UNIT IV: 1750-1914UNIT IV: 1750-1914

Why 1750 –1914?Why 1750 –1914?

1750 – Start of political revolutions, industrial revolution, capitalism

1914 – WWI, Decline of Empires (Ottoman, Qing, Czarist Russia, Austro-Hungary)

The Two “I’s”The Two “I’s”1. INDUSTRIALIZATION1. INDUSTRIALIZATION:

traditional/religious life under immense pressure by industrial life & new scientific discoveries

2. IMPERIALISM2. IMPERIALISM: leads to the development of Land AND sea-based empires

– Nationalism (introduced by the French Revolution)

– In order to justify imperialism: idea of ‘race’ developed by the West

Big Picture ThemesBig Picture Themes

Political Revolutions

Dominance of the West

Reactions to Imperialism

Global Trade

New Economic Systems (capitalism, Marxism)

Demographic Shifts

Who is Who?Who is Who?The West:The West:

W. Europe

U.S.A

Australia

Industrialized societies & militaries

Influenced by nationalism &

science

The The “Wannabes”:“Wannabes”:

Russia

Japan

Ottomans

Gov’t programs to industrialize

Imported tech & and western ideas

Everyone Else:Everyone Else:

Colonized by West or under “sphere of influence” to

West

All attempt to throw out the West, but

FAIL…

EXCEPT L. EXCEPT L. American American

IndependenceIndependence

Political Rev. & Independence:Political Rev. & Independence:

Why now?

Where?

• U.S. (1776)• France (1789)• Haiti (1803)• Latin America (1800s)

American Rev.

• No taxation w/out representation

• July 4, 1776: Dec. of Independence

• 7 Years War 7 Years War Britsh vs. French): “1st World War”

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

• Louis XVI overtaxation• EnlightenmentEnlightenment ideas (rights &

science)

33rdrd Estate Estate (lower class): paid all taxes– swore a “Tennis Court Oath” for a

constitution: Declaration of the rights of Man

– universal male suffrage

• July 14, 1789: storming the Bastille prison starts rev.

Radical phaseRadical phase

• led by Maximilen Robespierre Maximilen Robespierre (of Jacobin party)

• Louis XVI & wife executed during Reign of Terror

• Final phase of rev.: Napoleon staged a coup of the Directory

– From 1799-1815 France became an empire

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the French Revolution of 1789?

(A) It failed to instill a sense of nationalism in France.

(B) Women gained universal suffrage.

(C) The revolution turned radical with the involvement of peasants.

(D) It succeeded in strengthening France’s economy.

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Instability caused by French Rev.

• Toussaint L’Ouverture organized small

military group of slaves & “gens de gens de couluercouluer”

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Symbol of freedom to slaves

• Kings/slave owners feared rebellion

LEGACY:

Latin American IndependenceLatin American Independence

• Political & Social Inequality

– Creoles (rebelled the most)

CAUSES

•Enlightenment Ideas

•Other Revolutions

•Napoleon’s invasion of Spain/Portugal

LeadersLeaders

Simon Bolivar: S. America

Father Miguel Hidalgo (1821): Mexican Independence

Dom Pedro: Brazil

Causes/Motives:

• 1800s Rev. Causes:

– nationalism– peasant unrest– food shortages– publishing newspapers/newsletters– Commercial Revolution (rising middle class)

• Motive: need to industrialize & “modernize” nations

Modern political revolutions were characterized by

(A) the unopposed rule of absolute monarchs

(B) the influence of Enlightenment ideals

(C) peasants and urban workers refusing to protest

(D) the destruction of traditional religion

(E) eventual choice of universal democracy instead of autocracy

The West At Its PeakThe West At Its Peak

• 1750-1914: height of Western power

• The French Revolution gave birth to idea of nationalism

• Growth of Nation-states/empires

– German unification (Bismarck’s realpolitik)

New Political IdeasNew Political Ideas

Tech. Advances:Steam engine: most important invention

British textiles: 1st mechanized industry (looms; spinning wheels)

Transportation: CanalsRailroadsSteam ships

Industrial Rev. Social Changes:

• Innovations in farming & enclosure acts: peasants in countryside out of work…move to cities for factory work

• Industrial Working Class (poor, unskilled)

• New Middle Class

• Roles of women:

– Working class women outside home– Upper Class women: confined

Fatcat

Miner

Power loom“Satanic” Milltown

Street children

Factory Conditions

• rigid, boring, long hours, dangerous

• NO job security…

• Women/children/immigrants paid less

Living Conditions

Urbanization:

• Cities crowded, dirty, & dangerous

- no sanitation

- no fire/police

- no running water

Rise of Western Dominance

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference (1884)

2009 AP® WORLD HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 

WORLD HISTORYSECTION II

Part A(Suggested writing time—40 minutes)

Percent of Section II score—33 1/3

1. Using the documents, analyze African actions and reactions in response to the European Scramble for Africa. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help in assessing African actions and reactions.

