u9. economic activities in spain
TRANSCRIPT
Economic
activities in Spain
UNIT 9IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
TECAHER: ROCÍO BAUTISTA
Primary sector
What has happened to the primary sector’s contribution to GDP & employment?
Agrarian activities
What type of crops do we cultivate in Spain?
What animals do we rear? What do we obtain from them?
Agriculture- Mediterranean triad (cereals, vines, olive trees)
- Fruits & vegetables
- Legumes
- Industrial crops (cotton, sunflowers…)
- Animal fodder
Livestock farming
Cattle (meat & milk) Sheep (cheese & wool)
Pig (fresh & cured meat)Poultry (meat & eggs)
Silviculture
Beech
(haya)
Oak
(roble)
Eucalyptus
(eucalipto)
Chestnut
(castaño)
Pine
(pino)
Agrarian landscapes
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
(relief, climate…)
HUMAN ELEMENTS:
- Agrarianactivities
- Population
- Plot types
AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES
Main agrarian landscapes in
Spain:
Oceanic
Mediterranean
• Inland
• Coast
Canarian
Read about them on
p.190
Which corresponds to each agrarian landscape?
Oceanic agrarian
landcape
Inland Mediterranean
agrarian landcape
Coastal Mediterranean
agrarian landcape
Canaiarn agrarian
landcape
OCEANICMEDITERRANEAN
CANARIANInland Coastal
LOCATIONN & NE of the Iberian Peninsula Rest of the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands,
Ceuta & Melilla
Canary Islands
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
Rugged relief
Oceanic climate (abundant
precipitations)
Flat terrain
Mediterranean climate (few precipitations;
warm temperatures in the coast, large
annual range of temperature inland)
Rugged, volcanic
terrain.
Subtropical climate
(warm & constant
temperatures, fez
precipitations)
POPULATION
SETTLEMENTSDispersed settlements
Concentrated
settlementsDispersed settlements Dispersed settlements
PLOT TYPES
Small, numerous & enclosed. Big, openfields. Small Big contrasts:
Coast big plots
Inland small plots
AGRICULTURE
Limited to the lower valley
areas
Crops:
Market garden crops
(potatoes, vegetables)
Animal fodder
In dryland areas:
extensive agriculture
of the
Mediterranean triad:
cereals, vines, olive
trees.
In irrigated areas:
animal fodder &
plants for industrial
use (sunflowers,
cotton,…).
Intensive agriculture
(e.g: polytunnels) of
fruits & vegetables
(market garden
crops).
Coast monoculture
crops for export
(bananas, tomatoes,
potatoes, tropical
fruits…). Frequently using
polytunnels.
Inland polyculture for
local market (vines,
potatoes, wheat…)
LIVESTOCK FARMING
Cattle:
Extensive in the mountains
(abundant natural pastures)
Intensive in coastal areas &
near cities.
Traditionally extensive livestock farming
(sheep, cattle, pigs…)
Today increasing intensive livestock
farming in the outskirts of the cities (cattle,
pig, poultry…) to cut transportation costs.
Very limited (poor-quality
of pastures);
predominantly intensive.
SILVICULTURE
Certain degree of importance. Scarce. Only outstand:
Pines Soria & Segovia
Eucalyptus Huelva
Very scarce (protected
forests)
Fishing
Fishing used to be a very important activity due to its extensive
coastline.
Today sea fishing is in decline (<0,5% of employment), but in
exchange aquaculture is gaining importance.
Most common species:
Hake
Anchovy
Tuna
Sardine
Shellfish (mussels, prawns…)
Octopus
Squid
Main fishing regions:
1) Galicia
2) Cantabria
3) Southern Atlantic Andalucia
4) Canary Islands
5) Mediterranena regions
Fishing zones:
National fishing ground (200 nautical
miles from the coast)
EU fishing grounds
International fishing grounds (mainly in Atlantic & Indian oceans) need
agreements signed by the EU
ACTIVITIES
P. 190 – 191 exercises 2 / 3
P. 192 – 193 exercises 2 / 4
Which are the main species caught by Spanish fishery?
SECONDARY SECTOR
What has happened to the industrial
sector?
ACTIVITIES
Copy these questions and answer as we go…
What has happened to the mining sector? Give 3 reasons
that explain it.
Which is the most mined products?
Spanish energy production is based on which resources?
Which are the two main energy sources that we consume?
Name the 3 main countries form which we import crude oil &
natural gas.
One of the main problems we have is energetic
dependency. What does this mean? How does our energy
policy try to solve it?
Mining production
Used to be an important activity.
Today it has lost importance.
Causes?
Exhaustion of many deposits
Increasing cost of extraction
Less demand (coal VS
natural gas)
Many mines have closed.
Where are most coal mines located?
