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Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review St. John’s, Newfoundland & Labrador November 4, 2015

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Page 3: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

3Introduction

Todd McCracken, P. Geo. 24 years in the Mining Industry 12 years in operations 6 years in exploration 6 years consulting Companies include: WSP, Tetra Tech, Vale, Cameco, Royal Oak,

Hudbay

Experience in: Gold, Silver, Nickel Sulphides, Platinum Group Elements, Copper,

Lead, Zinc, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Uranium, Li-Rare Earth, and the list continues to grow

Creating Resource Estimates for past 12 years

Designing and monitoring QA/QC programs for past 15 years

Page 4: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

FUNDAMENTALS OF A QA/QC PROGRAM

Page 5: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

5Fundamentals

Definitions

Accuracy: the degree to which an analysis or mean of analyses approach a “true” concentration

Precision: an estimate of the reproducibility of the sample and analytical system

Page 6: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

6Fundamentals

Accurate Precise Accurate & Precise

Comparison of Accuracy and Precision

Source: After Smee and Associates

Page 8: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

8Fundamentals

What are the typical perceptions of QA/QC?

Only do it because we have to

Waste of project money

No time to do that

We can do it later

Page 9: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

9Fundamentals

Why do we need to understand the

QA/QC Program and have it run in an

effective manner

Page 10: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

10Fundamentals

It is difference between this…

Page 11: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

11Fundamentals

And this…

Page 12: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

12Fundamentals

Or this…

Page 13: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

13Fundamentals

Or this.

Page 14: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

ANALYTICAL QA/QC: SELECTING AN ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

Page 15: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

15Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Analytical programs should involve two or more laboratories: one acting as the primary laboratory for each project, and one or more additional laboratories serving as the check laboratories

Page 16: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

16Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

The primary laboratory receives the majority of the analytical work for that project

The check laboratory receives only the check assay work

An umpire laboratory is one used by two parties to form a consensus on the grade of material, such as a shipped ore or concentrate

This term is also sometimes used to describe a third laboratory used to determine which of two disagreeing laboratories is likely to be correct

Page 17: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

17Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Primary laboratory selection is based upon a number of factors, including

Quality of work

Price

Convenience

Service− not necessarily in that order

Page 18: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

18Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

The primary laboratory must provide results that are sufficiently timely, precise, and accurate for the project’s needs at a competitive cost

Precision is typically not as good as that offered by umpire laboratories, but must be sufficient for use in ore reserve estimates

Accuracy should be sufficient for use in resource modeling without involving correction factors

Page 19: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

19Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Submit a number of standard reference materials to each of the candidates

At least 5 or 6 different materials should be submitted

Minimum of at least 2 different submissions should be made on different days

The number of samples of each material should be varied within each submission

Total number of samples submitted should be equal when the results of all submissions are combined

The assay procedure selected should be the one being considered for work and similar with all candidates

Page 20: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

20Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

How do you score the labs performance based on the results received?

Page 21: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

21Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Need to compare and rank accuracy and precision Rating accuracy The laboratory with the mean value closest to the certified value

ranks first in accuracy, the second-nearest is ranked second, and so on

Ranks are easily assigned by calculating the absolute value of the difference between the laboratory’s mean and the certified value, then sorting by this calculated field

Rating precision The standard deviation or variance obtained by each laboratory

on each reference material can be calculated

Page 22: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

22Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Page 23: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

23Analytical QA/QC – Lab Selection

Check laboratory Not only should it check the accuracy of the analytical results, it

should check the following

Pulp fineness− every 10th sample submitted for check assay− using 10 or 20 g, check percentage of material passing

through a specified sieve size− discard material after use

Order and condition of the sample transmittal− undamaged packets− legibly marked− correct order− accompanied by a sample transmittal sheet

Page 24: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

ANALYTICAL QA/QC: BLANKS

Page 25: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

25Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Each laboratory will have a standard preparation procedure, which typically includes blowing compressed air through the equipment or running silica through the equipment at a set frequency

Purpose of the blank is to monitor cross-contamination or missed sequencing during the sample preparation or analysis

Page 26: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

26Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Blanks are typically of a material harder than the host rock of the target mineralization

Blanks should be devoid of the elements undergoing analysis

Should as closely resemble the primary sample material in size

River rocks Slate rejects

Page 27: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

27Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Drill core blanks are most effective at masking the intention of the sample

Commercial blanks are not recommended as the product has already been crushed and pulverized

Bags of decorative garden stone work well if no other material is available

Granite quarry Feldspar

Page 28: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

28Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Making drill core blanks From the drill logs, determine a rock type that is consistently at or

below detection limit for the elements is question Select several tens of metres of core of the desired rock type Avoid any occurrences of shearing, alteration, veining, or

mineralization Cut or split the entire core in half and place the material in pails Randomly select pieces from the pail to create a minimum of

