Unit 13 Treatment of

Psychological Disorders

Unit Overview• The Psychological Therapies• Humanistic Therapies• Behavioral Therapies• Cognitive Therapies• Group/Family Therapies• Biomedical Therapies• Preventing Psychological

Disorders

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Introduction

•History of treatment• Cutting Holes in the skull• Beating the devil out• Electric shock• Lobotomy• Heavy Sedation

The Psychological Therapies

Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud’s Technique

Aim• Bring repressed feelings into the

conscious mind. • Experience catharsis • Release energy devoted to

unresolved stages of development

Method• Historical reconstruction of the

patient. • Free Assosiation• Dream interpretation• Psychoanalyst looks for resistance

to sensitive material and pushes you past it.

• Therapist interprets the meaning of that resistance and provides insight

Humanistic Therapies

• Insight therapies focus more on:• the present rather than the past• conscious rather than the unconscious• taking immediate responsibility• promoting growth instead of curing

Client Centered Therapy - Roger’s Focus on Self Perception

Aim • Focus on the person’s conscious

self-perception. • Therapist listens, without

judging or interpreting or directing the client to certain insights.

• Therapists should exhibit genuineness, acceptance and empathy

Method

• Active listening• Paraphrase• Invite clarification• Reflect feelings

• Unconditional positive regard

• Therapist is a mirror to help the client see themselves more clearly.

Behavior Therapies

•Behavior Therapy• Doubt the healing power of self awareness. • You may be aware of why you are anxious but still feel anxious

• View maladaptive symptoms as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behavior

Behavior Therapies – Classical Conditioning (Phobias)

Aim• Learn new behavior

or unlearn old ones.

Method

• Pair a Conditioned Stimulus with an Unconditioned Stimulus to elicit a Conditioned Response.

• Counter Conditioning – evoke a NEW response (waking up) to a stimulus and replace an Unwanted response (bed wetting)

• Exposure Therapy – systematic desensitization, slowly expose the threatening stimuli and replace negative response with positive one.

• Aversive Conditioning – Substitute a negative response (addiction) for a positive one (Quiting) - Terries Ad

Behavior Therapies – Operant Conditioning (Autism)Aim

• Modify Behavior so that it leads to positive consequences

Method• Use Positive Reinforcement to

shape behavior in a step by step manner, rewarding close approximations to the desired behavior.

• Token Economy – tokens given as rewards can be used to purchase desired items.

• Token Economy example

Cognitive Therapies• Cognitive therapy - Our thinking affects our feelings.

• We engage in Self Blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events which leads to depression and anxiety.

Cognitive Therapies – Beck’s Therapy for Depression, Anxiety, OCDAim • Teach new and constructive

ways of Thinking• Get people to change what they

“say” to themselves.

Method• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

• Make people aware of irrational negative thinking and replace it with new way of thinking AND PRACTICE positive habits.

• Re-label and Refocus thoughts and actions.

• 3 good things technique

Group and Family Therapies

•Group therapy•Family therapy•Aims to Heal Relationships.

•Tries to discover shared problems and allow for feedback.

•Peer Support

Comparison of Psychotherapies

Types of Therapists

Biomedical Therapies – treat severe disorders with medicine or surgery

•Biomedical therapy• Drugs• Electroconvulsive therapy• Magnetic impulses• Psychosurgery• Psychiatrist

Drug TherapiesAntipsychotic Drugs

• Antipsychotic drugs• Psychoses• Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)• Dopamine • Tardive dyskinesia• Atypical antipsychotics (Clozaril)

• Positive and negative symptoms

• xxx• xxx

Drug TherapiesAntianxiety Drugs

•Antianxiety drugs• Xanax, Ativan, D-cycloserine • Physiological dependence

Drug TherapiesAntidepressant Drugs

•Antidepressant drugs• Use with mood and anxiety disorders• Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paxil

• Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors• Neurogenesis

• Side effects of antidepressants

Drug TherapiesAntidepressant Drugs

Drug TherapiesMood-Stabilizing Medications

•Mood-stabilizing medications• Lithium• Depakote

Therapeutic Life-Style Change

• Integrated biopsychosocial system•Therapeutic life-style change

• Aerobic exercise• Adequate sleep• Light exposure• Social connection• Anti-rumination• Nutritional supplements

Preventing Psychological Disorders

•Resilience•Preventing psychological disorders