indicated at the particular location for the designer to make a

decision.

36

Because the project land is plane There is no head losses resulting from

elevations , the head losses just from pipe length and the filter used pluses with

inlet pressure 2.7 equal 13.2 mwc.

High velocities tend to increase the unit head losses in the pipe stretches so

we can reduce the velocity by increase diameter of pipes The pipe line system

was designed with 158.6 for pipe(1.2) and110.2mm for pipes(3,4) diameter.

This diameter ensures a flow velocity equal 1.2 m/s while maintaining a

pressure close to 2.7 m.w.c. This corresponds to the operational pressure of

Python.

Pump has been used with low operating pressure 23.18 MWC design.

Although Python works in operating pressure 2.7mw.c., was used with a pump

pressure of 23.18 m w.c. in order to compensate for the loss caused by the

transfer of the water inside the pipe (friction).

The same diameter of the pipe 1 , 2 was kept constant because the delivery

system will be by rotation between the 2 sub plots. Then all the water from the

pump will be used by a double sub-plot at a time. This means that the same

discharge (43.92 m3 / hour) will be conveyed from the pump to two sub-plot.

Hence the necessity to ensure a constant flow velocity.

Has also been used valves (PRV) with the loss coefficient for the head

pressure required at each level two sup plot. If you open all the valves together

pump is unable to provide all of this flow rate and pressure will be unstable. In

fact 4 sub plot are getting the head pressure a little bit higher than they need,

and the need to reduce the pressure to the desired pressure

Has been also integrated a filter to the design although EPANET does not

offer this option. But in order to assure to the drip line system good water

quality and thereby avoid emitters clogging, the use of filter is required. The

choice of this filter could indeed integrate a sand filter and a disc filter as the

source of water for irrigation is surface water (dam).

37

Conclusions

The main objective in the design of pressurized irrigation networks is to

achieve an optimal system irrigation which satisfies water requirement for

plants , Hydraulic Modeling computer software can be used for.

The using of tools such as Soil Water Characteristics , Cropwat, VeProLG

and EPANET software helped to design a complete drip irrigation system .

Final design of irrigation system has distributed efficiency 98.1%, and

operating with very low demand of energy by pumping, only 2.7 mwc of

operating pressure. This increases performance significantly in the provision of

water for irrigation, and therefore, allows the extension of irrigated areas with

the same resources, as well as the sustainable use.

This design was designed for the cultivation of soybean in project area in

Iraq but the same approach might be applied to other crops on different

agricultural fields . As well as The system also has the advantage of being

designed with a fully irrigation facilities available in the study area , which

makes its eventual implementation feasible and quite easy.

This methodological approach and especially the final result provide a guide

for the future of irrigated agriculture to develop . The study includes the

optimal design irrigation network and analyzing a real simple irrigation

network to verify the adequacy of pumps installed .

Recommendations

Complementarily to networks are the agro meteorological irrigation

information systems , and Simulation models be relevant to support farmers

selection of water-use options, including crop patterns and irrigation systems to

implement appropriate irrigation scheduling . Management for irrigation under

water scarcity includes agronomic, economic, and technical practices lead to

design optimal irrigation system . IT in irrigation can help but real and actual

data from field are always the best approach . Many simulations also mean a

lot of trial and sometimes can be far from the reality.

38

References

1- Alessi J. and J. F. Power,1981. Effects of Plant and Row Spacing on

Dryland Soybean Yield and Water-Use Efficiency. Univ. of Nebraska ,

Lencolen , NE., 81 : 851-854.

2- ARIOGLU H., 1989 . Yag˘ Bitkileri (Soya veYerfıstıg˘ı).

CukurovaUnivZirFak Yay No. 35, Adana. [In Turkish]. BELLALOUI N.,

MENGISTU A., 2007. Seed composition is influenced by irrigation

regimes and cultivar differences in soybean. IrrigSci 1, 271-279.

3- Alsahoeke, MedhatMajeed ,1991. Soybean production and improved.

Presses House of WisdomAlsahoekefor Printing and Publishing -

University of Baghdad. 9 إنتاج فول الصويا وتحسينها9 0..190، مدحت مجيد الساهوكي

9جامعة بغداد –المطابع بيت الحكمة للطباعة والنشر

4 -APARICIO R., FERREIRO L., ALONSO M.V., 1994. Effect of climate on

the chemical composition of virgin olive oil. Anal ChimActa 292, 235-

241.

5 - Allen R.; L. Pereira; D. Raes; M. Smith, 1998 . "Crop Evapotranspiration:

Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements." Irrig. and Drain.

Paper No. 56, Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations

(FAO), Rome, Italy.

6 - Board J . E , 1987. Yield components related to seed yield in

determinateSoybean.Crop.Sci.27(6):1296-1297.

