Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Italy in the early Italy in the early 1919thth century was a century was a divided country.divided country.

Much of it was Much of it was dominated by dominated by Austria.Austria.

Italian nationalism Italian nationalism was reawakened was reawakened by the armies of by the armies of Napoleon.Napoleon.

Obstacles to UnificationObstacles to Unification

Tiny city-statesTiny city-states Petty rulers reluctant to give up Petty rulers reluctant to give up

powerpower Austria controlled northern ItalyAustria controlled northern Italy Pope did not want to give up control Pope did not want to give up control

over Papal Statesover Papal States Economic difficultiesEconomic difficulties French opposition – France did not French opposition – France did not

want a strong neighbor in Italy.want a strong neighbor in Italy.

Goals of NationalismGoals of Nationalism

Risorgimento:Risorgimento:resurrection or rebirthresurrection or rebirth

UnificationUnification DemocracyDemocracy

Leadership Leadership

Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini• The “SOUL” of The “SOUL” of

Italian UnificationItalian Unification• Inspired nationalism Inspired nationalism

through writings through writings and speechesand speeches

• Young ItalyYoung Italy

LeadershipLeadership

Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi• The “SWORD” of The “SWORD” of

Italian unificationItalian unification• Organized an army Organized an army

called the Red called the Red Shirts, which Shirts, which carried out a carried out a successful rebellion successful rebellion to unite Italyto unite Italy

Leadership Leadership

Camillo CavourCamillo Cavour• The “brains” of The “brains” of

unificationunification• Used economic Used economic

reforms to lead reforms to lead Italy to its goal!Italy to its goal!

• REAL POLITIKREAL POLITIK

LeadershipLeadership

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel IIII• King of Piedmont King of Piedmont

Sardinia and the Sardinia and the focal point for focal point for unityunity

““Not the most beautiful Not the most beautiful structure in Rome, the structure in Rome, the Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel monument has been given monument has been given nicknames such as nicknames such as 'typewriter' and 'wedding 'typewriter' and 'wedding cake'.”cake'.”

MethodsMethods 1859 Austro-Sardinia War : Sardinia got control 1859 Austro-Sardinia War : Sardinia got control

of Lombardyof Lombardy Parma, Modena and Tuscany revolted and joined Parma, Modena and Tuscany revolted and joined

Sardinia.Sardinia. Garibaldi took the Kingdom of the two Sicilies Garibaldi took the Kingdom of the two Sicilies

from France and turned them over to Sardinia.from France and turned them over to Sardinia. 1866 Austro-Prussian War: Italy sided with Prussia 1866 Austro-Prussian War: Italy sided with Prussia

and was awarded Venetiaand was awarded Venetia 1870 Franco-Prussian War: Napoleon III of France 1870 Franco-Prussian War: Napoleon III of France

had to withdraw troops from the Papal States to had to withdraw troops from the Papal States to defend France. Italy took the Papal States.defend France. Italy took the Papal States.

What kind of State evolved?What kind of State evolved?

A constitutional monarchy after A constitutional monarchy after Great Britain’sGreat Britain’s• Cultural and economic gulf between Cultural and economic gulf between

north and southnorth and south• Regional loyalties remained strongRegional loyalties remained strong• Failures of centralized state responsible Failures of centralized state responsible

for the growth of fascism in the 1920s.for the growth of fascism in the 1920s.