unconventional gas market appraisal 2013 presentation
DESCRIPTION
Summary of study on unconventional gas marketTRANSCRIPT
Unconventional Gas Market Appraisal
� Headline facts
� Fundamentals of unconventional gas
� Global resources
� Selected markets
Agenda
� Selected markets
� Economic impacts
� Supply chain opportunities
� Conclusions
� Shale gas has increased from 8% of US gas production in 2007 to 30% in 2011, and is forecast to rise to 250% of 2011 levels by 2035
� In the US, upstream capital investment in unconventional gas in 2012 was estimated to be $87 billion, resulting in value added of $121 billion
Headline Facts
� US investment has supported nearly a million jobs and capital investment of almost $3 trillion is forecast from 2012 to 2035
� Other countries have started to exploit their resources (e.g. Canada and Australia) or are on the pathway to develop these resources (e.g. UK and Poland)
� The role of Scottish Enterprise (SE) and Scottish Development International (SDI) is to identify and exploit opportunities for economic growth by supporting Scottish companies to compete, help to build globally competitive sectors, attract new investment and create a world-class business environment
� Provision of direct and indirect support services to the unconventional
Implications of Headline Facts
� Provision of direct and indirect support services to the unconventional gas sector in the UK and overseas represents a potentially significant opportunity for Scottish supply chain businesses
� Two forms considered :
� Shale Gas
� Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
� Unconventional refers to gas that has not previously been deemed economically or technically suitable for recovery although in the case
Fundamentals of Unconventional Gas
of Shale Gas and CBM this term is becoming increasingly redundant as unconventional gas is now a key part of the US gas market
� The product is methane (CH4), exactly the same as natural gas
� Gas is contained within the shale formation at low density
� Gas migrates to the natural fractures in the shale
� Main elements:
Fundamentals: Shale Gas
� Vertical well
� Horizontal well along the shale
� Fracking to open fractures
� Fracking fluid to hold open fractures
� Production wells need to cover a large volume of shale to recover significant quantities of gas
� Gas production falls rapidly as the gas at fractures is finite
� Requires re-fracturing to increase production
OR
Fundamentals: Shale Gas
� Requires large numbers of wells to be drilled to increase production
� Methane is present within coal seams
� Water pressure in coal beds causes methane to be adsorbed onto the grain surfaces of the coal
� To produce CBM the water must be drawn off first, lowering the pressure so that the methane will desorb from the coal and then flow to the well bore
Fundamentals: Coalbed Methane
to the well bore
� Coal stores six or seven times as much gas as a conventional natural gas reservoir of equal rock volume due to the large internal surface area of coal
� Much coal is accessible at shallow depths, making well drilling and completion less expensive than shale gas
� Exploration costs are also low since methane occurs in coal deposits, and the location of coal resources are generally well known
Global Resource
� Shale gas reserves more widespread than conventional gas reserves
� Offers countries with no history of hydrocarbons production the opportunity to develop indigenous resources with security of supply and energy cost benefits
Estimates of technically recoverable shale gas
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� Some key markets have limited experience of licensing and regulating hydrocarbon extraction
� Adds to above ground risks in some markets
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China
Argen
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Alger
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USA
Canada
Mexi
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South
Afr
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Russia
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France U
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Factors that drive markets
Scale of resource The amount of recoverable gas
Accessibility of resource The cost of physically accessing the gas
Security of supply
benefitsA key driver for Government and regulators
Long distance gas
pipelinesImproving access to markets for gas production
Skilled oil and gas Skilled oil and gas workforce
Required across all stages of project development
Supporting infrastructure Roads, Water, Pipelines, etc.
Stable regulatory systemFor permits to develop and operate as well as fiscal incentives
Privately owned mineral
rights
Was a key factor in the US but rights generally owned by government in other markets
Socio-Political acceptance
An important influence on planning and regulator
Markets Studied: USA
� The US is the largest and most established unconventional gas market. While in the short term lower gas prices are reducing development, lower gas prices will only be sustained if on-going investment maintains volumes of gas production.
� Hence an equilibrium is likely to be reached, where the pace of new development is appropriate for the price of gas. If this equilibrium is development is appropriate for the price of gas. If this equilibrium is reached at lower levels of market development, the scope for Scottish suppliers will be much reduced, as the local experienced supply chain will be less stretched.
� However if the pace of development remains high, or the supply chain is stretched by addressing the shale oil or tight gas markets, there will be greater opportunities for Scottish suppliers.