7 - Caviness , C . E., and B.L.Fagala ,1973 . Influence of temperature on a

partially male – sterile Soybean strain . Crop.Sci.13:503-504.

8 -CONSTABLE, G . A ., HEARN , A .B . , 1980 . Irrigation for crops in a

sub-humid environment: the effect of irrigation on the growth and yield of

soybean. IrrigSci 2 , 1.

39

9 - COSTA , W . A . , SHANMUGATHASAN ,K . N . , 2002 . Physiology of

yield determination of soybean under different irrigation regimes in the

sub-humid zone of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Res 75, 23-35.

10 - Foroud , N . ; Mundel , H .H . ; Saindon G . and Entz T. , 1993 . Effect

of level and timing of moisture stress on soybean yield components. Irri.

Sci., 13: 149-155

11- Fipps , G. and Frank J. , 2001). Irrigation . In: Frank, j., and Sam,Ced.,

HandBook of Vegetable Growers, Taxes, USA, P.90 .

12- FAO , 2003 . Towards sustainable agricultural development in Iraq: The

Transition from Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction to

Development. 222 pp

13 - Jumaili, Jassim Mohammed.2007. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and

phosphate and potassium in the growth and holds soybeans. Anbar Journal

of Agricultural Sciences. 5 (2): 135-140. 9 تأثير 190110الجميلي، جاسم محمد

العلوم التسميد النيتروجيني والفوسفات والبوتاسيوم في نمو وحاصل فول الصويا9 االنبار مجلة

041-035(: 0) 5الزراعية9 .

14 – Jason , L. D. and Pederson P. , 2008 . Effect of row spacing and seedling

rate on Soybean yield ., Agro. Journal , 100 ( 3) : 704-709 .

15 - Jumaili, Jassim Mohammed and Ismail Ahmed Sarhan. , 2010. Effect of

plant densities and addition potassium fertilizer in shots to the growth and

quality and yield of two types of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill):

Anbar Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume: 8 Issue (4) الجميلي جاسم محمد

لسماد البوتاسي على دفعات في حاصل ونمو ونوعية تأثير المسافات النباتيه وأضافة ا 0101

4العدد 8صنفين من فول الصويا :مجلة األنبار للعلوم الزراعيه ,المجلد : (Glycine max (L.)

Merrill)

41

16 - General scheme of water resource and land development of Iraq. (1982).

Ministry of water irrigation, Iraq140.

17- Kranz , W . L . , Elmore R .W . and Specht J. E . , 1998 . Irrigating

Soybean. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational

programs.

18- Kirnak H. , Dogan E. and Turkoglu H. , 2010 .Effect of drip irrigation

intensity on soybean seed yield and quality in the semi-arid Harran

plain,Turke,Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 8(4), 1208-

1217,ISSN: 1695-971-X

19-KUMUWAT S. M., DHAKAR L. L. and MALIWAL P. L. , 2000 . Effect

of irrigation regimes and nitrogen on yield, oil con- tent and nutrient

uptake of soybean. Indian J Agron 45, 361-366.

20-KUMAR V. , RANI A. , SOLANKI S. , and HUSSAIN S. M. , 2006.

Influence of growing environment on the biochemical composition and

physical characteristics of soybean seed. J Food Compos Anal 19, 188-195

21-- Mahdawi. Hussein Obeid, Abdullah JassimMuheisen, Adel Youssef Nasr

Allah, Abdul Rahman Kammas, Ali Hussein Abbas, hoping to star Hassan,

Abdul-Jabbar Star Hussein and Jalal Mahmud (2002) invention genotypes

of soybean suitable for Iraq conditions environmental. Jordanian Studies

Journal. folder 29, Issue (1): (65-72) المهداوي 9حسين عبيد ،عبد حاسم محيسن ،عادل

الرحمان خماس ،علي حسين عباس ،امل نجم حسن ،عبد الجبار ستار يوسف نصر هللا ،عبد

( أستنباط تراكيب وراثيه من فول الصويا مالئمه لضروف العراق 0110حسين وجالل محمود)

( 00- 55(:)0,العدد ).90مجلة الدراسات االردنيه المجلد

22-ROSE I. A. , 1988. Effects of moisture stress on the oil and protein

components of soybean seeds. Aust J Agric Res 39, 163-170

23-ROTUNDO J. S. , BORRAS L. , WESTGATE M . E . ,and ORF J. H. ,

2009. Relationship between assimilate supply per seed during seed filling

and soybean composition. Field Crop Res 112(1), 90-96

41

24-SUTHERLAND P. L.,and DANILESON R. E. , 1980. Soybean response to

evapotranspiration deficit . AgronAbstr 1, 192-193.