ultrasonography of teat in surti goats · ultrasonography of teat in surti goats mehraj u din dar,...

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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com Indian J. Anim. Res., 48 (1) : 59-62, 2014 DOI- 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.012 ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS Mehraj u din dar, D.K. Tiwari, S.K. Jhala, D.B. Patil*, P.V. Parikh, Nisha Joy and K.N. Wadhwani College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand- 388 001, India Received: 30-10-2012 Accepted: 23-03-2013 ABSTRACT The present study was conducted on twenty clinically healthy adult surti goats weighing 15 to 20 kg, free from clinical and sub-clinical mastitisor teat injuries. Teats were examined by ultrasonography (USG) with 7.5 -10 MHz linear transducer using direct contact and water bath techniques. Ultrasonographically, parenchyma, lobes, major duct, gland cistern, teat cistern, teat/streak canal were visualized. Measurement of the structures i.e. teat end width (TEW), teat canal length (TCL), teat cistern width (TCW) and teat wall thickness (TWT) were also recorded using in build caliper in USG machine. The mean ± SE measurements of TEW, TCL, TCW and TWT in lactating goats were 1.34± 0.07, 1.74± 0.13, 0.38± 0.04 and 0.55± 0.02 cms, respectively, whereasthe corresponding mean ± SE valuesin non lactating goatswere 1.02± 0.03, 1.06± 0.06, 0.24± 0.01 and 0.46± 0.02 cms. Key words: Goat, Teat, Ultrasonography. INTRODUCTION The goat’s udder is an exocrine epithelial gland in the inguinal region with two glands, one on either side of the midline. Each gland is having a single teat and each teat has a single orifice. The assurance of mammary gland health is the basis of economic milk production. In Veterinary Medicine, examination of the mammary gland, particularly the teat is an important application (Seeh, 1996; Braun and Euter, 1997; Hospes and Seeh, 1999 and Swill et al., 2004). With the development of the ultrasonographic biometry technique, it became possible to measure the dimensions of the udder in small ruminants, along with the assessment of the size of the gland cistern to predict milk yield of the animal (Ruberte et al., 1994). Ultrasonography (USG) allows for the localization and demarcation of the extent of teat stenosis and other abnormalities of the teat and is also useful for monitoring the healing process after surgical removal of proliferative tissue. The present article deals with the study of normal ultrasonographic features of the teat in lactating and non lactating surti goats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty clinically healthy adult surti goats weighing 15 to 20 kg, free from clinical and sub- clinical mastitis or teat injuries from a flock, were selected for the present study. These animals were randomly divided into lactating (n= 10) and non- lactating (n= 10) groups. Teats were scanned using a real time B mode ultrasonography machine (e- saote MY LAB 40 NETHERLAND) with 7.5-10 MHz linear/ sector transducer in standing position. Sagittal and transverse ultrasonographic images of the teat were recorded. Prior to the study, a pilot study was conducted on ten goats to standardize the USG procedure for scanning and teat biometry. Prior to ultrasonographic examination, teats were physically examined by palpation. Ultrasonographically, the teats were scanned using direct contact and water bath technique (Fig. 1). In direct contact technique, the ultrasound coupling gel was applied to the teat to ensure intimate contact between transducer and teat. Since goat teats are conical in shape, direct contact between probe head and tip of teat was prevented as this deforms the image. During ultrasound scanning of the tip, the teat was immersed in water (35°C) in an infusion bottle resected transversely to the desired length. The probe with sufficient contact jelly was held against the teat and bottle lateral to the teat. Teats are not completely circular, therefore the position of the probe on the teat during the USG was held uniformly on *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

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Page 1: ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS · ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS Mehraj u din dar, D.K. Tiwari, S.K. Jhala, D.B. Patil*, P.V. Parikh, Nisha Joy and K.N. Wadhwani College

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE

www.arccjournals.comIndian J. Anim. Res., 48 (1) : 59-62, 2014

DOI- 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.012

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS

Mehraj u din dar, D.K. Tiwari, S.K. Jhala, D.B. Patil* , P.V. Parikh, Nisha Joy and K.N. Wadhwani

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,Anand Agricultural University, Anand- 388 001, India

Received: 30-10-2012 Accepted: 23-03-2013

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted on twenty clinically healthy adult surti goats weighing 15 to 20

kg, free from clinical and sub-clinical mastitis or teat injuries. Teats were examined by ultrasonography(USG) with 7.5 -10 MHz linear transducer using direct contact and water bath techniques.Ultrasonographically, parenchyma, lobes, major duct, gland cistern, teat cistern, teat/streak canalwere visualized. Measurement of the structures i.e. teat end width (TEW), teat canal length (TCL),teat cistern width (TCW) and teat wall thickness (TWT) were also recorded using in build caliper inUSG machine. The mean ± SE measurements of TEW, TCL, TCW and TWT in lactating goats were1.34± 0.07, 1.74± 0.13, 0.38± 0.04 and 0.55± 0.02 cms, respectively, whereas the corresponding mean± SE values in non lactating goats were 1.02± 0.03, 1.06± 0.06, 0.24± 0.01 and 0.46± 0.02 cms.

