ujjwal kumar , it department, gaya college, gaya...ms-dos (disk operating system) openvms (open...

Ujjwal Kumar , IT Department, Gaya College, Gaya

HARDWARE

OPERATINGSYSTEM

APPLICATION

USER


System Software OS▪ CLI▪ GUI

Translator Utility Library

Application software Application suite Enterprise software Educational Simulation Entertainment Content access


It is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks.


System software is a generic term referring to the computer programs used to start and run computer systems including diverse application software and networks.

Application software is the general designation of computer programs for performing tasks. Application software may be general purpose (word processing, web browsers) or have a specific purpose (accounting, truck scheduling)


System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.

The system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.


Operating system Translator software Utility programs Library programs


An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.


Process management Interrupts Memory management File system Device drivers Networking Security I / O


Command Line Interface (CLI): User gives instructions to the computer by typing the commands.

Graphical User Interface (GUI): User gives commands to the system by selecting icon or menu item displayed on the screen with the use of a point and draw device.


MS-DOS (Disk Operating System) OpenVMS (Open Virtual Memory System) Unix RDOS (Real-time Disk Operating System) Linux Kernel BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)


BIOS

First Sector

IO Interfaces

Kernel

System config

Shell

Batch files

prompt

COMMAND.COM

CONFIG.SYS

MBR

POST

IO.SYS

MSDOS.SYS

AUTOEXEC.BAT

Command Prompt

Kernel Loading


Unix (trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the originalAT&T Unix, developed in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others using High Level Language.


The Linux kernel is a Unix-like computer operating system kernel.

The Android operating system for tablet computers, smartphones and smartwatches are also based on the Linux kernel.


OpenVMS is a multi-user, multiprocessing virtual memory-based operating system (OS) designed for use in time sharing, batch processing, and transaction processing.


It is a Unix operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995.


Windows 1.0x Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10 VisiCorp (IBM Based)

Mac OS System 1.0Mac OS XLinux BasedUbuntuFedoraRedhatCentOSKaliBOSS (Bharat Operating

System Solutions)


Windows Boot Manager phase. Windows Boot Loader phase (Load Ntoskrnl.exe, Hardware Abstraction

Layer (HAL) Hal.dll) Kernel loading phase. Logon phase. Ujjwal Kumar , IT Department, Gaya College, Gaya

Criteria NTFS FAT32 FAT16

Operating SystemWindows NT, Windows

2000Windows XP

Windows 98,Windows ME

Windows 2000,Windows XP

DOS, All versions ofMicrosoft Windows

Max Volume Size 2TB 2TB 2GB

Max File SizeLimit Only byVolume Size

4GB 2GB

Max File Name Length

Up to 255 Up to 255Standard - 8.3

Extended - up to 255Compression Yes No No

Built-In Security Yes No NoRecoverability Yes No No

PerformanceLow on small volumes

High on Large

High on small volumes

Low on large

Highest on small volumes

Low on largeFault Tolerance Max Minimal Average


FAT32 NTFS

Acronym File Allocation Table 32 New Technology File System.

Introduced It was introduced in 1977. It was introduced in 1993.

They areFAT32 is a standard system as it supports

more versions of Windows.

NTFS is supported in the newer versions of Windows

such as Windows XP, Windows 2000 and higher.

File size Maximum file size 4 GB.File size limited by size of

volume.

Supporting and requirement of the

OS

It does not support Windows 2000 or Windows 2003 Active Directory.

It requires the use of Windows 2000 or Windows 2003 Active

Directory or shared cluster drives.


FAT32 NTFS

Recovery capability

It does not have the capability to recover from some disk-related errors

automatically.

It has the capability to recover from some disk-

related errors automatically.

File processing speedIt is slow in the file

transferring process.It is faster in the file

transferring process.

File compression methodFAT32 does not support

file compression.NTFS supports file

compression.

ConversionsFAT32 can be converted

to NTFS.It is difficult to convert NTFS back to FAT32.


Assembler - converts assembly code into machine code

Interpreter - converts High Level languages such as java script into machine code one line at a time

Compiler - converts High Level languages such as C++ into machine code all at once


Software that translates as assembly language program into an equivalent machine language program of a computer

Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.


It is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. performs, instructions written in a programming or scripting language one line at a time, without previously compiling them into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for program execution: parse the source code and perform its behavior directly. translate source code into some efficient intermediate

representation and immediately execute this. explicitly execute stored precompiled code made by

a compiler which is part of the interpreter system.Ujjwal Kumar , IT Department, Gaya College, Gaya

A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code. The most common reason for converting source code is to create an executable program.


Utility software is a type of system software which has a very specific task to perform related to the working of the computer, for example anti virus software, disk defragment etc.

Utility software should not be confused with application software, which allows users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music or surfing the web.


Virus scanner - to protect your system from Trojans and viruses

Disk defragmenter - to speed up your hard disk

System monitor - to look at your current system resources

File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders


Library programs are collections of compiled routines which are shared by multiple programs, such as the printing function.

