unit two: biopsychology domain chapter 3: senation … · hearing’s psychological characteristics...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit Two: Biopsychology Domain
Chapter 3: Senation and PerceptionModule 7: Sensation; Module 8: Perception
SENSORY PROCESSES:
How Do We Perceive The World?
ThEcOwgAvecOla.
.rat eht saw tac ehT
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
How many squares do you see?
Stroop Effect
experiment interference when the brain receives
conflicting stimuli
Say the color, NOT the word
Sensation
Perception
receiving information from the environment
organizing sensory information to make it meaningful
Adaptation
gradual loss of unneeded or unwanted sensory information
Interference
conflicting old and new stimuli
Habituation
brain stops attending to constant unchanging information
Perceptual Constancies:
The world around us is in constant motion; our brain
must work to hold size, color, shape, brightness and
space steady to be able to make sense of it.
Perception
Size Constancy
Color Constancy
Shape Constancy
Brightness Constancy
Space Constancy
MAC DONALD
MAC HENRY
MAC MAHON
MAC HINERY
machinery
How can expectations and experiences
influence our perception?
Perceptual Set (Expectancy): perceiving stimuli due to previous experiences or expectations.
Top-down processing: using preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
Bottom-up processing: analysis of smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
Organizing Information
Gestalt
An organized whole, shape, or
form; “the sum is greater than it’s
parts.”
Gestalt Principles
Depth Perception
Binocular (retinal) disparity
Texture gradient
ability to see the relation of objects in space
difference between the images provided
by the two retinas
How rough or smooth objects appear;
used in depth perception
Depth Perception
visual cliff experiment
The two work together allowing us to see
depth; each sends a slightly different
message to the brain for processing
1960s Gibson and Walk Visual Cliff
Visual Cliff and Development Over Time
Are we born with depth perception?
Grand Canyon Skywalk
A Few Famous Illusions
Muller-Lyer Illusion
Moon Illusion
Reversible Images
Size and Shading
Kurt Wenner Sidewalk Art
So what can we learn from illusions?
1. How our brain organizes the world around us.
3. That our sense of vision….
Illusions: an inaccurate perception
2. Our environment/culture (experience) can
influence how we perceive information.
What made the green eggs and ham so unpalatable?
… dominates the senses.
Sensation: Vision
Seeing Color
Rods: see black and white for night vision
Cones: see color for day vision; vision sharpness
Colorblindness: inability to perceive certain colors
Trichromatic Theory: eyes
contain red, blue and green
cones – each for primary
colors of light. ability to
perceive certain colors
Opponent Process Theory:
proposes that color vision has
four primary colors with cones
arranged in pairs: red and
green; blue and yellow.
Afterimages: image that
remains after retina stimulation
ends; cones fire back to balance
Vision’s Psychological Characteristics
iris: colored muscle
smaller if disgusted, larger if we see something (or someone) we like; wide for
heightened emotions – including danger.
vision dominates human senses
focus of lovers
pupil: opening for light
Sensation: Hearing
hearing is energy from sound waves; measured in decibels
Tinnitus:
ringing in your ears
Hearing’s Psychological Characteristics
animals rely on sound more than humans
a loud noise can disturb sleep;
but a constant sound of 50 decibels can help sleep
some hair cells recognize specific sound patterns:
a mother’s voice;
newborn babies relax at sound of mother’s heartbeat
the “musical itch” we can’t scratch
music genre, mood and behavior:
“Earworms:”
Music and human behavior has a long history
curing earworms
Sensation: Cutaneous
Nerve receptors respond to pressure, temperature or pain
Touch and its Psychological
Characteristics
contact comfort
Harlow’s Monkeys
Harry Harlow
1906-1981
Palmer Grasp
Satisfaction from soft, physical stimulation
Sensation: Olfaction
Olfactory bulbs receive odor molecules and communicate their nature to the brain
food detection and taste
Smell and its Psychological Characteristics
our most animal-like sense
memory recall
stimulating or craving
Pheromones odor chemical that communicate a message
emotions
healing
Sensation: Taste
Taste receptors on the tongue decode molecules of food or drink:
detect sweet, sour, salty and bitter
Salt for body chemistry balance
Sugar for energy
Sour and bitter detect poisons
and spoiled food