10 separate 0.5 kg samples Properly tag and ship the removed sample for immediate analysis at

the laboratory Analyse for the key elements using the same procedure at the

primary laboratory. Failure of the batch is indicated if more than 20% of the samples

return assay values greater than 2 times the detection limit

Repeat the process to create additional blank material

Page 29: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

29Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Making field blanks Place up to 5 bags of the purchased garden stone into a cement mixer

or on a clean surface

Thoroughly mix the material together to ensure a homogeneous blend of the sample

Place approximately 0.5 kg of the garden stone into the same type of clean samples bags to be used during the drilling program

Place the sample bags into 5-gallon plastic pails for storage, removing every 10th sample for analysis

Properly tag and ship the removed sample for immediate analysis at the laboratory Analyse for the key elements using the same procedure at the

primary laboratory Failure of the batch is indicated if more than 20% of the samples

return assay values greater than 2 times the detection limit

Repeat the process to create additional blank material

Page 30: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

30Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Blank samples are typically inserted into the sample stream at a set interval (every 20th sample) when reviewing company QA/QC programs

Blank samples should actually be placed within or immediately after a mineralized interval if possible This may mean adjusting the insertion location

− can be difficult to track

Page 31: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

31Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Blank charting Important to note the detection limit for the element and the analysis

conducted

The failure line is typically plotted at 2 or 3 times the detection limit Failure if the blank values return 2 times detection limit 80% of

the time

Laboratories use 5 times the mean of the previous 2 or 3 samples as a guide

Review the assay certificate to see if any of the failures occur after a high-grade sample

Page 32: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

32Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

Page 33: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

33Analytical QA/QC - Blanks

• Is this chart an example of a major failure with this blank material?

• Analytical detection limit of 2 ppm (0.0002%).

• Mine average Zn grade is 2.86 %.

• Material is not “blank”.

• Maximum reading is <100 ppm (<0.01%).

Page 34: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

ANALYTICAL QA/QC: DUPLICATES

Page 35: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

35Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Duplicates A sample split from the original

sample (split from a bag of RC chips, or reject riffle-split sample)

Prepared and analysed as separate samples and issued with a unique sample number

Page 36: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

36Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Field check sample (“field duplicate”) A second channel sample (chipped on

same site) or field split of diamond core (opposite quarters) or other sample material (riffle split of RC chips)

Prepared and analysed as separate samples and issued with a unique sample number

Page 37: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

37Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Lab duplicate Taken from the reject sample (after

crushing and riffle splitting), but before grinding (about 300 g)

Prepared further and analysed as separate samples and issued with a unique sample number

The lab duplicate would measure the variance of sampling the initial field sample after crushing

Page 38: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

38Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Second splits A second pulp portion (about 100 g at)

taken from the pulp produced from grinding (taken as would be normal for a routine sample)

Generally implemented routinely by all laboratories at a rate of about 1 in 20 as part of routine QC

Do not have a unique sample number

Second splits measure the variance of sampling the 300 g pulp

Page 39: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

39Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Repeat / Replicate

Taken from the final sample pulp

Replicates are generally implemented routinely by all laboratories at a rate of about 1 in 20 as part of routine QC and do not have a unique sample number

Replicate analysis measures the variance of sampling the 100 g splits

Page 40: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

40Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Rotary chips are the best representative sample split

Split core is not a true field duplicate

Splitting Core

Grade of A = B,

but ¼ core grade C ≠ D,

and grade of C ≠ A.

HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENOUS

Grades equal in any quadrant

¼ core

½ core

A B

CD

Page 41: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

41Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Coarse reject: resubmit a split of the reject Conduct internally, or have the lab generate

Pulp reject: resubmit pulp sample as a complete package and ask lab to return unused portion

OriginalSampleReject Pail

NewSampleReject

Empty into pail

Shake pail

Half of sample

placed in new sample

bag

Remaining sample returned to original sample bag

Page 42: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

42Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Duplicate chart

Acceptable limits +/-20%

Typical duplicate chart

Keep scale on both axis the same

Can show sample swaps

Breaks down at low detection limits

Page 43: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

43Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Mean difference duplicate chart

Duplicate results are averaged and the difference of duplicates

Failure line is plotted at +/- 20% difference limit

Chart makes it difficult to determine if samples are swapped

-3.000

-2.000

-1.000

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

Rela

tive

Diffe

renc

e of

Dup

licat

es

Mean Grade of Duplicates (g/T)

Mean Vs. Difference PlotData20%-20%Fail

Page 44: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

44Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Relative difference chart Acceptable chart

80% <0.1 90% <0.2

Chart works only if enough data is collected

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45Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Field Duplicate Lab Duplicate

Page 46: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

46Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Two things to notice on this chart

