understanding oral traditions in literature

Understanding Oral Understanding Oral Traditions in LiteratureTraditions in Literature

Achebe says:Achebe says:

“I believe in the complexity of the human story, and that there’s no way you can tell that story in one way and say, ‘this is it.’ Always there will be someone who can tell it differently depending on where they are standing … this is the way I think the world’s stories should be told: from many different perspectives.”

(“Chinua Achebe: The Art of Fiction CXXXVIV,” interviewed by Jerome Brooks in The Paris Review, Issue #133 (Winter 1994-5)

Another quote from Another quote from Achebe….Achebe….

"Since Igbo people did not construct a rigid and closely argued system of thought to explain the universe and the place of man in it, preferring the metaphor of myth and poetry, anyone seeking an insight into their world must seek it along their own way. Some of these ways are folk tales, proverbs, proper names, rituals, and festivals" ("Chi in Igbo Cosmology" 161).

Oral Elements LogOral Elements Log

Chpt. Example Type of Element

Relevance

3The lizard that jumped from the high iroko tree to the ground said he would praise himself if no one else did.

proverb Okonkwo feels that since he has no one to speak for him, he has to speak for himself.

Let’s start with proverbs…Let’s start with proverbs…

(Remember the video?

Knowledge is like the baobab tree. No one can encompass it with both hands.

That’s a Senegalese PROVERB!)

From Things Fall Apart…From Things Fall Apart…A proverb about proverbs!!!

Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten (7)

We’ll get some practice translating proverbs later. But, as one of the more popular quotes from the book, what are your initial thoughts on what this proverb means?

So, what are proverbs So, what are proverbs exactly?exactly?

1) Write this down!1) Write this down!

Proverbs are popular sayings which

contain advice or state a generally accepted truth.

Because most proverbs have their origins in oral tradition, they are generally worded in such a way as to be remembered easily and tend to change little from generation to generation, so much so that sometimes their specific meaning is no longer relevant.

• For instance, the proverb “penny wise, pound foolish” is a holdover from when America was a British colony and used the pound as currency.

Proverbs function as “folk wisdom,” general advice about how to act and live. And because they are folk wisdom, they often strongly reflect the cultural values and physical environment from which they arise.

– For instance, island cultures such as Hawaii have proverbs about the sea, Eastern cultures have proverbs about elephants, and American proverbs, many collected and published by Benjamin Franklin, are about hard work bringing success.

2) Write this down!2) Write this down!

Proverbs are often used to support arguments, to

provide lessons and instruction, and to stress

shared values.

Proverbs are Proverbs are NOTNOT clichés clichés

Clichés are widely used, even overused, phrases that are often metaphorical in nature. Clichés often have their origins in literature, television, or movies rather than in folk tradition.

Some Common Clichés She was white as a sheet. The tension was so thick you could cut it with a knife. He stood as still as a deer in the headlights. I’m as fit as a fiddle. You could read her like an open book.

Some Common Features of Some Common Features of ProverbsProverbs • Proverbs are passed down through time with little

change in form.

• Proverbs are often used metaphorically and it is in understanding their metaphorical nature that we can unravel their meaning. While “a stitch in time saves nine,” “don’t count your chickens before they’ve hatched,” and “don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater” are common proverbs, few of us stitch clothes, count chickens, or throw out bathwater.

• Proverbs often make use of grammatical and rhetorical devices that help make them memorable, including alliteration, rhyme, parallel structure, repetition of key words or phrases, and strong imagery.

A few American proverbs you A few American proverbs you might be familiar with…might be familiar with…

• Don't put all your eggs in one basket.

• Don't throw out the baby with the bathwater.

• The early bird gets the worm.

• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

• A stitch in time saves nine. • A penny saved is a penny

earned. • Penny wise, pound foolish. • Early to bed, early to rise,

makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

• A friend in need is a friend indeed.

• A drop of honey catches more flies than a hogshead of vinegar.

• A fool and his money are soon parted.

• Birds of a feather flock together.

• Don’t count your chickens before they’ve hatched.

• One today is worth two tomorrows.

• Look before you leap. • Where there’s a will, there’s a

way. • All’s well that ends well. • If it looks like a duck, walks

like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it is a duck.

