Unit 9Introduction to Ecology

Ecosystems &Communities

The Environment

Environment includes all things that an

organism is exposed to during it’s life.

____________

____________

____________

____________

Abiotic Factors

• Are all of the _____________________things in the environment.

• Abiotic Factors:

_______________ _______________

_______________ _______________

_______________ _______________

Biotic Factors

• Include all of the _____________ things in the environment and their effects.

• Biotic Factors

______________ _______________

______________ _______________

______________ _______________

Levels of organization

1. _____________: A group of organisms that can produce

____________________

Levels of organization

2. _________________: All the members of a ______________that live together at the same _____________.

Levels of organization

3. Community: ______the _____________ things in the same area.

Levels of organization

4. _________________: The ___________ and __________ parts in one place.

Levels of organization

5. ____________: Large _________________defined by their dominant ________and ______________.

Levels of organization

6. _________________: The area on and around ____________where life exists.

Biosphere

• Composed of 3 parts:

______________

______________

______________

Review

• 6 Levels of organization1. _________________

2. _________________

3. _________________

4. _________________

5. _________________

6. _________________a. _______________________

b. _______________________

c. _______________________

Energy in the Biosphere

• All organisms need ______________to survive.

• The main _____________for energy on Earth is the _______ & _______________

Energy Flow

Sun & Elements

Producers (Autotrophs)

Consumers (Heterotrophs)

Decomposers (Heterotrophs)

Producers

1. Producers are also called _________________________

2. Use energy from the ______________________to ____________ all the food in the world.

Photoautotrophs

A. Photoautotrophs: Use energy from _________________to create food.

• _________________________: Process that uses

solar energy to create food.

• Green Plants & Algae

Photoautotrophs

CO2 + Light + H2O Sugar + O2

Chemoautotrophs

• B. Chemoautotrophs: Use energy from __________________ materials to make food.

• _____________________________: Process that uses inorganic materials to create food.

• Some bacteria only

Chemoautotrophs 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S = C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4

Heterotrophs

2. Heterotrophs: Use organic materials made by _________________to obtain _____________.

A. _______________________: Organisms that cannot create food. Instead, they eat other organisms to obtain energy.

Consumers

1. __________________: Only eat _______________.

Consumers

2. _____________________: Eat other ________________.

Consumers

3. ___________________: Eat both _________and ______________.

Consumers

4. _________________: Eat __________plant and animal material.

Decomposers

• B. Decomposers: _________________ organic matter and ____________the nutrients.

Review

1. Autotrophsa. __________________ b.__________________

2. Heterotrophsa. Consumers b. Decomposers

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

Trophic Levels

• Trophic Level: A step in either a food chain or a food web

• Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

Food Chains

Food Chain: A series of steps in which energy is __________________ from one organism to another.

Food Webs• Food Web: __________all food chains in

an ecosystem together

Ecological Pyramids• Ecological Pyramids: Diagrams used to

show how much energy or matter exists within a trophic level.

• -About 10% of matter at one trophic level can be supported in the level above it but there are exceptions!

Nutrient Cycles

• How ______________move through the _____________________

1.________________Cycle

2.________________Cycle

3.________________Cycle

4.________________Cycle

Water Cycle

1. Water enters the atmosphere by 1. _______________________: From lakes,

oceans, the ground, animals.

2. _______________________: From Plant leaves

Water Cycle

1. Water leaves the atmosphere by 1. _______________________: Rain, Snow,

Ice

2. Organisms obtain water from _______________ & ________________

The Carbon Cycle

• Forms of Carbon– CO2

– Most living materials– Organic materials

• Coal• Oil• Wood

The Carbon Cycle

• ______________________ uses CO2 to create Sugars (made of carbon).

• __________________breaks down sugars and produces CO2

• Burning of _________ produces CO2

Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen is a part of _______________ that are very important in our bodies.

• We cannot use Nitrogen ______(N2) in the atmosphere.

• Bacteria Change N2 into a form plants absorb.

• We then ______ plants and obtain nitrogen.

Phosphorous Cycle

• Phosphorous is a part of ________– Genetic Material

• Phosphorous is a part of ________– Energy molecule

• Obtain phosphorous by eating plants & other animals.

Land Biomes

• Land biomes are places on Earth’s surface that have the same _________________ and similar ______________ and _______________.

Forests Bosques

• Tropical Rain Forests Bosques tropicales lluviosos

• Tropical Dry Forests Bosques tropicales secos

• Temperate Forest Bosques templados

• Boreal Forests (Taiga) Bosques Boreales

Tropical Rain Forest

Tropical Dry Forest

Temperate Forest

Taiga

Grasslands Pastizales

• Temperate Grasslands

• Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) Sabana tropical

Temperate Grassland

Savanna

Deserts

Tundra

Polar Zones

Water Biomes

• Water biomes are classified by the _________ of water and _________________ that live there.

Freshwater

• Lakes Lagos

• Rivers Rios

Wetlands

• Wetlands Humedores– Marshes Marjales– Bogs Turberas– Swamps Pantanos

Wetlands

Ocean Zones

• Coral Reef Arrecifes de coral

• Open Ocean Mar Abierto

• Benthic Zone Zona Bentisal

Coral Reef

Open Ocean

Benthic Zone

Community Interactions

• How Organisms affect each other

Predation

• One animal (______________) eats the other animal (__________)

• Win / Lose

Parasitism

• One animal (_______________) lives inside another animal (______) and harms the host.– Eats parts of the host– Reproduces inside of the host

• Win / Lose

Herbivory

• An animal eats a plant.

• Win / Lose

Competition

• One organism _____________ another organism for food, land, water.

• Win / Lose

Mutualism

• 2 organisms _________ each other

Bee gets food

Plant transfers seeds

Win / Win

Defense Mechanisms

• Mimicry

• Camouflage

• Toxins

• Special Structures

Mimicry

• One organism looks like another bad one

Camouflage

• Animal looks like it’s environments

Toxins

Special Structures

Teeth Claws Spines