Page 47: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

47Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Sample swap

Page 48: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

48Analytical QA/QC - Duplicates

Accuracy and precision of FA/AA above 3 g/t

Page 49: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

ANALYTICAL QA/QC: STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL (SRM)

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50Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Certified Reference Material (CRM) vs. Standard Reference Material (SRM)

Commercial purchased or created internally

Selection of SRM

Minimum of 3 SRM in a program

Charting SRM

Page 51: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

51Analytical QA/QC - SRM

CRM vs. SRM

CRM are certified

Not all standards are certified

Standards are not required to be certified

Best not to use the word “Certified” unless you are sure

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52Analytical QA/QC - SRM

List of commercial SRM retailers located globally Brammer Standards Canmet Minerals Exploration & Environmental Geochemical Shea Clark Smith Nevada Bureau of Mines West Coast Minerals CDN Resource Laboratories LQSI Geostats Rocklabs

Ore Research & Exploration

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53Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Most common is the small sealed packet with a fixed weight 50 g or 100 g

Larger containers require you to repackage the material

Commercial SRM

Page 54: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

54Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Understand the SRM Certificate

Header information

Viewed the most and misunderstood

Method of analysis for this SRM

Who created the SRM

Expected value of SRM

Some certificates only indicate 1 Std.

Dev.

The precision of the SRM

Page 55: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

55Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Understand the SRM Certificate Information most people miss or ignore

ORIGIN OF REFERENCE MATERIAL: Standard as prepared using ore supplied by Barrick Gold Inc.

from their Bald Mountain Mine in Nevada, USA. It is Carlin Style Mineralization in the prolific Battle Mountain-Eureka Trend in Northern Nevada, USA. The material is from breccias near the contact between the Mississippian Pilot Shale and the underlying Devonian Guilmette formation. Near the center of the system, micron-sized native Au occurs with base metal sulfides and sulfosalts. In peripheral deposits and in later stages of mineralization, Au is typically submicron in size and resides in pyrite or arsenopyrite.

Would you use this SRM for a shear-hosted gold deposit in Newfoundland?

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56Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Understand the SRM certificate Information most people miss or ignore

METHOD OF PREPARATION: Reject ore material was dried, crushed, pulverized and then

passed through a 270 mesh screen. The +270 material was discarded. The -270 material was mixed for 5 days in a double-cone blender. Splits were taken and sent to 14 commercial laboratories for round robin assaying.

Some certificates will show the results of the round robin test

Page 57: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

57Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Certificates usually contain a mean value, a standard deviation, and a 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI)

The mean value is the target grade for the material

The standard deviation is the variation expected in the results;68% of results should be within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95.5% should be within 2, and 99.7% should be within 3

The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) is an indication of the quality of the material and the certification test work; issuers are 95% confident that the true mean of the material lies within this interval of the mean This is not a control limit to be used

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58Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Custom SRM

Less expensive in the long run than commercial SRM

SRM material matches the deposit characteristics

Specifically determines the appropriate grades to test

Several suppliers will generate a custom SRM from the material provided There are several papers available on how to generate a proper

custom SRM

Most laboratory companies with provide guidance as well

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59Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Round Robin results

10 analyses completed at each of the 14 labs submitted

Means range from 0.198 to 0.232.

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60Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Selection of SRM material

Material has a matrix identical to the samples being assayed

Has extremely low heterogeneity

Has a value within the range used for categorizing

A reputation for being reliable and accurate

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61Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Selection of SRM Material A suite of standards brackets every category boundary, combined with

every important difference in sample matrix and change in laboratory procedure effecting other samples

Important procedural steps in the laboratory, such as dilution steps or changes in instrument set-up and calibration standards

Important sample matrix differences almost always include oxide and sulfide samples, because fire assay procedures utilize flux adjustments and/or sample weight changes when processing sulfide-rich samples, and copper projects often have assays to help distinguish copper oxide from other ore types

Other potential matrix differences might include high and low levels of copper, silver, platinum group elements, bismuth, telluride, etc., presence or absence of hydrated minerals, high and low amounts of total sulphur in non-oxide samples, varying levels of carbon

Minimum of three SRM per program.

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62Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Charting SRM results

Place in sequential time order

Determine accepted value and standard deviation from the SRM certificate

The standard deviation on the certificate can be misleading

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63Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Mean of all SRM Assays

Mean + 2 St D

Accepted Value of

SRM

SRM Assay Results

Mean - 2 Std D

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64Analytical QA/QC - SRM

UCL

One time failure usually not an

issue

LCL

3 times the median of the relative difference Concern of failure

is due to 3 failure in the moving range

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65Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Lab Drift

Page 66: Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program · Understanding and Running an Effective QA/QC Program Mineral Resource Review ... resubmit pulp sample as a complete package

66Analytical QA/QC - SRM

Insertion rates – no set standard

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QUESTIONS?