Key words: Goat, Teat, Ultrasonography.

INTRODUCTIONThe goat’s udder is an exocrine epithelial

gland in the inguinal region with two glands, one oneither side of the midline. Each gland is having asingle teat and each teat has a single orifice. Theassurance of mammary gland health is the basis ofeconomic milk production. In Veterinary Medicine,examination of the mammary gland, particularly theteat is an important application (Seeh, 1996; Braunand Euter, 1997; Hospes and Seeh, 1999 and Swillet al., 2004). With the development of theultrasonographic biometry technique, it becamepossible to measure the dimensions of the udder insmall ruminants, along with the assessment of thesize of the gland cistern to predict milk yield of theanimal (Ruberte et al., 1994). Ultrasonography(USG) allows for the localization and demarcationof the extent of teat stenosis and other abnormalitiesof the teat and is also useful for monitoring the healingprocess after surgical removal of proliferative tissue.The present article deals with the study of normalultrasonographic features of the teat in lactating andnon lactating surti goats.

MATERIALS AND METHODSTwenty clinically healthy adult surti goats

weighing 15 to 20 kg, free from clinical and sub-clinical mastitis or teat injuries from a flock, were

selected for the present study. These animals wererandomly divided into lactating (n= 10) and non-lactating (n= 10) groups. Teats were scanned usinga real time B mode ultrasonography machine (e-saote MY LAB 40 NETHERLAND) with 7.5-10MHz linear/ sector transducer in standing position.Sagittal and transverse ultrasonographic images ofthe teat were recorded. Prior to the study, a pilotstudy was conducted on ten goats to standardizethe USG procedure for scanning and teat biometry.

Prior to ultrasonographic examination, teatswere physically examined by palpation.Ultrasonographically, the teats were scanned usingdirect contact and water bath technique (Fig. 1). Indirect contact technique, the ultrasound coupling gelwas applied to the teat to ensure intimate contactbetween transducer and teat. Since goat teats areconical in shape, direct contact between probe headand tip of teat was prevented as this deforms theimage. During ultrasound scanning of the tip, theteat was immersed in water (35°C) in an infusionbottle resected transversely to the desired length. Theprobe with sufficient contact jelly was held againstthe teat and bottle lateral to the teat. Teats are notcompletely circular, therefore the position of the probeon the teat during the USG was held uniformly on

*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

Page 2: ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS · ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF TEAT IN SURTI GOATS Mehraj u din dar, D.K. Tiwari, S.K. Jhala, D.B. Patil*, P.V. Parikh, Nisha Joy and K.N. Wadhwani College

60 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

lateral side. After capturing the image, structuresvisualized were lobes, major duct, gland cistern, teatcistern and teat/streak canal.

The gel from the teat and transducer wascleaned and the measurement of the structures wasmade i.e. teat canal length (TCL), teat end width(TEW), teat wall thickness (TWT) and teat cisternwidth (TCW) with an in build caliper in USGmachine (Fig 2). The USG measurement was takenseparately both lactating and non-lactating goats.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn the present study, real time B-mode

ultrasonography was conducting using 7.5-10 MHzlinear/ sector transducer in the sagittal and transverse

plane. Ultrasonographic examination of both thegroup animals was well appreciated and showedthat each quarter consisted of two distinct glands,each leading to a separate gland cistern; and eachgland cistern connected to the teat cistern, whichwere completely separated from each other. In allanimals, the teat sphincter, teat sinus, gland sinus,lactiferous ducts and mammary parenchyma wereimaged easily. The teats on USG appeared as hypo-echoic structures with anechoic lumens and the teatwall showed three distinct layers: a hyper-echoicouter layer, a thicker hypo-echoic middle layer anda hyper-echoic inner layer (Fig. 3). Similar findingswere also reported by earlier workers (Cartee et al.,1986; Gungor et al., 2005 and Nak et al., 2005).

Furstenberg’s B-mode USG was notperceptible. The teat canal appeared unclearly aslinear striae, bordered by the sonographic image ofthe adjacent teat wall. The glands of sinusesappeared as an anechoic area continuous with theteat sinus. The lining of the wall of the glands sinusappeared as mixed hyper to hypoechoic areas withinthe hypoechoic material of the glands.

The USG of udder and teat was performedby direct contact of transducer with teat and in awater-bath. Direct contact can be easily applied;however, the shape of the teat may change becausethe teat wall near the probe and the rosette ofFurstenberg area can not be seen completely byconventional method. To visualize streak canal waterbath technique was superior as compared to directcontact but when ample amount of gel is applied at

FIG. 1: Scanning teat in standing by direct and water bathtechnique

FIG. 2: Teat canal length, teat end width, teat wallthickness and teat cistern width being measured with an in

built caliper.

FIG. 3: Sagittal scan (10 MHz linear probe) showing 3layers of the teat. OL (outer layer), ML (middle layer) and IL

(inner layer)

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61Vol. 48, No. 1, 2014

TABLE 1: Ultrasound teat measurements in lactating and non-lactating goats (Mean± SE).