Impacts in the USA
� CBM already well developed
� Shale gas has seen rapid growth and significant continued growth predicted for several decades
� Reduction in US gas price compared to other markets
� Unique set of circumstances in US
� US imports of gas
Impacts in the USA
� US imports of gas
� High US gas prices
� Improved production techniques
� Private mineral rights
� Relaxation of regulation
� Tax breaksComparison of traded prices for natural gas in $/Mmbtu: 1994 to 2011
Impacts in the USA
� Reduction in US gas price has made some shale gas plays uneconomical to produce although acreage is still being acquired
� Availability of existing gas infrastructure also influences appetite for development of gas-only shale plays
� Developers now focusing on production from shale plays containing � Developers now focusing on production from shale plays containing hydrocarbon liquids where the price has remained high
� The largest 9 US shale plays currently in production produced 1.9 million barrels of oil per day during 2012 and this is forecast to increase
� Switching of electricity production from coal to gas has seen major investment in power sector infrastructure e.g. anticipated $12bn spend in Texas alone in 2013
Markets Studied: Canada
� Canadian service and production market is currently very closely linked to the US market
� Companies entering the Canadian market have to compete with companies from the US; it is possible to enter the Canadian market via the US
� Rapid developments of shale gas and shale oil in the US may lead to � Rapid developments of shale gas and shale oil in the US may lead to reduced demand for imported hydrocarbons, weakening developments in Canada
� Canada may develop export infrastructure on the West coast aimed at supplying Asian markets; this would require new infrastructure, pipelines, storage, gas terminals etc.
� Harsh natural conditions offer a space for specialist services (e.g. related to environmental protection and new development methods)
Markets Studied: China
� China already has established and growing CBM developments
� Given the importance and prevalence of coal in China, it is no surprise that CBM has been exploited and offers on-going opportunities
� Development of shale gas is at a much earlier stage, though it appears to be in partnership with incoming international firms, providing opportunities for experienced shale developers (and their supply chain) to develop business there
Markets Studied: Australia
� A number of factors suggest that the potential for unconventional gas is strong in Australia
� scale of resource
� low density of population and development
� encouragement from state agencies
� Development of gas transport infrastructure is limited� Development of gas transport infrastructure is limited
� Initial growth may be limited to plays that have access to pipelines
� State government and agencies encouraging inward investment and supply chain offers
Markets Studied: United Kingdom
� UK does not have the highest reserves, however the existing regulatory framework for oil and gas development is in place and supports extensive conventional oil and gas investment
� Recent developments announced to encourage shale gas development
� Tax incentives such as shale gas field allowance would extend the ring-� Tax incentives such as shale gas field allowance would extend the ring-fence expenditure supplement from six to ten years for shale gas projects
� Technical planning guidance on shale gas by July 2013 to provide clarity around planning for shale gas
� Proposals to ensure that local communities will benefit from shale gas projects in their area
� These developments make the UK a promising opportunity for growth
Markets Studied: Poland
� After initial investment, shale gas developments appear to be stalling
� Government approach to regulation and the dominance of PGNiG makes it less likely that the market will pick up in the near future
� Market for gas services dominated by Exalo Drilling, a very large subsidiary of the state-controlled monopoly PGNiG
� Exalo has over 50 land rigs leaving very little space for other players, apart from:
� Specialist services, which are not available on the local market
� Specialist equipment and products
� Market opportunity in Poland is small and limited to specialist providers; likely to remain small for some time to come
Markets Studied: Germany
� As Germany works towards its renewable energy future, it does not want to lose out on the current international trend in development of unconventional hydrocarbons in terms of opportunities for technology development, export of specialist services and equipment
� Likely to be a number of developments in Germany focused on becoming a test bed for technology development and some becoming a test bed for technology development and some production.
� Unlikely that the market for products and services in Germany will grow at a high rate.
� German companies likely to expand their offer for products and services to international unconventional hydrocarbons markets (specialist technologies, products, etc.).
