understanding micrologic contents range protection against overloads protection against...

Understanding Micrologic

Contents

Range

Protection against overloads

Protection against short-circuits

Protection against insulation faults

Hardware

Metering

Others functions

Monitoring and/or protection of loads

Load shedding and reconnection

Programmable controller

Harmonic

Asic and microprocessor self-protection

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

3

MicrologicRange

A

2.0

5.0

WithoutCurrent protection type

2 : Distribution L, I

5 : Selective L, S, I

6: Selective and ground fault L, S, I, G

7 : Selective and earth leakage L, S, I, V

P H

Micrologic 6. 0 P

Measurement type versionCurrent protection type

2.0 A

5.0 A

6.0 A

7.0 A

5.0 P

6.0 P

7.0 P

5.0 H

6.0 H

7.0 H

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Measurement type


4

Protection against risk of fire

Protection against overloadsphases

Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral Protect against premature ageing of cables Adjustable setting range using rating plugs

standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF

Setting to within one Amp with keypad or via Communication

LT setting


5

Protection against overloadsneutral conductor

Neutral protection Adjustment :

by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only)

Settings : N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP

1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP

Oversized neutral protection protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor 3Pole breaker only


6

Protection against overloads3rd harmonic in neutral conductor


7

Protection against overloadsIDMTL

Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type (Inverse definite minimum time lag)

High voltage fuse

Extremely inverse time

Very inverse time

Standard inverse time

Definite time

Improvement of discrimination with HV fusesBetter protection of switchgears

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8

Protection against risk of damage

Protection against short-circuits

Short-time protection For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults) I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time protection up to 10Ir

Instantaneous protection For solid short-circuits N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen) RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay

ST pick-up

ST delay

pick-up

Inst.


9

Protection against short-circuits Zone selective interlocking (ZSI)

Principle : ZSI enables the control units to

communicate with each other. The system is able to locate the short circuit or ground fault and clear it.

Functionning : ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its

preset delay when necessary. The fault is cleared by the nearest upstream circuit breaker with no intentional time delay.

Advantages : Faster tripping time without sacrificing

coordination Limitation of system stress by reducing

amount of let through energy.

Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected whatever the configuration

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10

Ig

Protection against insulation faultsGround fault

Ground fault protection Micrologic 6.0P Made mandatory by NEC

Residual current Source Ground Return

Prevent risk of fire


11

New

Protection against insulation faultsEarth leakage

Earth-leakage protection Micrologic 7.0P Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364 In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed

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12

Hardware Principle and power supply

Trip unit power supply

Power supply

COM Module

Opticalcoupling

Optional external 24V DC power supply for :programmable contact power supply and when breaker is open :•Powers display, •Identification, adjustments through “Com” module

Iron CT

Air CT

Isolation

Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v oroptional external voltage sensor forµP power supply and measurement

ASICBasic protection L S I G V

MicroprocessorAdditional functions (monitoring, measurement, analyses...)

24V DC BUS power supply

Surplus

SynchronousExchange dataMitop

ZSI

Plugs : Calibre/perform.

Opto Com

Test kit

M2C/M6C

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13

MeteringPrinciple

Samples

-2 500,0

-2 000,0

-1 500,0

-1 000,0

-500,0

0,0

500,0

1 000,0

1 500,0

2 000,0

2 500,0

0,0000 0,0020 0,0040 0,0060 0,0080 0,0100 0,0120 0,0140 0,0160 0,0180 0,0200

t (sec)

I (A

mp

s) Samples @ 625 µs

Sampling

Moyennes (Demand)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800

t (sec)

I (A

mp

s)

?

Real Time Data @ 1s

Demand Points @ 10 min

10 minutes

Samples of 6 cycles (32 points per cycle)

-2 500,0

-2 000,0

-1 500,0

-1 000,0

-500,0

0,0

500,0

1 000,0

1 500,0

2 000,0

2 500,0

0,0000 0,0200 0,0400 0,0600 0,0800 0,1000 0,1200

t (sec)

I (A

mp

s)

544µs

1 s

Refresh

15 s (sliding)

5..60 min (fixed)

1s IntegrationInstant. data

5 to 60 min IntegrationDemand data

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14

RMS measurement

Sampling frequency : 1838Hz One measurement point every

544µs 36 points per cycle

RMS value calculation 20ms

36

36

1

²)(X

RMS

10ms


15

Others functionsPrinciple

MeterProgrammable

Controller

Demand

Instant. data

IavgPavg

IRMSP Q SEP EQ

Thresholds

(pickup & dropout)

Min / Max Max I1 :Min 17

Monitoring (Surveillance)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800

t (sec)

I (A

mp

s)