TCL TEW TWT TCW

Lactating Goats (n= 10) 1.74± 0.13 1.34± 0.07 0.55± 0.02 0.38± 0.04Non-lactating Goats (n= 10) 1.06± 0.06 1.02± 0.03 0.46± 0.02 0.24± 0.01

the tip of teat, images are of high quality, can beobtained by both techniques. Franz et al. (2001)reported that coupling the probe directly to the teathad satisfactory results. But the quality of the imagewas satisfactory only when the teat was held in awater-bath. Cartee et al. (1986) observed that theuse of the water-bath increased the acousticimpedance difference between the teat wall and thesurrounding medium. Filling the teat with milk (or anatural solution) is considered to be an importantfactor for obtaining images of high quality(Neijenhuis et al., 2001). Therefore, goats whichwere in lactation, yielded better images. The presenceof milk in the teat sinus acted similarly as a“window” of acoustic impedance difference forimaging the deeper structures and far wall of theteat.

The glandular parenchyma of the teats washypoechoic and the lactiferous ducts appeared asanechoic areas due to their fluid content (Fig. 4).The anechoic areas within the glandularparenchyma may have been blood vessels, but otherscertainly were lactiferous ducts, because they couldbe seen entering the gland sinuses. Similarobservations were also reported by Cartee et al.,(1986). The result of this study shows the presenceof defined gland and teat cisterns in goats. Saleh etal. (1971) measured only the length and diameter ofthe goat udder manually. The ultrasonographicmeasurements (Mean ± SE) of teat canal length,teat end width, teat wall thickness and teat cisternwidth were taken in lactating and non lactating goats(Table 1).

The different teat measurements in lactatingand non lactating goats established range to be usedfor reference. Results of conducted analyses indicate

FIG. 4: Sagittal scan (10 MHz linear probe) showing Glandcistern (GC), Parenchyma (P) and Plexus pampiniferous

(PVP).

high suitability of non invasive imaging technique(USG) in the analysis of teat and udder morphology.Direct contact of 10 MHz linear probe to the teatreveals good quality images. But images in waterbath are of better quality. With 10 MHz linear probeit becomes easy to visualize the gland cistern,parenchyma, teat wall, and teat canal. It is necessaryto provide thorough training for the personnel takingultrasound measurements, since signi ficantdifferences were found in values of individualmeasurements between operators varying inexperience.

CONCLUSIONSUltrasonography of udder and teat is a safe

and noninvasive procedure which indicates its highsui tabi li ty for visualization of teat internalarchitecture and its morphology. Moreover,ultrasonographic study of teat anatomy is highlyappreciable in the lactating goats as compared tonon-lactating goats.

REFERENCESBraun, U. and Euter, U. Z. (1997). In: Braun, U. (ed.). Atlas und Lehrbuch der ltraschalldiagnostik beim Rrind. 1st Edn.,

Berlin: Parey. pp 163–175.Cartee, R. E.; Ibrahim, A. K. and Macleary, D. (1986). B mode ultrasonography of bovine udder and teat. J. Am. Vet.

Med. Assoc., 188: 1284-1287.Franz, S.; Baumgartner, W.; Hofmann-Parisot, M.; Windischybauer, G.; Suchy, A. and Bauder, B. (2001). Ultrasonography

of the teat canal in cows and sheep. Vet. Rec., 149: 109-112.Gungor, O.; Pancarci, S. M. and Kasrabacak, A. (2005). Examination of equine udder and teat by B- mode

ultrasonography. Kafkas. Universitesi. Fakultesi. Dergisi., 11(2): 107-111.

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62 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

Hospes, R. and Seeh, C. (1999). Sonographie und Endoskopie an der Zzitze des Rindes,1st Edn. Stuttgart, Germany. pp27–48.

Nak, D.; Nak, Y. and Keskin, A. (2005). Diagnosis of various teat lesion in dairy cows by ultrasonography. Indian Vet. J.,82(11): 1163-1166.

Neijenhuis, F.; Klungel, G. H. and Hogeveen, H. (2001). Recovery of cow teats after milking as determined byultrasonographic scanning. J. Dairy Sci., 84: 2599–2606.

Ruberte, J.; Carretero, A.; Fernandez, M.; Navarro, M.; Caja, G.; Kircher, F. and Such, X. (1994). Ultrasoundmammography in the lactating ewe and its correspondence to anatomical section. Small Ruminant Res., 13:199-204.

Saleh, M. S.; Mobarak, A. M. and Fouad, S. M. (1971). Radiological, anatomical and histological studies of themammary gland of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries). Zentralbl Vet. Med. A. 18: 347-352.

Seeh, C.; Hospes, R. and Bostedt, H. (1996). Use of visual methods sonography/ endoscopy for the diagnosis of awebbed teat in cattle— a case report. Tierärztl Prax., 24: 438–442.

Swill, S.; Würgau, S. T. and Fraunholz, J. (2004). Sonographische Befunde an der papilla mammae des Rindes. DtschTierärztl Wochenschr., 97: 403–406.