Which of the proverbs on the left Which of the proverbs on the left mean the same as these mean the same as these sentences? sentences? Choose 2Choose 2

1. It is not a good idea to decide if a 1. It is not a good idea to decide if a thing is good or bad just by how it thing is good or bad just by how it appears at first or by its outward appears at first or by its outward appearance. appearance. 2. When a bad thing happens there is 2. When a bad thing happens there is always a positive aspect to it. always a positive aspect to it. 3. If you don't see someone for a long 3. If you don't see someone for a long time you like them better. time you like them better. 4. When you are in a strange place 4. When you are in a strange place (temporarily) it is better to follow the (temporarily) it is better to follow the local customs. local customs. 5. You should be happy with what you 5. You should be happy with what you have got even if it is less than what have got even if it is less than what you want. you want. 6. In many areas in life if you do not 6. In many areas in life if you do not confront a problem when it starts it confront a problem when it starts it can deteriorate rapidly therefore it is can deteriorate rapidly therefore it is much better to act soon. much better to act soon. 7. This proverb was probably written 7. This proverb was probably written by someone who owns his own house by someone who owns his own house and doesn't stay up all night dancing. and doesn't stay up all night dancing. 8. Don't become very upset by 8. Don't become very upset by trivialities. trivialities. 9. Don't take risks.9. Don't take risks.

1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

2. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

3. A stitch in time saves nine.

4. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

5. As you sow, so you shall reap.

6. Beauty is only skin deep.

7. Better late than never.

8. better safe than sorry

9. Don't count your chickens before they're hatched.

10. Don't cry over spilt milk.

11. Don't judge a book by its cover.

12. Don't throw the baby out with the bath water.

13. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

14. Every cloud has a silver lining.

15. God helps those who help themselves.

16. Half a loaf is better than no bread.

17. He who laughs last laughs longest.

18. Make hay while the sun shines

19. Necessity is the mother of invention.

20. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

21. One man's meat is another man's poison.

22. Out of sight, out of mind.

23. Rome wasn't built in a day.

24. The best way to a man's heart is through his stomach.

25. The end justifies the means.

26. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.

27. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

28. Two heads are better than one.

29. Waste not, want not. 30. When in Rome, do

as the Romans do. 31. You can lead a

horse to water, but you cannot make him drink.

32. You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.

33. Let sleeping dogs lie. 34. Hunger is the best

sauce.

Use your list of proverbs to complete the activity!

3)

Explain one of Explain one of the proverbs to the proverbs to your neighbor. your neighbor. See if he can See if he can guess which guess which

proverb you are proverb you are referring to (do referring to (do

not say the not say the proverb in your proverb in your explanation).explanation).


































sauce.


4)

In other cultures…In other cultures…

• Proverbs in one culture are frequently similar to proverbs expressed in other cultures.

• For instance, the French "Qui vole un oeuf vole un boeuf" translates to "He who steals eggs steals cattle"; but you, as an American, will likely be more familiar with the American proverb "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile."

Try to decide which proverb Try to decide which proverb could help you express yourself could help you express yourself in the following situationsin the following situations..Choose 1Choose 1 1. You make an appointment with 1. You make an appointment with your doctor for 6pm. You arrive at your doctor for 6pm. You arrive at 6.15. He complains that he has been 6.15. He complains that he has been waiting for 15 minutes. What would waiting for 15 minutes. What would you say? you say? 2. Your boss calls you into his office 2. Your boss calls you into his office to ask you why you haven't finished to ask you why you haven't finished the task that he asked you to do the task that he asked you to do earlier and he complains that you earlier and he complains that you are slow. What would you say to are slow. What would you say to him? (You are being a smart aleck.) him? (You are being a smart aleck.) 3. Your best friend gets married to a 3. Your best friend gets married to a very ugly fat person who has a very very ugly fat person who has a very kind, pleasant personality. Your kind, pleasant personality. Your spouse asks you how he could have spouse asks you how he could have possibly married her. What would possibly married her. What would you say? you say? 4. Your friend smokes 60 cigarettes 4. Your friend smokes 60 cigarettes a day. He has a bad cough and he is a day. He has a bad cough and he is always whining (complaining) that always whining (complaining) that he would like to give up smoking. he would like to give up smoking. You offer to pay for expensive You offer to pay for expensive residential anti-smoking therapy. He residential anti-smoking therapy. He says that he doesn't want to do it says that he doesn't want to do it because he will miss his favorite because he will miss his favorite television series. What do you think television series. What do you think to yourself?to yourself?


































sauce.


