Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Some Edits By Mr. CaseySome Edits By Mr. Casey

RetreatRetreat (verb) to (verb) to stop fighting and stop fighting and move away from move away from

the enemythe enemy

siegesiege (noun) the (noun) the surrounding of a surrounding of a

place by the place by the enemy to capture enemy to capture

itit

campaigncampaign (noun) a (noun) a series of battles to series of battles to achieve a specific achieve a specific

purposepurpose

turning pointturning point (noun) a time (noun) a time

when important when important changes occurchanges occur

mercenarymercenary (noun) (noun) a soldier who a soldier who

fights for another fights for another country for moneycountry for money

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

Tories or LoyalistsTories or Loyalists Patriots or Whigs or Patriots or Whigs or Colonists or AmericansColonists or Americans

British/Hessians/Some British/Hessians/Some Native AmericansNative Americans

Americans/French/SpanishAmericans/French/Spanish

(some Native Americans)(some Native Americans)

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages

*Trained Soldiers*Trained Soldiers

*Strongest Navy*Strongest Navy

*Money to hire *Money to hire mercenariesmercenaries

*Defending their own *Defending their own home so time and home so time and geography are not geography are not

issuesissues

DisadvantagesDisadvantages*Long Supply Line*Long Supply Line

*British people get *British people get tired of wartired of war

*Poorly trained and *Poorly trained and suppliedsupplied

*Service is short time*Service is short time

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

WashingtonWashington’’s Headachess Headaches

Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training and short service time [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben].

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

ambassadorambassador (noun) a (noun) a

representative representative sent by one sent by one

government to government to anotheranother

negotiatenegotiate (verb) (verb) to talk about to talk about something in something in

order to reach an order to reach an agreementagreement

financefinance (verb) to (verb) to provide money forprovide money for

Phase I:Phase I: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

- Battle of Lexington and Concord

- Battle of Bunker Hill

- British are forced out of Boston

- Americans defeated at Quebec

Phase I:Phase I: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]Success in

several battles give the Patriots confidence. They try to take Quebec, a British stronghold. They are defeated and have to retreat.

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

The Northern CampaignThe Northern Campaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

*General Howe and 32,000 troops defeat Washington in several battles, capturing New York and key positions on the Hudson River (Fort Washington and Battle of Long Island)

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

*People begin to doubt Washington’s ability

Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton

*The British hunker down for the winter. Washington is determined to have victory. He has lost 90% of his troops to capture, death, or desertion. He has a few thousand men left. He decides to cross the Delaware on Christmas morning and surprise the Hessian army camping at Trenton. It is a quick victory. It is a small victory but important to morale and hope.

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Quebec and Quebec and BurgoyneBurgoyneBritish forces based in Quebec head south. They defeat the Americans several times, but they make the mistake of stretching their supply line. They run low on supplies and the Americans eventually defeat them at the Battle of Saratoga

Saratoga: Saratoga: ““Turning Turning PointPoint”” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

N.Y. and General N.Y. and General HoweHowe The Patriots are defeated

at the Battle of Germantown and Brandywine. Washington winters at Valley Forge.

In 1778, France and Spain join the Patriots. They provide soldiers and a naval fleet.

General Howe resigns his post and is replaced by General Henry Clinton

N.Y. and General N.Y. and General HoweHoweGeneral Howe resigns under pressure

and criticism. He is replaced by General Henry Clinton who places General Cornwallis in charge of the British army. They switch tactics!

Cornwallis Clinton

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

BritainBritain’’s s ““Southern StrategSouthern Strategyy ””Britain thought that there were

more Loyalists in the South.

Take the south and move north

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside

Good US General:Nathanael Greene frustrates the British

Guerilla WarfareGuerilla Warfare

Great Leaders in the south

Guerilla warfare frustrates the British. They win the major battles but have a hard time controlling the south because of great leaders like:

Nathanael Greene:Splits his force in two and only attacks when he has the advantage

Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

General Cornwallis defeats the Colonial Army at Charlestown

and Camden. In 1781, Cornwallis arrives in Yorktown. Washington abandons plans for

recapturing New York and decides to head for Yorktown.

Washington, Rochambeau, and the French fleet trap Cornwallis at Yorktown and force his surrender.

CornwallisCornwallis’’ Surrender at Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down! Down!””

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

constitution (noun) a written plan of government

ideal (noun) an important belief or aim

ratify (verb) to approve officially

territory (noun) land owned or controlled by a particular country

policy (noun) a plan for doing or managing something

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationCongress: No separation of powers with a judicial and executive branch [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 votes to amend a law.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No Power to regulate commerce

Who was the first Who was the first president?president?

Who was the first Who was the first president?president?

John Hanson-first president of Congress

There were eight presidents of Congress (including John Hancock)

We don’t count these men because The Articles of Confederation were replaced by our new system, The Constitution,” which created a new government

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Strength of theStrength of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederation

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Strength of theStrength of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationNORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)Divided open land into smaller areas (for new states) and made it impossible for older states to take the land

Habeas Corpus

Trial by Jury

Religious Freedom

New areas could apply for statehood when they reached 60,000 people

Outlawed Slavery in new states

Required school for all new towns

Strength of theStrength of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederation

If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be. -Thomas Jefferson

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in The United States in 17871787

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786- Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786- Rebellion: 1786-77

ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786- Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWarFederalist - (in favor of the constitution) Wanted a strong central government with checks and balances

Antifederalists - (against the constitution) The central government had too much power and there was no Bill of Rights to guarantee people’s rights

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

• Written by Written by James James MadisonMadison, , Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton, and , and John John JayJay. They were . They were published in New York published in New York papers to try and papers to try and persuade people to persuade people to agree with their ideas agree with their ideas on central governmenton central government