Economic Impact Assessment
� Understanding the economic impacts, signposts to the areas of greatest job and value creation and hence company level opportunities
� Economic data is US based as this the only main market which has seen significant development thus far
� Several US studies conducted
� US level
� State level
� Shale play level
US Wide Impact
� A study by IHS in October 2012 assessed the economic impacts of unconventional oil and gas on the US economy
� Covered unconventional oil, tight gas and shale gas
� Headline findings for shale gas only were
� Upstream capital investment of $87 billion in 2012� Upstream capital investment of $87 billion in 2012
� Lower 48 employment of over 900 thousand in 2012
� $121 billion of value added in 2012
� Projected capital expenditure of almost $3.0 trillion in unconventional gas activity between 2012 and 2035
US Wide Impact: Capital Expenditure
Breakdown of unconventional gas capital expenditure in 2012 ($ million) - Data from IHS
US Wide Impact: Value added
Sector breakdown of value added for US unconventional gas capital expenditure - Data from IHS
US Wide Impact: Conclusions
� Two sectors dominate the capital expenditure and value added
� Mining
� Manufacturing
� Further analysis of IHS reports shows the specific sub-sectors which have the greatest growth potential
US Mining Sector: Value added
Sub-sector breakdown of value added for US unconventional gas capital expenditure in the mining sector - Data from IHS
US Mining Sector: Value added
� The value added is focused on oil and gas extraction, with no further breakdown in value added
� This will cover the drill rig and drilling operation
� Notable that Scottish companies have recently acquired US businesses operating in this sector
� While not stated, the mining (except Oil & Gas) activity is likely to represent mining of silica sand, the main ingredient of the proppant used in hydraulic fracturing; not currently considered an export opportunity for Scotland
US Manufacturing Sector: Value added
Sub-sector breakdown of value added for US unconventional gas capital expenditure in the manufacturing sector - Data from IHS
US Manufacturing Sector: Value added
Three sub-sectors account for a total of 77% of the added value:
Machinery
Manufacturing (30%)
Metal related (25%) Chemical, plastic, rubber
and non-metallic mineral
Manufacturing (22%)
� Drill rig systems
� Gas compressors
� primary and
secondary processes
� Chemicals for hydraulic
fracturing� Gas compressors
� Diesel and gas
generators
� Frack pumps
secondary processes
that produce the
components for the
machinery needed
fracturing
� Chemicals for treating
produced water
� Drilling mud
� Hydraulic hoses and
couplings
� Cement
US Economic Impact: Conclusions
� For the US market this strongly suggests that the direct opportunities are in the mining and manufacturing elements, for example:
� Drilling rigs, fracking and associated equipment - Scottish companies will require inventory of equipment in the US to provide the drilling services, consumables and equipment
� Manufacture of equipment - includes the capital equipment (drilling rigs, frack trucks, frack pumps, mud pumps, well heads etc.) and the frack trucks, frack pumps, mud pumps, well heads etc.) and the consumables (drill mud, tubulars, etc. )
� The indirect impacts are greatest in the service sector - Moving experienced professional staff around the world is already a common element of the oil & gas service industry
� The labour opportunities are also greatest in the service sector - As many Scottish oil and gas workers operate as one person businesses, this is a potential opportunity for these individuals
UK Economic Impact
� Using US analysis and transposing this to UK
� Using capex and well numbers for the UK’s Bowland Shale
� A mid scenario development of 400 wells drilled over a period of 9 years
� A capex requirement of £10.5 million per well
� Estimated value added of £7.7 billion� Estimated value added of £7.7 billion
Supply Chain - Key Points
� Many elements of the unconventional gas supply chain are also part of the conventional oil & gas supply chain
� Unconventional sector has important differences
� Cost base, lower margins, high capex for the total recoverable resource
� Service levels that are required for economic success in the unconventional gas marketunconventional gas market
� The global market for specialist equipment and services is the main prize for Scottish suppliers: however, the development of unconventional gas in Scotland would also provide additional opportunities for local providers of non-specialist goods and services
Supply Chain Map
� Four stages in the lifetime of unconventional gas systems:
� Exploration
� Development
� Production
� Decommissioning
� Map sets out the main elements of each stage� Map sets out the main elements of each stage
Market includes existing and new opportunities
Supply chain conclusions
� The early stage development markets have the greatest need for innovation or adaptation of existing supply chain offers
� Scottish companies wishing early market share will need to invest now to match the short and medium term exploration and development opportunities
� These earlier stage opportunities may have higher barriers to entry as they may require companies to demonstrate prior experience in the unconventional gas sector
� There will be established competition in the exploration and development phases, albeit predominantly US based
Supply Chain Gap Analysis - opportunities for Scottish suppliers
Seismic survey Challenging due to absence of prior expertise
Reservoir analysis Promising opportunity
Environmental impact assessment Promising opportunity
Drilling rig manufacture Possible niche opportunity
Drilling rig sub-systems/components Promising opportunity
Drilling components Promising opportunity
Drilling rig hire Possible opportunity
Well systems Promising opportunity
Hydraulic fracturing systems Possible opportunity
Proppant Challenging due to established global market
Gas clean up and distribution Promising opportunity
Conclusions
� Key is to understand the potential for future growth in the US, Europe and globally and to monitor developments closely
� Different drivers, regulations and economics in each market; position of each country subject to change as policy and practice evolves
� Signs of slowing in development of unconventional gas in the US as price of natural gas has fallen to levels that make the business case price of natural gas has fallen to levels that make the business case for some unconventional gas developments uneconomic
� Indications that shale gas drilling in Poland has not shown the promised levels of resource expected
� The UK putting in place some of the steps to remove regulatory uncertainty over the pathway for unconventional gas in the UK
� Early signs of changes in German policy towards unconventional gas
Conclusions
� Global market will be dominated by the US in short term
� US market factors are unique, but there is potential for growth in UK, Australia and other markets
� Scottish companies have acquired businesses in the US to break into the dominant market
� Specialist Scottish suppliers have received orders for Australia and � Specialist Scottish suppliers have received orders for Australia and other markets
� Scottish Enterprise/SDI considering options to support export potential
� Sourcing market intelligence for companies
� Use of GlobalScot network
� Lead/support targeted trade missions
� Innovation support for relevant new technologies