5)

Proverbs from around the Proverbs from around the WorldWorld The first day you meet, you are friends. The next day you meet, you are brothers. — Afghan

proverb

A coral reef strengthens into land. – Hawaiian proverb

Those who are choosy often pick the worst. – Ilocano proverb (Philippines)

Experience is the comb that nature gives us when we are bald. – Belgian proverb

A stranger nearby is better than a far-away relative. – Korean proverb

Don't think there are no crocodiles because the water is calm. – Malayan proverb

Everyone is kneaded out of the same dough, but not baked in the same oven. – Yiddish proverb

In a battle between elephants, the ants get squashed. – Thai proverb

In a court of fowls, the cockroach never wins his case. – Rwandan proverb

Little by little, the camel goes into the couscous. -Moroccan proverb

When a dove begins to associate with crows its feathers remain white but its heart grows black. – German

Folktales and Fables

Turn to a neighbor and tell them your favorite fable, if you know one.

. Do you like it because of the story? Characters? Moral?

Vocabulary ReviewVocabulary ReviewFill in the worksheetFill in the worksheet

1. fable: a fictitious story meant to teach a lesson. The characters in fables are usually animals

2. genre: a type of literature3. oral tradition: the handing down of stories from generation

to generation through the spoken word4. interpretation: a person's expression of the meaning of

something; this can be done through dance, art, and drama5. folklore: the traditional beliefs, sayings, legends, customs

of a people6. personification: a figure of speech in which a thing,

quality, or idea is represented as a person7. moral: a lesson, usually regarding right or wrong , taught by

a fable8. setting: the location and/or time the story take place9. evolve: to develop, to unfold, to grow, to change10. spellbinding: holding one's attention, fascinating,

enchanting

Key Features of Fables Key Features of Fables

• Fables are considered a genre of literature and come from the oral tradition of storytelling found in folklore around the world.

• Fables are a special kind of tale. In most fables, animal characters act like humans (personification). Usually, a fable teaches a specific moral.

• To appreciate and understand a fable, it is useful to hear it more than once. The first time, you enjoy the story. The second time, you can study the characters and find the lesson taught about human nature.

• Storytellers told fables over and over again. As they were retold over the years, they evolved in content, emphasis, and style.

Aesop’s Fables: Which one will Aesop’s Fables: Which one will you interpret?you interpret?

1. The Tortoise and the Eagle (170).2. The Vain Crow (190).3. The Monkey and the Dolphin (198).4. The Mouse and the Weasel (202).5. The Birds, the Beasts, and the Bat (214).6. The Stag and the Vine (233).7. The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing (2).8. The Fox and the Crow (5).9. The Ant and the Grasshopper (12).10. The Mice in Council (13).11. The Fox and the Goat (15).12. The Hare and the Hound (21).13. The Hare with Many Friends (19).14. The House Dog and the Wolf (22).15. The Goose with the Golden Eggs (25).

16. The Horse and the Stag (28).17. The Lion and the Bulls (30).18. The Ant and the Dove (36).19. The One-Eyed Doe (37).20. The Lion and the Dolphin

(39).21. The Hawk and the Pigeons

(44).22. The Hen and the Fox (49).23. The Cat and the Mice (51).24. The Eagle the Wildcat, and

the Sow (61).25. The Fox and the Stork (67).26. The Hares and the Frogs

(79).27. The Cock and the Fox (81).28. The Eagle and the Fox (82).

Resources and References

• http://www.afro.com/children/myths/myths.html

• Readwritethink.org

Now, let’s practice translating some proverbs from Things Fall Apart……

Oral Elements LogOral Elements Log

Chpt. Example Type of Element

Relevance

3The lizard that jumped from the high iroko tree to the ground said he would praise himself if no one else did.

proverb Okonkwo feels that since he has no one to speak for him, he has to speak for himself.

The End

understanding oral traditions in literature

Documents

proverbs function

american proverbs

clichs clichs

folk wisdom

folk tradition

common clichs

senegalese proverb

aparta proverb