 

Historical Background: In the three decades after the Berlin Conference on Africa (1884–1885), European powers occupied and colonized areas in Africa, a process later termed the Scramble for Africa.

Imperialism:

• Industrialization: new demand resources & labor

• steam power, better guns, immunizations

• “Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism” gave West a sense of superiority…justified imperialism (White Man’s Burden)

“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race...I contend that every acre added to our territory provides for the birth of more of the English race, who otherwise would not be brought into existence.”

Cecil Rhodes' statement is consistent with which of the following?

(A) Mercantilism

(B) Social Darwinism

(C) Marxism

(D) Liberalism

(E) Mandate of Heaven

IMPERIALISM

INDIA

AFRICA

EUROPE

JAPANCHINA

•BOER WAR (Dutch vs. British)

•OPIUM WARS•TREATY OF NANJING (1842)•TAIPING REBELLION (1850-64)•BOXER REBELLION (1898-1901): anti-British & anti-Qing

•MEIJI RESTORATION•MATTHEW PERRY•SINO-JAPANESE WAR

•JEWEL IN THE CROWN

•SHAKA ZULU (resistance)

• COMPANY MEN• SEPOY MUTINY• QUEEN VICTORIA

•WHITE MAN’S BURDEN.•BRITISH EAST INDIA CO.

•NATIONALISM

•BERLIN CONFERENCE

•SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Reaction to Imperialism?

• Organized rebellions all failed from 1750-1914 (EXCEPT in L. America)

• Russia & Japan…

– Imitating the West

The “Wannabes”The “Wannabes”

Japan & Russia

Meiji Japan:

• Arrival of U.S. navy (Commodore PerryCommodore Perry): forced industrialization on Japan

• Led to Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration: Emperor began gov’t sponsored modernization plan

• Created a Parliament: an oligarchy w/ a few businesses (zaibatsuzaibatsu)

• Japan colonizes Korea & China

Late-nineteenth-century Japanese industrialization differed from late-eighteenth-century British industrialization in that Japan’s industrialization

(A) was sponsored by the state

(B) was not based on fossil-fuel power

(C) centered on exporting agricultural goods

(D) used women in early factories

RussiaRussia

• Peter the Great Peter the Great (1672-1725): began Westernization

• Like Japan, industrialization sponsored by gov’t

• Russifiy: cultural pressure on conquered peoples

• UNLIKE JAPAN: Russia NOT able to fully industrialize…too many serfs!

– 1861 (Alexander II ends serfdom)

British E.I.C.

• E.I.C. ran India w/ “Company MenCompany Men” & Rajprinces until the Sepoy RebellionSepoy Rebellion (1857)

– Sepoy: paid Indian soldiers– then direct control of crown; Queen Victoria (Disraeli

her advisor)

• “Jewel in the crown”

• India supplied Britain w/ cotton, indigo, salt, opium & tea.

Qing China• Lord Macartney attempts to open up Qing (1792)

-“Tea Diplomacy”…epic failure

• China economically/culturally isolated…yet largest economy

-Qing horded silver causing inflation

• British fight Opium Wars to open up Qing…Treaty Treaty of Nankingof Nanking begins 100 yrs of British influence (Hong Kong)

•Taiping Rebellion & Boxer Rebellion (both failed): throw out foreigners

The Islamic Heartland

• Ottoman Empire: tried to reform its society & industrialize w/ Tanzimat Tanzimat Reforms Reforms (too little too late)

– Janissary Corp very conservative & feared change…

• Egypt falls under British influence under Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (cotton; Suez Canal)

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Europeans: create tensions between ethnic groups

• “Scramble for Africa” about resources:

– metals, crops, ivory, diamonds (Cecil Rhodes), rubber (Belgian Congo)

Global Communication, & Tech

– railroad, steam engine, telegraph– Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Demographic & ENV Changes

• New immigration patterns• End of Atlantic Slave TradeEnd of Atlantic Slave Trade: caused need for

cheap labor (children & immigrants)• Better medicine• Food Supply ↑

Changes in Social/Gender Structure

• Political Revolutions• Industrial Revolution • Enlightenment ideas• Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changed due to:

Comparisons

• Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases)

• Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American, Mexican, and Chinese)

• Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman Empire, China, India and Japan.