UNIT II: POPULATION WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE

AND WHY? WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN

PARTICULAR PLACES? WHY DOES POPULATON COMPOSITION

MATTER? HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH

INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS? HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT

POPULATION CHANGE?

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE 2.1 RATE NEEDED TO KEEP NATION

AT OR ABOVE REPLACEMENT LEVEL WITHOUT IMMIGRATION

DECLINING

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?

POPULATION – ACROSS SPACE DEMOGRAPHY POP. DENSITY – MEAUSRE OF TOTAL

POPULATION RELATIVE TO LANDSIZE *ARITHMETIC POP. DENSITY *EVEN DISTRIBUTION OVER LAND

MAPS, POP. DENSITY

WORLD POPULATION DENSITY

EXAMPLES

USA, 81 PSM BANGLADESH, 2738 PSM EGYPT, 203, PSM

SEE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK

POPULATION DENSITY

PHYSIOLOGICAL – POP. PER AREA OF ARABLE LAND

*EX. EGYPT, 6776 PSM POP. DISTRIBUTIONS – LOCATION

WHERE PEOPLE LIVE NOT EVEN DISTRIBUTION BY

CONTINENT OR NATION

GLOBAL SCALE, POP. DENSITY DOT MAPS, P. 42, 43 POP. CLUSTERS 1. EAST ASIA 2. SOUTH ASIA 3. EUROPE 4. NORTH AMERICA WHERE? MAJOR CITIES, RIVER VALLEYS,

COAST #’S 1, 2, 3, OVER 4 BILLION PEOPLE

EAST ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

URBAN (CITY) AREA, E. COAST WASHINGTON D.C. TO BOSTON,

MASS. MEGALOPOLIS, URBAN

AGGLOMERATION

CENSUS, POP. COUNT, EVERY 10 YRS

WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE AND FALL IN DIFFERENT PLACES?

THOMAS MALTHUS, AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION, 1798

POPULATION INCREASING FASTER THAN FOOD SUPPLY

WHAT HAPPENS IN ONE SCALE AFFECTS ANTOHER AT SAME TIME

WORLD, REGIONAL, NATIONAL, LOCAL

THOMAS MALTHUS

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL THE SHIFT IN POPULATION GROWTH The Demographic transition (DT) used to represent

the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years.

DTM, 5 STAGES

STAGE 1 - In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.

DTM STAGE 2 - That of a developing country, the

death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. These changes usually come about due to improvements in farming techniques, access to technology, basic healthcare, and education. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population.

DTM STAGE 3 - In stage three, birth rates fall due

to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off.

DTM STAGE 4 - During stage four, there are both low birth

rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries.

DTM

STAGE 5 – DECLINING POPULATION

DTM

WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER?

POP. COMPOSITION, ASPECTS OF POPULATION

WHAT IS IMPORTANT? SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH RATES, POP. COMPOSITION

COMPOSTION: AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS

POP. PYRAMIDS SHOW ABOVE DATA VISUALLY, P.58

HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS?

BESIDES A NATION’S POP. AND GROWTH RATE, THE WELFARE OF A NATION’S PEOPLE ACROSS REGIONS, ETHNICITIES, AND SOCIAL CLASS IS IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO SANITATION, PREVALENCE OF DISEASE, AND AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH CARE.

LEADING MEASURES OF A NATION’S POPULATION

1. IMR, INFANT MORTALITY RATE A BABY’S DEATH DURING YR. 1 AFTER

BIRTH # OF DEATH CASES PER 1000 LIVE

BIRTHS 2. CMR, CHILD MORTALITY RATE CHILD’S DEATH BETWEEN YRS. 1-5 IMR, CMR REFLECT OVERALL HEALTH

OF NATION, P. 59

CAUSES, HIGH IMR MAIN: MOTHER’S HEALTH MALNOURISHMENT OF MOTHER OVERWORK/EXHAUSTION LACK OF EDUCATION DISEASE PROLONGED DIARRHEA POOR SANITATION ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER

HIGH IMR-POOR NATIONS, DEVELOPING LOW IMR-RICH NATIONS, DEVELOPED IMR VARIES WITHIN NATIONS ACOORDING TO

REGION ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ETC. IMR, CMR HIGH IN MOST OF AFRICA, ASIA

EXAMPLE, SOUTH AFRICA

IMR FOR S. AF.=48 (AVERAGE) IMR FOR S. AF. WHITES IS EUR. AV. IMR FOR S. AF. BLACKS IS AF. AV.

EXAMPLE, USA

IMR AVERAGE = 6.8 IMR FOR BLACKS = 13.6 IMR FOR WHITES = 5.7 IMR VARIES BY REGION HIGHEST IMR = S.; LOWEST IMR = NE REITERATION: IN USA, LIKE OTHER NATIONS,

IMR, CMR, VARY BY REGION ACCORDING TO ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ED LEVELS, AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.

ANOTHER MEASURE OF A NATION’S POPULATION…

LIFE EXPECTANCY NO. OF YRS. A PERSON MAY EXPECT

TO REMAIN ALIVE WOMEN OUTLIVE MEN HIGHEST = JAPAN, AGE 82 DUE TO

LOW IMR, CMR, FR LOWEST = SUBSAHARAN AFRICA,

AGE 40 HIV-AIDS

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING GEOGRAPHERS-

STUDY DISEASE WHY? PREDICT

DIFFUSION, PREVENTION

CATEGORIES: INFECTIOUS, CHRONIC, GENETIC,

SPATIAL EXTENT ENDEMIC EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC

HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?

GOVTS HAVE POLICIES INFLUENCING GROWTH RATE OR ETHNIC RATIOS W/IN POP.

POLICIES 1.EXPANSIVE 2.EUGENIC 3.RESTRICTIVE

EXPANSIVE

GOVT ENCOURAGES LARGE FAMILIES TO RAISE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

EXS., USSR IN COLD WAR; PRC UNDER MAO ZEDONG

PRESENTLY, NATIONS W/ AGING POPS OFFER FISCAL INCENTIVES

EUGENIC

GOVT FAVORS ONE ETHNICITY OR CULTURE SECTOR OF POP

EX., NAZI GERMANY

RESTRICTIVE GOVT REDUCES NATURAL INCREASE. GOVT IS TOLERANT OF UNAPPROVED

BIRTHCONTROL AND / OR LARGE FAMILY PROHIBITIONS

EX., PRC’S ONE CHILD POLICY REDUCTION OF PRC’S GROWTH RATE RESULTS: FEMALE INFANTICIDE,

INCREASED ABORTIONS, ORPHANED GIRLS PRESENTLY, PRC RELAXATION OF POLICY