Library programs contain code and data that provide services to other programs such as interface (look and feel), printing, network code and even the graphic engines of computer games.


An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.


Application suite: consists of multiple applications bundled together. EgMS Office

Enterprise software: addresses the needs of an entire organization's processes and data flows, across several departments, often in a large distributed organizations

Educational software: is related to content access software, but has the content and/or features adapted for use in by educators or students.

Simulation software :simulates physical or abstract systems for either research, training or entertainment purposes.

Entertainment Software :can refer to video games, screen savers, programs to display motion pictures and other forms of entertainment which can be experienced through use of a computing device.

Content access software: is used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software that allows for content editing. (Examples include web browsers, and help browsers.)


Computer software application that performs the task of composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents.


Creating, editing, saving and printing documents copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document

Formatting text Creating and editing tables Inserting elements from other software Correcting spelling and grammar


Use in home While many homes have word processors on their computers,

word processing in the home tends to be educational, planning or business related, dealing with school assignments or work being completed at home. Occasionally word processors are used for recreational purposes, e.g. writing short stories, poems or personal correspondence.

Some use word processors to create resumes and greeting cards, but many of these home publishing processes have been taken over by web apps or desktop publishing programs specifically oriented toward home uses.

The rise of email and social networks has also reduced the home role of the word processor as uses that formerly required printed output can now be done entirely online.


Use in business Within the business world, word processors are

extremely useful tools. Some typical uses include: creating legal documents,

company reports, publications for clients, letters, and internal memos.

Businesses tend to have their own format and style for any of these, and additions such as company letterhead.

Thus, modern word processors with layout editing and similar capabilities find widespread use in most business.


A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form


Modeling and Planning Household Finance Planning Business Accounts and Budgeting Invoices Wages Predictions / Simulations Calculations e.g. Adding, Subtracting, etc. Break even analysis Statistical analysis Creating Graphs e.g. bar chart, pie chart. Collect data from different sources e.g. phone number,

prices. Explore and interpret data in order to draw conclusions for

business


Statistical analysis : Spreadsheets provide the user with a variety of statistical functions that will enable him to perform both simple and complex statistical operations such as computing the mean, standard deviation, average, mode etc. for complex statistical operations, the user need some understanding of statistics.

Accounting Spread : sheets are known to be a useful tool to the accountants for recording and analyzing financial transaction such as computing totals, consolidating financial records as well as predicting future business trends.

Mathematical and scientific: These involves the use of spreadsheets to solve mathematical and scientific problems such as arithmetic and trigonometric.


A presentation program is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. It has three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images, and a slide-show system to display the content


MS Office Lotus Libre Koffice Openoffice Google doc , Google sheet and Google slides


Most often, these electronic slides are used as a visual aid for some type of presentation to an audience.

Presentation Graphics programs have many applications: Sales presentations Board presentations Advertisements Reports Lectures Demonstrations


A database-management system (DBMS) is a computer-software application that interacts with end-users, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data.


data storage data backup and recovery data presentation multi-user access control data security management database communication


Some of the most well-known database software programs include:

ADABAS(Adaptable DAtaBAse system) IBM DB2 Microsoft SQL Server MySQL Oracle RDBMS SAP Sybase ASE (Adaptive Server Enterprise) Teradata


Self-describing nature of a database system Support for multiple views of data Sharing of data and multiuser system Control of data redundancy Data sharing Enforcement of integrity constraints Restriction of unauthorized access Data independence Transaction processing Provision for multiple views of data Backup and recovery facilities


Railway Reservation System Library Management System Banking Universities and colleges Credit card transactions Social Media Site Finance Online Shopping Human Resource Management Manufacturing Airline Reservation system


A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Machine Level Language Assembly Level Language High Level Language


Machine language is the lowest-levelprogramming language

Machine languages are the only languagesunderstood by computers.

Normally written as strings of binary 1s and 0s Written using decimal digits if the circuitry

of the computer being used permits this


Advantage Can be executed very fast

Limitations Machine Dependent Difficult to program Error prone Difficult to modify


An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is a low level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions.

These are translated by an assembler into machine language instructions that can be loaded into memory and executed.


Mnemonic Opcode Meaning

HLT 00 Halt, used at the end of program to stop

CLA 10 Clear and add into A register

ADD 14 Add to the contents of A register

SUB 15 Subtract from the contents of A register

STA 30 Store A register


Easier to understand and use Easier to locate and correct errors Easier to modify No worry about addresses Easily re-locatable Efficiency of machine language


Machine dependent Knowledge of hardware required Machine level coding


Machine independent Do not require programmers to know

anything about the internal structure of computer on which high-level language programs will be executed

Deal with high-level coding, enabling the programmers to write instructions using English words and familiar mathematical symbols and expressions


OOP (Object Oriented Programming): Programming languages are used for simulating real- world problems on computers

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation): Designed for solving scientific & engineering problems

