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Earthquake and TsunamiMitigation in Japan

Summary of observations from fieldinvestigations of the engineering effects of the

Great Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Stephen Mahin, Ph.D.Director, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center

The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year LaterUCSF Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics and Global Health Sciences

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Map of World with Chile, NZ andJapan

?

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Comparison of Slip Fault Size(Asahi Newspaper)

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Source:USGS

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Source: Office of the Prime Minister

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The Eastern Japan Earthquake:Special Ground Motion Characteristics

From S. Midorikawa

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Comparison of ground motions fromearthquakes affecting Sendai area

Recorded strong motions from 2011 events compared to 1978 and 2005Miyagi-ken Oki earthquakes at Sumitomo Building (near Sendai Station)

March 11, 2011 M9.0

April 7, 2011 M7.1

Aug. 16, 2005 M7.2

Miyagi-Oki, June 12, 1978 M7.4

Courtesy: Prof. Motosaka, Tohoku Univ.

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Numerous Aftershocks:Cumulating/Repeated Damage

Tokyo

Sendai

From: JMA

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Improve understanding of hazard posed by subduction zone events

Courtesy: J. Stewart

New NGA-Subduction projectin development by PEER

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

WIDE SPREAD damage due to soil liquefaction and permanent settlement

GEER

Urayasu,Near Tokyo

GEER

GEERGEER

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Relatively limited damage to structuresdue to shaking during M9.0 earthquake

Downtown Sendai

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

u ngs near - e: =2.7g

Ref: Midorikaway, Tokyo Tech

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Older buildings vulnerable (e.g., Sendai)

Adjacent undamaged buildings

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Non-Structural Damage - Tokyo

Ref: http://sankei.jp.msn.com

Concert Hall Kawasaki (near Tokyo)

Moderate Shaking PGA ~ 0.15g

unoccupied at time of earthquake

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Buildings in Tokyo?

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

US-Japan Collaborative Research onSeismically Isolated Buildings

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Tsunami Effects

Aero Ashai Corporation

Arahama

On coast near Sendai,4 km penetration

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Arahama: 4-story School Building, Vertical Evacuation Facility

Innundation into 2nd

floor

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year LaterRoute 45, Rikuzen-Koizumi (3 span bridge, washed away)

Rikuzen Takata Typical coastal bridge damage

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Lifelines - Electric Power - NPP In general, shaking had littleeffectTsunami affected somesubstations, but had major

impact on generationstations8 major fossil stations downFukushima NPP crisis11 % national power

generation lostCurrently, ALL NPPs are

being shut down

Scawthorn

Aero Ashai, Corporation

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Fire Following Earthquake

260 Immediate345 Total

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

In tsunami areas, heavy industrial facilities were closed for long times

Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper

Nippon Paper Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper Mill

Ofunato Cement

Taiheiyo Cement Corporation - Ofunato City

One of its two kilns sustained damage, raw materials andfuel-feeding equipment were damaged, rubble anddebris impair its operations, and the plant had noelectricity as of April 18

Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS

Sustained light physical damage but heavy business interruption

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Supply chains are complex and interdependent

Facility and

Equipment

CustomersSuppliers

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Critical Lifelines

Supply chains are complex and interdependent

Facility and

Equipment

CustomersSuppliers

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Structures Should Not Be Considered in Isolation: Disaster vs Catastrophe

Natural disasters cause wide-spread moderate to severe damage

that may strainability of a

community to

respond

Widespreaddamage can have substantiallong-lasting social, economic andcultural impact on the well-beingand vitality of a city and nation

Wenchuan Earthquake

Wenchuan Earthquake

Christchurch, NZ

Hurricane Katrina

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Resilient structures, networksand communities

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Next challenge for engineers:Earthquake-Resilient StructuresIn Earthquake Engineering , our future challengeis to develop new or improved structures andinfrastructure systems that:

protect public safety, and are

economical,but that

can be constructed quickly withminimal disruption to the public andenvironment, andcan withstand strong earthquakeground shaking (and other hazards)safely, with little disruption or cost associatedwith post-earthquake inspections and repairs.

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Concluding RemarksBuildings, bridges and other facilities generallyperformed well under strong ground shaking

Nonstructural components (and contents)Existing (deficient) structuresCritical transportation links (Shinkansen bridges)Correlation of ground shaking characteristics to structuraldamage requires more study

Tsunami inundation was major source of damage and over 90% of deaths.

Inundation depths > 1 to 2 meters:Timber and light frame buildings totally destroyedEngineered RC and steel buildings generally survived

Inundated bridges often failedSubstantial business interruption consequences

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The Great East Japan Earthquake and Disasters: One Year Later

Concluding RemarksPermanent movement of ground caused widespread and extensive damage

Tilting and settlement of structuresSubstantial damage to utilitiesSoil improvements seemed to work as intended

Critical lifeline systems had extensive damageElectric Power

On-going NPP issuesOther utilities (water, gas, etc.)

Large impact on industry and quality of lifeSubstantial business interruption consequences

Nonstructural components, equipment, contentsTsunami impacts

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Th G E J E h k d Di O Y L

For More InformationPEER and EERI websites

http://peer.berkeley.edu

CUEE, AIJ, JSCE, ERIand many otherwebsites in Japan (seereport for links)