Real Time Data @ 1s

Pickup value

Pickup event

Dropout value

Dropout event

Relay ActivationM2C/M6C

Logging:Data Logs Historical Data

Maintenance Data

Breaker trip Mitop

Monitor

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16

Demand measurementsfixed or sliding window

fixed window Measurement of active reactive and

apparent power time intervals programmable

between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed at the end of

the time interval

Sliding window Measurement of current and active

reactive and apparent power time intervals programmable

between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed every

15 sec

fixed

sliding

t

15s

5mn to 1h


17

Power factor PF

Power factor PF = P/S

P: active powerS: apparent power

Nota : cos ф= P1/S1P1 : Fundamental active powerS1 : Fundamental apparent power

reactive power Q

kvar

active power P kW

apparent power S

kVA


18

Power factor PFSign convention

Active Power

Reactive Power

Watts +

VArs +

P.F -

Watts +

VArs -

P.F +

Watts -

VArs -

P.F -

Watts -

VArs +

P.F +

IEEE :

PF sign = - Q sign(P/S)

IEEE altenate :

PF sign = Q sign(P/S)

IEC :

PF sign = sign(P/S)

Reactive Power

Watts +

VArs +

P.F +

Watts +

VArs -

P.F -

Watts -

VArs -

P.F +

Watts -

VArs +

P.F +

Reactive Power

Watts +

VArs +

P.F +

Watts +

VArs -

P.F +

Watts -

VArs -

P.F -

Watts -

VArs +

P.F -

Active Power Active Power


19

Monitoring and/or protection of loadsbased on current, voltage, power, frequency

• Current and voltage unbalance

• Phases rotation

• Maximum current (per phases & neutral)

• Reverse power

• Minimum / maximum frequency

• Minimum / maximum voltage


20

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Principle of operation

Alarm generated by Micrologic

Activation threshold

Deactivation threshold

T1

T2

t

variable


21

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Current unbalance ANSI 46

Application Protect rotating machines (motors,

generators) operating on balanced three-phase supplies against ageing and slowing

Balance single-phase loads on three-phase distribution systems

Detect phase loss Principle

the function compares the current unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay

Example I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A

Iaverage. = 3300A Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A

I = Emax /Iaverage = 24%

I average

I1 I2 I3

E max

setting range adjustment steps accuracy

activation threshold

5% to 60% of I average

1% -10% to 0%

activation time delay

1 to 40s 1s -20% to 0%

deactivation threshold

5% to activation thresold

1% -10% to 0%

deactivation time delay

10 to 3600s 1s -20% to 0%


22

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum current per phase and N

Application Obtain the maximum current

demand in the presence of major load fluctuations (welding machines, crushers, hoists)

Principle This function calculates the

maximum demand value of the current in each Ph and Neutral over a sliding time interval.

The interval can be adjusted between five minutes and one hour.

The value is refreshed every 15s

I max demand

t1 t2



0.2In to In 1A +/- 6.6%


15s to 1500s 15s -20% to 10%


0.2 In to activation thresold

1A +/- 6.6%'


15s to 3000s 15s -20% to 10%


23

U average

U12 U23 U31

E max



2% to 30% of U average

1% -20% to 0%


1s to 40s 1s -20% to 0%


2% to activation threshold

1% -20% to 0%


10s to 360s 1s -20% to 0%

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Voltage unbalance ANSI 47

Application Protect loads against vibrations,

temperature rise and premature ageing

Principle The function compares the voltage

unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay.

Example U12 = 330v U23 = 390v U31 = 10V U average. = 243v Emax = U31 - U average. =233v U = Emax /U average. = 96%


24

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27

Application Protect motors against voltage drops

resulting in loss of torque and a major increase in the current drawn by the motor

Check the output voltage of a generator…

Principle The function is activated when one

of the phase to phase voltages is below the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay.

The function is desactivated when all 3 phase are above the threshold.



100V to Umax activation threshold

5V - 5% to 0%


1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0 to 20%


Activation thresold to Umax


5V '- 5% to 0%


1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0 to 20%

U12 U23 U31U12 U23 U31

Activation threshold U min

dectivation threshold U min


25

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27

U

U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V)

U min deactivation threshold

Alarm

U min activation threshold (mini 100V)

100V

T1

T2

t


26

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximun voltage ANSI 59

Application Protect loads (motor and

transformer) against abnormally high voltages that can result in irreversible damage

Avoid saturation of transformers

Principle The function is activated when one

of the phase to phase voltages is above the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay

The function is desactivated when all 3 phases are under the threshold

U12 U23 U31



Umin activation threshold to 1200V

5V -0% to +5%


1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0% to +20%


100V to activation threshold

5V -0% to 5%


1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0% to +20%

U12 U23 U31

Activation threshold U max

deativation threshold U max


27

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum voltage ANSI 27

U

U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V)

Deactivation threshold

Alarm

U min activation threshold (mini 100V)

1200V

T1

T2

t


28

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Reverse power ANSI 32P

Application Protect diesel engines from generators

operating as motors marine applications, generator

sets… Avoid power transfers between two

parallel-connected sources Principle

The function is activated when the active power flowing in the direction opposite set by the user is greater than the activation threshold for a time greater than the time delay.