COBOL(COmmon Business Oriented Language) : Designed for programming business data processing applications


BASIC(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) :Designed to be an interactive language and to use an interpreter instead of a compiler

Pascal : Encourages programmers to write well-structured, modular programs, instills good program practices

C: High-level programming languages (mainly machine independence) with the efficiency of an assembly language

C++ : Expanded to include numerous object-oriented programming features


JAVA : Used in embedded systems such as hand-held devices, telephones and VCRs

C# (C Sharp): Syntactically and semantically very close to C++ and adopts various object-oriented features from both C++ and Java Compilers target the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) implemented by Common Language Runtime (CLR) of .NET Framework

SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented symBOlicLanguage) :Used for non-numeric applications


Simplicity Naturalness Abstraction Efficiency Structured Programming Support Compactness Locality Extensibility Suitability to its environment


Machine independent Easier to learn and use Fewer errors during program development Lower program preparation cost Better documentation Easier to maintain


Lower execution efficiency Less flexibility to control the computer’s CPU,

memory and registers


It is non-procedural language. That is, the programmer specifies what has to be done instead of how the task is to be performed.

4GL Like ORACLE offers a number of tools like SQL * CLC, SQL * FORMS, SQL* REPORT, SQL * PLUS, etc .

A 4GL normally contains a utility software (tool) that interacts with the database management system (DBMS) software to store, manipulate and retrieve data needed to satisfy user requirements for information .


Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running with a runtime framework and libraries. Eg: PowerBuilder by SAP

Report-generator programming languages take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report.Eg: Crystal Reports,Open Office Base,OracleReports


Data management 4GLs provides sophisticated coding commands for data manipulation, file reshaping, case selection and data documentation in the preparation of data for statistical analysis and reporting.Eg: SAS (Statistical Analysis System),

SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences )


Programming productivity is increased. One line of 4GL code is equivalent to several lines of 3GL code.

System development is faster. Program maintenance is easier. End user can often develop their own

applications. Programs developed in 4GLs are more portable

than those developed in other generation of languages.

Documentation is improved because many 4GLs are self documenting.


The programs developed in the 4GLs are executed at a slower speed by the CPU.

The programs developed in these programming languages need more space in the memory of the computer system.


Malware (also called as malicious software) is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network.

A wide variety of types of malware exist, including computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, rogue software, and scareware.


This program is very similar to a virus and has the ability to self-replicate leading to negative effects on your computer.

A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as well.

They are often designed to exploit the file transmission capabilities found on many computers.


Trojans can illegally trace important login details of users online. For example E-Banking is very common among users, therefore, vulnerability of tracing your login details whenever your PC is working without any strong powerful antivirus installed.


This virus can spread in many different ways including a voluntary download. If infects certain browser functions especially in form of re-directing the user automatically to certain sites.


A computer virus is a program designed to harm or cause harm on an infected computer. Its spreads through e-mail attachments, portable devices, websites containing malicious scripts and file downloads.

A computer virus attaches itself to the host files and always activate whenever you open the infected files.

The virus can replicate itself and then infect the other files on your computer causing more damage.


A memory-resident virus (or simply "resident virus") installs itself as part of the operating system when executed, after which it remains in RAM from the time the computer is booted up to when it is shut down.

A non-memory-resident virus (or "non-resident virus"), when executed, scans the disk for targets, infects them, and then exits (i.e. it does not remain in memory after it is done executing)


Email Virus Macro Denial of Service Boot Sector Web Scripting Multipartite


This is a virus spread via an email. Such a virus will hide in an email and when the recipient opens the mail.


These viruses infect the files created using some applications or programs that contain macros such as doc, pps, xls and mdb. They automatically infect the files with macros and also templates and documents that are contained in the file. They hide in documents shared through e-mail and networks


A denial-of-service attack is an attack that causes a loss of service to users, typically the loss of network connectivity and services by consuming the bandwidth of the victim network or overloading the computational resources of the victim system.


Traditional Virus infect the boot sector on floppy disks and

hard disks By putting its code in the boot sector, a virus

can guarantee it gets executed load itself into memory immediately, and it is

able to run whenever the computer is on


Most web pages include some complex codes in order to create an interactive and interesting content. Such a code is often exploited to cause certain undesirable actions. They mostly originate from the infected web pages or browsers.


These type of viruses spread in many different ways. Their actions vary depending on the OS installed and presence of certain files. They tend to hide in the computer’s memory but do not infect the hard disk.


Display a message Erase files Scramble data on a hard disk Cause erratic screen behavior Halt the PC Many viruses do nothing obvious at all

except spread! Consuming storage space Increasing CPU usage to 100% or 95%


The many types of computer viruses and their effects are very harmful and can completely damage your system.

Make sure you perform certain tasks like: Updates Anti-Viruses More secure operating systems

Unix/Linux Based OS


ujjwal kumar , it department, gaya college, gaya...ms-dos (disk operating system) openvms (open...

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