Mining in Spain endures thanks to subsidies; but the
government established that by 2018 these will stop
so all the non-profitable mines will be closed.
Mining production
The most mined products are quarried stones (rocas de cantera)
for construction & decorative purposes.
Mining production
The most mined products are quarried stones (rocas de cantera)
for construction & decorative purposes.
Energy
Look at the graphs on p.194…
• Which types on energy do we consume the most?
• How much of those types of energy do we produce?
• What problem derives from this fact?
Energy
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Mostly from:
- Nuclear power
- Renewable energies
(hydroelectric, solar, wind…)
- Coal
Scarce energy production:
- Oil
- Natural gas
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Mostly from:
- Oil
- Natural gas
Scarce energy production:
- Renewable energies
Needs uranium
imported from
Niger
Importaciones gas natural a España
Importaciones de petróleo a España
Crude oil is brought by boat and
transformed into petrol products at
refineries.
Natural Gas comes to Spain by:• Boats as liquified natural gas (LNG)
• Pipelines
Energy
PROBLEM: lack of self-sufficiency. Over 70% of the energy we use is
imported:
High expenditure in energy imports handicap for our trade balance
Dependency on supplier countries
Evolución de la dependencia energética de España(% de energía importada)
ENERGY POLICY aims to:
• Reduce consumption
(save energy)
• Increase consumption of
renewable energies.
ACTIVITIESDo a commentary for this
document:
a) DESCRIPTION:
b) ANALYSIS:
Comments the energy
production
Comment the energy
consumtpion
Conclusions what is the
main problem derived from
this distribution? How could it
be solved?
Industry: regions
Which are the….
Most industrially developed areas?
Which industrial areas are in crisis?
Which areas are becoming more industrial? Why do you think this is happening?
Which areas have never been really industrialized?
MADRID & BCN most industrialized areas:
Offices of national & multinational
companies.
New technologies’ industries.
INDUSTRIAL AXES: linear concentration of industries along main
transport routes.
In Spain industry is expanding in 2 axes:
EBRO AXES: BILBAO – BARCELONA
MEDITERRANEAN AXIS: BARCELONA-CARTAGENA
Industry is also expanding outwards from Madrid.
CANTABRIAN COAST it used to be a very industrialized area. However, it’s
in decline since the mid 1970’s because it was specialized in traditional
sectors (heavy industries like metallurgy, shipbuilding):
Require abundant, but unqualified, labour force
Large amounts of energy sources & other raw materials (coal, iron)
Pollute a lot.
Industry: problems
MAIN PROBLEMS OF SPANISH INDUSTRY:
Insufficient investment in R&D low levels
of innovation and creation of
technologies.
Small & medium size (SMEs) companies
can’t compete against large companies
(price of products, investment capacity in
technology and R&D)
SOLUTIONS FOR THE
PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
SECTORS
Increase R&Dexpenditure
Help SME’s by supporting them to obtain funding & to internationalize their
business
Improve the professional
training (universities, FP…)
& encourage entrepreneurial
spirit
ACTIVITIESComment this map:
a) DESCRIPTION:
b) ANALYSIS:
Comment the 4 types of
areas according to “industrial
activity in Spain”. Indicate
their location & their
characteristics.
Comment the problems of
the Spanish industry and
indicate some possible
solutions to improve our
industrial sector.
TERTIARY SECTOR
What has happened to the industrial sector?
TERTIARY SECTOR
Therefore, today Spanish
economy is based:
5% primary sector
20% secondary sector
75% tertiary sector
Trade
Do we have a trade deficit or a trade surplus in Spain?
Fuente: Cinco Días
SPANISH FOREIGN TRADE
Mostly with the EU (>60%).
Other important areas:
Imports: Asia (China), America (EEUU), oil producing countries.
Exports: America
Main traded products:
Imports: energy products, capital goods, cars, chemical products.
Exports: capital goods, cars, food.
OPEC Countries
Sources: ICEX &
El Mundo
Transport
Modern transport network:
LAND TRANSPORT
ROAD: >14.000 km of motorways.
TRAIN: outstanding high-speed train
services. 2nd largest network (after China).
SEA TRANSPORT
Mainly for international transportation of heavy merchandise.
Outstanding ports due to their improved infrastructures & facilities:
Algeciras
Valencia
BCN
Sea passengers transportation:
Outstands in the islands & the Strait of Gibraltar
Cruise ships is growing
AIR TRANSPORT
Mainly for international transportation of passengers.
Outstanding airports:
Madrid (Barajas - Adolfo Suárez)
BCN (El Prat)
Touristic areas: Palma de Mallorca, Malaga, Tenerife
ACTIVITIES
Devise an outline about Spanish transport network.
P. 198 exercises 2 & 3.