P kW

Load shedding

Reconnection

Reverse power

Activation

t



5kW to 500kW 5kW +/-2.5%


0.2s to 20s 0.1s 0% to 20%


5kW to activation threshold

5kW +/-2.5%


1s to 360s 0.1s 0% to 20%

Deactivation


29

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81

Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the

terminals of a motor Avoid saturation of transformers

following a drop in frequency

Principle The function is activated when the

frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay



45 to Fmax activation threshold

0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz


1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%


activation threshold to Fmax


0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz


1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%


30

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81

F

F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz)

F min deactivation threshold

Alarm

F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz)

45Hz

T1

T2

t


31

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81

Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the

terminals of a motor


frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay



Fmax activation threshold to 540Hz

0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz


1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%


45Hz to activation threshold

0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz


1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%


32

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81

F

F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz)

F max deactivation threshold

Alarm

F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz)

540Hz

T1

T2


33

Monitoring and/or protection of loads Phase rotation

Application Avoid reversed rotation of motors Check on coupling between generator and

distribution system (phase sequence)

Principle The function compares the actual phase

sequence with the selected sequence Alarm only Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set

Range of adjustment

1,2, 3 or , ,


0.3s

deactivation time delay 0.3s


34

Load shedding and reconnectionbased on current

Application Ensure the continuity of service of

priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads


current exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay

Ishedding

reconnection

t



50 to 100% of Ir 1% +/-6%


20% to 80% of Tr 1% -20%+0%


30%Ir to activation threshold

1% +/-6%


10s to 600s 1s -20%+0%


35

Load shedding and reconnectionbased on power

Application Ensure the continuity of service

of priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads

Principle The function is activated when

the power exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay

shedding reconnection

P kW

100 kW

10MWActivation

Deactivation

Alarm t



200kW to 10MW 50kW +/-2.5%


10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%


100kW to activation threshold

50kW +/-2.5%


10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%


36

Programmable controllerAlarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds

Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a

programmable time delay

M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the

state of the alarm with temporary latching

programmable from 1s to 6mn

with permanent latching ==> needs a resetting

Relays without latching

Relays with temporary latching

Relays with permanent latching

Reset

from 1s to 360s

Alarm

Activation

Deactivation

T1

T2

t

possible Resetting


37

from 1s to 360s

Programmable controller Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds

Alarm

Relays without latching

Relays with temporary latching

Relays with permanent latching

Reset

Activation/

Deactivation

T1 T2

possible resetting

Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a

programmable time delay

M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the

state of the alarm with temporary latching

programmable from 1s to 6mn

with permanent latching ==> needs to be reset


38

HarmonicDefinition

A periodic signal is a combination of :

The original sinusoidal signal at the fundamental frequency

Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics) with frequencies that are whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency

A DC component, where applicable

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39

HarmonicOrigin and effects

OriginHarmonics are caused by non linear loads such as :

Welding machines arc/induction furnaces Variable speed drive office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…)

EffectsThe flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as :

Increased currents (oversized neutral) Additional losses and premature aging Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics Disturbances in communication networks

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40

HarmonicQuality indicators

These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action :

Measurement of the fundamental Phase displacement of the fundamental Harmonic distorsion THD cos ф, power factor K factor, crest factor Distorsion power, distorsion factor Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st Displacement spectrum

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41

Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion

Current THD% Current per phase Neutral current

Voltage THD% Phase to phase voltage Phase - Neutral voltage


42

Harmonic Fast Fourier Transfert

Current harmonics each phase plus neutral up to 31st order

Voltage harmonics phase to phase phase to Neutral up to 31st order

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43

Harmonic Waveform capture (WFC)

Triggered manually 4 cycles magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle

Triggered on event (alarm > 1s) 4 cycles (on supervisor) magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle

triggered by a fault 11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz) magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz)

WFC available through the COM option only


44


ASIC

Self protection : - temperature

- power supply deficiency

µPro

Auto-test µPro &

automatic reset

Asic watchdog

Maintenance logtime recording : Asic maxi temperature

ASIC error code

Data exchange reading


45


ASIC self protection resulting in a circuit breaker tripping :

excessive temperature >120° ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage)

Indication : LED Ap « ON » display of error code on LCD screen Events log recording ===>supervisor

µP self protection never trip the circuit-breaker

Memory check sum Time-out Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC

Indication : Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy)


46

That ‘s all for today !

Isn ’t it s

imple and nice ?

understanding micrologic contents range protection against overloads protection against...

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